ˆjvKKvwnbx  ˆjvKmvwnGZÅi ‰KwU kvLv| ‰àwj mvaviYZ cÍÏxi wbiÞi RbMY gyGL gyGL iPbv KGi ‰es kÉ‚wZ I ÕÆwZi mvnvGhÅ eskciÁ·ivq cÉengvb ^vGK| BsGiwR Folk tales K^vwU ˆgvUvgywUfvGe me aiGbi ˆjvKKvwnbxGKB ˆevSvq| evsjvq hvGK i…cK^v ev cixKvwnbx ejv nq, BsGiwRGZ Zv Fairy tales bvGg cwiwPZ| Fairy tales «¼viv cixi M͸ ˆevSvGjI me MG͸B wK¯§ cix ^vGK bv| ivÞm-ˆLvØGmi AGPbv cyixGZ wMGq ivRcyò ev ev`kvRv`v KZƆK exiZ½ cÉ`kÆb, AmvaÅ mvab, wf®² ˆ`Gki ivRKbÅv ev kvnRvw`GK D«¬vi I weevn, H±`ÊRvwjK ÞgZv, Š`e mvnvhÅ BZÅvw` i…cK^vi ŠewkÓ¡Å| RvgÆvb fvlvq ‰i…c KvwnbxGK ejv nq Marchen| evsjvq `wÞYviéb wgògRyg`vi mÁ·vw`Z VvKzigvi Szwj, VvKzi`v`vi Szwj, Vvbw`w`i ^Gj cÉf‡wZ ‰B cÉKvi MG͸i msKjb|

Aci ‰K aiGbi AGcÞvK‡Z `xNÆ ˆjvKKvwnbx AvGQ, ˆhàwji NUbvewj i…cK^vi gGZv Awek¼vmÅ I ˆivgvçKi nGjI NUbvgƒj ‰es cvò-cvòxi bvGgi mGã AGbK mgq ˆfŒGMvwjK ‰es HwZnvwmK mvgémÅ LuyGR cvIqv hvq, ˆhgb AvieÅ DcbÅvm, cvimÅ DcbÅvm, weò×gvw`ZÅ ev ZvjGeZvGji M͸ BZÅvw`| AvieÅ DcbÅvGmi ev`kv ˆmvGjgvb ev Lwjdv nvi‚b-Avj-iwk` ‰es ˆeZvjcçweskwZ i weò×gvw`ZÅ HwZnvwmK eÅwî×| ‰ aiGbi `xNÆ KvwnbxGK BsGiwRGZ ejv nq Novella ‰es evsjvq ˆivgvçK^v| ˆivgvçK^v ‰es i…cK^vi gGaÅ mxgvGiLv wbYÆq KwVb nGj ZvGK Novella-Marchen ev ˆivgvç-i…cK^v ejv nGq ^vGK| evsjv cyw^mvwnGZÅ ewYÆZ mqdzjgyjyK-ew`Dävgvj cÉf‡wZ KvwnbxGZ i…cK^v I ˆivgvçK^vi mswgkÉY jÞÅ Kiv hvq|

ˆhme MG͸ RxeR¯§ cÉavb ˆmàwjGK ‘RxeR¯§i M͸’ ejv nq| ZGe mvaviYfvGe ˆmàwjGK ‘DcK^v’I eGj| mgMÉ weGk¼ RxeR¯§ wbGq ARmË M͸ iwPZ nGqGQ| Avw`g mgvGR gvbyl I cÉK‡wZi gGaÅ wbKU mÁ·KÆ wQj eGj RxeR¯§I ZvG`i wbKU AZů¦ AvcbRb wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆcGqGQ| Animism ev meÆcÉvYevG` wek¼vmx Avw`g gvbe Õ¼fveZB RxeR¯§i MG͸ wbGRG`i cÉK‡wZGKB ZzGj aGiGQ, ZvB M͸àwji AwaKvskB nGq DGVGQ gvbexK‡Z (anthropomorphized); ˆmLvGb RxeR¯§àwj ˆhb gvbexq àYvewjcÉvµ¦ ‰es Zviv gvbyGli fvlvqB K^v ejGQ|

ˆhme RxeR¯§i MG͸ DcG`k ev bxwZK^v cÉPvwiZ nGqGQ ˆmàwjGK BsGiwRGZ ejv nq Fable, Avi evsjvq ‘bxwZK^v’| BsGiwR CkGci M͸, msÕ•‡Z cçZ¯¨ I wnGZvcG`k ‰i…c bxwZK^vi DrK‡Ó¡ D`vniY| BsGiwRGZ hvGK Anecdote ejv nq, ZvI ‰i…c bxwZK^v; ZGe Zv agÆài‚, ˆ`eZv, bex, m®²Åvmx, `iGek, cxi cÉf‡wZ ˆjvGKi DcG`kgƒjK Kvwnbx, hv ˆ^GK gvbyl wewf®² welGq wkÞvjvf KiGZ cvGi| KvGRB ‰ cÉKvGii M͸GK DcG`kK^v ejv ˆhGZ cvGi|

KGjeGi AZů¦ mswÞµ¦ ‰K cÉKvi M͸ weGk¼i meÆò cÉPwjZ, BsGiwRGZ hvGK Noodle-story, Numskul-story, Merry-tale, Humourous tale ejv nq; evsjvq ‰àwjGK ejv nq ‘iãK^v’ ev ‘nvwmi M͸’| RmxgD`&`xGbi evOvjxi nvwmi M͸, DGc±`ÊwKGkvi ivqGPŒayixi UzbUzwbi eB, Avkivd wmwóKxi Toontoony and Other Tales BZÅvw` MÉG¯© ‰ ˆkÉYxi eü M͸ AvGQ|

ˆKvb ˆKvb MG͸i ‰KwUgvò Amxg mvnmx exiPwiò bvbvi…c AmvaÅ mvab KGi ˆjvKwPî Rq KGi ^vGK| MÉxK mvwnGZÅ Hercules, Prometheus, AvieÅ DcbÅvGmi wm±`ev` bvweK cÉf‡wZGK ‰ aiGbi bvqK ejv hvq| ‰me Kvwnbx Hero-tale bvGg cwiwPZ, evsjvq hvGK ejv nq ‘exiK^v’| AvieÅ DcbÅvm, ZvjGeZvGji M͸, wKGkviMGéi ˆjvKKvwnbx cÉf‡wZ MÉG¯© ‰i…c M͸ cvIqv hvq|

ˆKvb ˆKvb Õ©vbxq NUbv, hv ‰K`v mwZÅ NGUwQj eGj wek¼vm Kiv nq ‰es hv ˆjvGKi gyGL gyGL cÉPvGii gvaÅGg RbwcÉqZvI jvf KGi, BsGiwRGZ Zv Local legend, Local tradition BZÅvw` bvGg cwiwPZ| Pied piper of Hamelin ‰i…c MG͸i `†Ó¡v¯¦| wKse`¯¦xi ˆ`Gk (myGeva ˆNvl), wKse`¯¦xi evsjv (Avkivd wmwóKx), cƒe»Æeã-MxwZKvi ‘Kgjvmy±`ix’, ‘ˆPŒayixi jovB’ cÉf‡wZ cvjvq ‰i…c Kvwnbxi ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vKGjI ‰ aiGbi LuvwU Kvwnbx Lye ‰KUv msM†nxZ nq wb| ‰àwjGK ‘Õ©vbxq Kvwnbx’ ejv nq|

AviI ‰K cÉKvi ˆjvKKvwnbx, ˆhgb ‘evGNi MvGq ˆWvivKvUv ˆKb’, ‘KzUzg cvwLi MvGqi is njy` ˆKb’, A^ev ˆKvb weGkl e†Þ, b`-b`x, ZviKvgíj ˆKb ‰es wKfvGe m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj BZÅvw` ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ ˆhme Kvwnbx ejv nq, ˆmàwjGK AvçwjKfvGe ‘m†wÓ¡K^v’, BsGiwRGZ Etiological tale ev Nature sage ejv nq| evsjvq ‰K cÉKvi M͸ AvGQ ˆhàwjGK ‘MuvRvLywi M͸’ (BsGiwRGZ Tales of lying) ejv nq, ˆhgb: ‘wc-cy wd-÷’ (wcV ˆcvGo, wdGi ˆkvI), ‘`yB ˆRvqvGbi M͸’ (hviv ZvjMvQ I eUMvQ w`Gq `uvZb KGi, ‰K PzgyGK cyKzGii cvwb ÷wKGq ˆdGj) BZÅvw`| ‰Qvov eyw«¬ cixÞvi RbÅ ‰K aiGbi M͸ AvGQ, ˆhàwjGK BsGiwRGZ ejv nq Enigma, evsjvq ‘auvavgƒjK M͸’| ‰ aiGbi M͸ bZzb RvgvB, bZzb KGb ev ivR`ievGi PvKwicÉv^ÆxG`i eyw«¬ cixÞvi RbÅ iwPZ nGZv| ˆMvcvj fuvGoi MG͸ ‰i wb`kÆb cvIqv hvq|

‘wkKwj M͸’ (Chain tale) bvGg Avi ‰K aiGbi M͸ AvGQ, hvGZ ‰KwUi ci ‰KwU NUbv Qovi AvKvGi AvewZÆZ nq| UzbUzwbi eB-‰ ‘UzbUzwb I bvwcZ’, ‘bvwcZ I k†Mvj’ (bvK ˆKGU bi‚b ˆcjvg, ZvK WzgvWzg Wzg) BZÅvw` ‰ aiGbi M͸|  [Avkivd wmwóKx]

AviI ˆ`Lyb  i…cK^v ; ˆjvKmvwnZÅ |

Mɯ©cwé  Avkivd wmwóKx, ˆjvKmvwnZÅ, `yB Lí, XvKv, 1994; Thomson, Stith, The Folktale, New York, 1951|