রামেমাহন রায়

ivgGgvnb ivq, ivRv (1772/74-1833) wn±`yaGgÆi gnvb msÕ•viK| cwøg evsjvi ivavbMi MÉvGg ‰K iÞYkxj eËvþY cwievGi Zuvi R¯Ã| wZwb AvVvGiv kZGKi fviGZi MZvbyMwZK mbvZbx wkÞv jvf KGib| Zuvi evjÅvKvGj I cÉ^g ˆhŒeGb wZwb wnw±` I Zuvi gvZ‡fvlv evsjv QvovI ˆek KGqKwU cÉvPÅfvlv, ˆhgb msÕ•‡Z, Aviwe I dviwmGZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ eyÅrcwî jvf KGib| wZwb wn±`y agÆMÉ¯©mgƒn fvjfvGe Avqî KGib ‰es gymjgvb cwíZ I BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb i miKvGii ivRÕ¼ I wePvi wefvGMi KgÆKZÆvG`i mvG^ NwbÓ¤ ˆhvMvGhvGMi gvaÅGg wZwb Bmjvwg agÆZî½ I AvBbkvGÕ¨ hG^Ó¡ ævb ARÆb KGib|

‰LvGb DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi ˆh, 1837 mvj chÆ¯¦ BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi miKvGii ivRÕ¼ Av`vq I wePviKvhÆ cwiPvjbvq miKvwi KvhÆwbeÆvGni fvlv wnGmGe dviwm cÉPwjZ wQj| Aviwe fvlvi gvaÅGg cÉvPxb wMÉK `kÆbkvÕ¨ I weævb ˆhgb AÅvwiGÕ¡vUGji hywî×we`Åv I BDwKÑGWi gƒjbxwZmgƒGni cÉv^wgK chÆvGqi mvG^ ivgGgvnGbi cwiPq NGU| dGj wZwb wKQyUv mgvGjvPbvgƒjK I ˆhŒwî×K `†wÓ¡fwã AvñÕ© KGib| Bmjvg I wn±`yaGgÆi kvÕ¨mÁÃZ weavbmgƒGni ZzjbvgƒjK AaÅqb ‰es cviGmÅi mydx giwgqvev`x KweG`i KveÅmgƒGni mvG^ Zuvi cwiwPwZ I ˆmB mvG^ AÅvwiGÕ¡vUjxq hywî×we`Åv AÍ¸ eqGm ZuvGK mbvZb agÆmgƒGni eÅvcvGi wKQyUv weµÏex gGbvfvevc®² KGi ˆZvGj|

ivgGgvnb_ivq

ivgGgvnGbi cÉ^g w`GKi iPbvmgƒn wQj Aviwe I dviwm fvlvq| gbhvivZzj& Avw`qvb kxlÆK Zuvi cÉ^g MGelYvgƒjK MÉ¯©wU wewf®² aGgÆi AvGjvPbvq wbGew`Z| ‰wU KLbI Qvcv nqwb I cGi nvwiGq hvq| Aviwe fvlvq wkGivbvg I gyLe®¬ mÁ¼wjZ dviwm fvlvq wjwLZ Zuvi MGelYvgƒjK cywÕ¦Kv ZzndvZ-Dj-gyIqvwnóxb-‰ ivgGgvnb ÷ay ‰ MÉ¯©wUi K^v DGÍÏL KGiGQb| MÉ¯©wU 1803-04 mvGj gywkÆ`vevG` cÉKvwkZ nq, ZLb wZwb gywkÆ`vevG` evm KiGZb| ‰ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cywÕ¦Kvq ivgGgvnb mvnwmKZvi mvG^ ˆNvlYv KGib ˆh, ‘ˆKvb iKg cv^ÆKÅ eÅwZGiGK mKj aGgÆB mPivPi wg^ÅvfvlY cwi`†Ó¡ nq,’ ‰es gZ ˆcvlY KGib ˆh, ˆKvb bex, agÆxq KZ‡ÆZ½ I cÉZÅvG`Gki mvnvhÅ QvovB wbRÕ¼ KgÆÞgZvi gvaÅGg meÆRbxb mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ mîv ARÆb Kiv mÁ¿e| eÕ§Z, ZzndvZ cÉKvwkZ nIqvi KGqK eQi cƒGeÆ ivgGgvnb wn±`yG`i mbvZb cÉwZgv cƒRv ˆgGb wbGZ AÕ¼xKvi KGib ‰es cÉvqk hyM hyM aGi PGj Avmv wn±`y cÉ^v I AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vGbi cÉwZ mgvGjvPbvgyLi wQGjb|

AÍ¸ eqGm ivgGgvnb Zuvi wbRÕ¼ Õ¼vaxb mÁ·wîi gvwjK nb ‰es eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGb RwoGq cGob| Zuvi A^Æ‹bwZK Õ¼vaxbZv eyw«¬MZ e®¬b-gyî× ARÆGbi mnvqK nq| ivgGgvnb H mgqKvi KjKvZv ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjR I m`i `xDqvwb Av`vjGZi mvG^ hyî× ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq fviZxq cwíZG`i mvG^ cwiwPZ nb| wZwb BDGivcxq KgÆKZÆv I ewYKG`i NwbÓ¤ msÕ·GkÆ AvGmb, huvG`i AGbGKB D`viev`x wP¯¦v I divwm weµÏGei mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ wQGjb| ivgGgvnb BZtcƒGeÆB BsGiwR wkGLwQGjb ‰es Zuvi BsGiR e®¬zG`i mvw®²GaÅ ‰Gm mgKvjxb BDGivcxq wP¯¦vavivi mvG^ cwiwPZ nb|

1814 mvGji gvSvgvwS mgGq wZwb KjKvZvq emwZ Õ©vcb KGib ‰es Zuvi RxeGbi bZzb ‰K ceÆ ÷i‚ nq| wZwb wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb ˆh, wZwb Zuvi RxebGK mvgvwRK I agÆxq msÕ•vGii DGóGkÅ DrmMÆ KiGeb| Zuvi KjKvZv ˆcuŒQvi ‰K eQGii gGaÅB mggbv eÅwî×G`i wbGq wZwb Avñxq mfv (e®¬zG`i mwgwZ) bvGg ‰KwU ‰Kv¯¦ msMVb cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| ‰i m`mÅe†±` H mgqKvi agÆxq I mvgvwRK mgmÅvewj wbGq AvGjvPbvi RbÅ Zuvi evmvq wbqwgZ wgwjZ nGZb| kxNËB ivgGgvnb Zuvi Pvi cvGk ˆQvU wK¯§ cÉfvekvjx ‰KwU e®¬z-gnj MGo ZzjGZ mg^Æ nb, huvG`i gGaÅ wQGjb fviZxq I BDGivcxq DfqB| Zuvi NwbÓ¤ fviZxq e®¬zG`i gGaÅ wQGjb «¼viKvbv^ VvKzi I cÉm®²Kzgvi VvKzi| Zuviv `yRb wQGjb ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq I mÁ·`kvjx Rwg`vi, huvG`i BDGivcxq eÅemvqxG`i mvG^ NwbÓ¤ evwYwRÅK mÁ¼®¬ wQj| hw`I Zuviv agÆwelGq ivgGgvnGbi Avgƒj msÕ•vGii aviYvmgƒGni mvG^ cyGivcywi ‰KgZ nbwb, ZeyI Zviv mvgvwRK msÕ•vi mvab I cvøZÅ wkÞv weÕ¦vGii RbÅ Zuvi mKj cÉGPÓ¡vGK gGbcÉvGY mg^Æb KGib|

ivgGgvnb wn±`y msÕ•vGii ‰K gnvb hyGMi mƒòcvZ KGib| wZwb mZx`vn‰i gGZv KzcÉ^vi wei‚G«¬ RbgZ MGo ZzjGZ mÞg nb, hv 1829 mvGj weGkl AvBGbi gvaÅGg i` KiGZ miKviGK cÉfvweZ KGi| ivgGgvnb cÉwZgv cƒRvGKI `†pfvGe eRÆb KGib ‰es wZwb wek¼vm KiGZb ˆh, wn±`yagÆ ‰K meÆRbxb Ck¼Gii cƒRv KiGZ wbG`Æk ˆ`q|

1828 mvGj ivgGgvnb eËvþ mfv (cieZÆxmgGq mgvR) A^Ævr Ck¼Gii mgvR cÉwZÓ¤v KGib, hv eÕ§Z wn±`yaGgÆi bZzb ‰KwU kvLv wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KGi| ivgGgvnGbi agÆxq aÅvb-aviYv ˆgŒwjK nGjI Zv Bmjvg I wLËÓ¡agÆ «¼viv LvwbKUv cÉfvweZ nGqwQj| Zuvi msÕ•vigƒjK I D`viev`x aviYvmgƒGni cÉPvGii RbÅ 1821 mvGj ivgGgvnb msev` ˆKŒgy`x bvGg evsjv msev`cò I 1822 mvGj wgivZ-Dj-AvLevi bvGg dviwm msev`cò cÉKvk KGib|

DcgnvG`Gk RvZxq ˆPZbvi DG¯ÃGlI ivgGgvnb ivGqi cÉf„Z Ae`vb wQj| Zuvi ivR‹bwZK aviYv MGo ZzjGZ wZwb ˆRGigx ˆe¯©vGgi `kÆb «¼viv cÉfvweZ nGqwQGjb| ivgGgvnb I Zuvi Abymvix evsjvi AbÅvbÅ ˆbZ‡e†±` weËwUk ivR-‰i AbyMZ mg^ÆK wQGjb| Zuviv wek¼vm KiGZb ˆh, Kvjvò×Gg weËwUk RbMY ZvG`i wbGRi ˆ`Gk ˆh ivR‹bwZK myGhvM-myweav ˆfvM KGi Zv’ `ƒi mgyG`Ëi cicvGi AewÕ©Z weËwUk f„LímgƒGni RbMGYi RbÅI cÉmvwiZ nGe| fviZxq RbMGYi cÉwZ weËwUk miKvGii wewf®² ŠelgÅgƒjK AvPiGY Zuviv Þzº¬ wQGjb| 1823 mvGj MfbÆi ˆRbvGij Rb AÅvWvg hLb fviZxq ˆcÉGmi Dci wewawbGla AvGivc KGib, ZLb ivgGgvnb I Zuvi e®¬zMY wcÉwf KvDw´ÖGj ÕÃviKwjwc ˆck KGi ewjÓ¤fvGe ‰i cÉwZev` KGib| ÕÃviKwjwcwU ‰ hywî×GZ cÉZÅvLÅvb Kiv nq ˆh, ˆh ˆ`k ivR‹bwZK Õ¼vaxbZv ˆfvM KGi bv ˆmLvGb ˆcÉGmi Õ¼vaxbZv ^vKGZ cvGi bv| Avevi, ivgGgvnb I Zuvi e®¬z «¼viKvbv^ VvKzi DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGi 1826 mvGji fviZxq Rywi AvBGbi wbw`ÆÓ¡ wKQymsLÅK ŠelgÅgƒjK avivi wei‚G«¬ cÉwZev` RvwbGq KjKvZvi wn±`y I gymjgvb bvMwiKG`i cGÞ ‰KwU Õ¼vÞwiZ AvGe`b-cò weËwUk cvjÆvGgG´Ÿ cvVvb| evsjv, wenvi I DwolÅvi Rwg`viG`i Õ¼v^Æ weGivax miKvGii ivRÕ¼ bxwZi wei‚G«¬ ivgGgvnb I Zuvi e®¬zMY MfbÆi ˆRbvGij jWÆ DBwjqg ˆew´Ÿâ ‰i wbKU 1829 mvGj AvGiKwU AvGe`b-cò ˆck KGib| cÉavbZ ivgGgvnb ivGqi DG`ÅvGM weG`kx miKvGii bxwZi wei‚G«¬ RbmvaviGYi cÉwZev`mgƒGni gGaÅB RvZxq ˆPZbvGevGai cÉv^wgK cÉKvk cwi`†Ó¡ nq| Zuvi mgGq msNwUZ BsjÅvG´£i msÕ•vi AvG±`vjb ‰es BDGivGci D`viev`x I RvZxqZvev`x weµÏemgƒGni AMÉMwZ ivgGgvnb Mfxi AvMÉGni mvG^ chÆGeÞY KiGZb| wZwb wbwøZfvGe wek¼vm KiGZb ˆh ‘Õ¼vaxbZvi kò‚iv I ŠÕ¼iZG¯¨i e®¬ziv KLbI mvdjÅgwíZ nqwb ‰es KLbI nGeI bv’| ˆRgm wmÍ• evwKsnvGgi wbKU ˆjLv Zuvi 1822 mvGji 11 AvMGÕ¡i wPwVGZ ‰ wek¼vGmi cÉKvk ˆ`Lv hvq|

1830 mvGj ˆLZvemeÆÕ¼ gyMj mgËvU w«¼Zxq AvKei (1806-1837) ivgGgvnb ivqGK ‘ivRv’ DcvwaGZ f„wlZ KGib ‰es Zuvi cGÞ weËwUk ivR I cvjÆvGgG´Ÿ IKvjwZ Kivi RbÅ BsjÅvG´£ cvVvb| BsjÅvG´£ weËwUk mgvGRi ˆbZ‡e†±` KZÆ†K wZwb wecyjfvGe msewaÆZ nb| 1832 mvGj wZwb dÌv´ÖI mdi KGib| 1833 mvGj weËÕ¡j ögYKvGj wZwb ˆivMvò×v¯¦ nb ‰es 27 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i ciGjvKMgb KGib| [‰.‰d mvjvnDwób AvnGg`]

MÉ¯©cwé bGM±`Êbv^ PëcvaÅvq, gnvZÄv ivRv ivgGgvnb ivGqi Rxeb PwiZ, KjKvZv, 1881; SD Collet, Life and Letters of Raja Rammohun Roy (2nd edition), Calcutta, 1914; K Nag & D Burman (ed), The English Works of Rammohun Roy, Calcutta, 1945-48.