ivR‹bwZK f„GMvj  ‰KwU RvwZ ev ivGÓ¡Ëi Kvjvbyò×wgK cwimi, AeÕ©vb I ài‚Z½ wbG`Æk KGi ‰es  RvwZ ev ivGÓ¡Ëi wbw`ÆÓ¡ AwÕ¦Z½KvGj Zvi AvqZbMZ weeZÆb, mvsÕ•‡wZK mÁ·KÆ ejGqi weeZÆb I ivR‹bwZK AvwacZÅ wKsev Zvi Afve mÁ·GKÆ avibv ˆ`q|

cÉvPxb hyM  ‰KKvGji ‘evãvjv’, cieZÆx mgGqi ‘evsjv’ I eZÆgvGb evsjvG`k bvgK ivGÓ¡Ëi ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbvi i…cv¯¦i ˆevSvGZ KwZcq ˆfŒGMvwjK, gvbwPòMZ, HwZnvwmK I cÉðZvwî½K Z^Åmƒò chÆvGjvPbvq ˆ`Lv hvq, evsjvi cÉ^g DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq ˆMvovi w`GKi Šew`K mvwnGZÅ| wbÁ² MvGãq mgMÉ Açj cÉavbZ e«¼xGci cƒeÆvsk ZrKvGj ‘eã’ bvGg cwiwPZ wQj| cyíË, cÉvPÅ, weG`n I wKivZ bvGg cwiwPZ cvk¼ÆeZÆx ivR‹bwZK ev ˆfŒGMvwjK BDwbUàwj cÉvK-AvhÆhyGMI we`Ågvb wQj| fviGZi Dîi-cwøgvçGj AvhÆG`i AvMgGbi mgGq (AvbygvwbK 1500-800 wLËÓ¡cƒeÆvõ) eGãi AwaKvsk ‰jvKvB wQj AiYÅf„wg ‰es ‰LvGb emevm KiZ cÉGUv-AÕ¡ËvjGqW RvwZi Avw`evmxiv| cieZÆx mgGq hviv, Šew`K (veddoid) bvGg cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| Zv mGî½I, b`xgvZ‡K I AiYÅGewÓ¡Z ^vKvq eã I cvk¼ÆeZÆx ‰jvKvMywj AvhÆG`i ivRÅmxgvi evwnGi wQj|

ivgvqGYi hyGM (7g-6Ó¤ wLËÓ¡cƒeÆvõ) wPwn×Z evsjvi ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbv mÁ¿eZ weËwUk AvgGjI Lye ˆewk e`jvq wb| eã I cyíË wQj Myi‚Z½cƒYÆ Rbc`| cƒeÆvçGj Aã ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰jvKv wnGmGe weÕ¦vi jvf KGiwQj| mgy`Ë AwfgyLx Mãv I ˆjvwnZ (eËþcyò) bG`i mãgÕ©Gj ˆRGM IGV ‘ˆjvwnZ mvMi’ bvGg ‰KwU Açj ‰es ‰i wVK `wÞGYB wQj cƒeÆ mgy`Ë ev AeÆveZ| gnvfviGZi hyGM (5g-2q wLËÓ¡cƒeÆvõ) eã bvGgi AçjwU Aã I cyG´£Èi Zzjbvq AwaKZi Õ·Ó¡ wQj|

ˆeŒ«¬hyGM evsjv  eZÆgvGbi Dîi-gaÅ fviZ wKsev cÉvPxb hyGMi gaÅG`Gk KwZcq ivR‹bwZK kwî×i Dïvb NGU| AviI cƒeÆw`GK cÉvPÅ bvGg ‰KwU e†nr ‰jvKvi Aãxf„Z nGq MwVZ nq Aã, cyíË, myã I weGklfvGe eã| ‰vQvov ˆjvwnZ bG`i Dîi-cƒeÆ ‰jvKv RyGo cÉvMGRÅvwZl ivGRÅi Dïvb NGU| Aã I cyG´£Èi ‰KwU eo ‰jvKv ‰es eGãi wKQy Ask gMGai KiZjMZ nq (Avby. 545 wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ)| cieZÆx mgGq ˆgŒhÆhyGM (321-181 wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ) Aã, cyíË I cÉvMGRÅvwZl ivGRÅi Zzjbvq ˆfŒGMvwjK w`K ˆ^GK eã cÉvavbÅ jvf KGi| evwYRÅc^ wnGmGe MvGãq wbÁ²vçGji weÕ¦‡Z b`xc^ eÅenvGii dGj Dî× ‰jvKvq KGqKwU bZzb bMi MGo IVvi RbÅB mÁ¿eZ Zv NGUwQj| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ‰ mgq eGãi AwaevmxMY ˆbŒKvwbgÆvZv wnGmGe LÅvZ bvweK ‰KwU kwî×kvjx RvwZ wnGmGe cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| ‰ hyMwU ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉmvGii RbÅI cÉwm«¬ ‰es ˆeŒ«¬iv cwiKw͸Z moK, chÆGeÞY Õ¦Á¿, kni I gV/wek¼we`Åvjq cÉf‡wZ e†nr wbgÆvGYi `†Ó¡v¯¦ Õ©vcb KGi| KzlvY mvgËvRÅ (Avby. 300-100 wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ) gMGai gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ^vKvq Aã, eã, myã I cyíË ZvG`i AwaKvsk Avcb ŠewkÓ¡Å AÞzY³ ivLGZ cvGi| ZGe cyíË Açj cyíËeaÆb bvGg mGeÆvœP f„ivR‹bwZK I agÆxq cÉavbÅ jvf KGi, AbÅw`GK cÉvMGRÅvwZl ivGRÅi ˆMŒie ò×gk nËvm cvq|

wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 324 AGõ ˆ^GKB Mãvwiw«¬ I cÉvGPÅi ˆmbvbxG`i exiMuv^v w`Gq evsjv ev evãvjvi wjwce«¬ BwZnvGmi mƒPbv| AvGjKRv´£vi ‰G`i weiyG«¬ mvgwiK Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi SuywK ˆbIqv ˆ^GK weiZ ^vGKb| KvwUÆqvm, µÏyUvKÆ, ˆmvwjbvm I wWGqvGWvivm^ " mKGjB ‰KgZ wQGjb ˆh Mãvwiw«¬ I Zvi RbmvaviY Mãvi cƒeÆw`GKi Awaevmx| wWGqvGWvivm DGÍÏL KGib ˆh, ‘fviGZ eü RvwZi evm ‰es Z¯ÃGaÅ Mãvwiw«¬i RbmsLÅvB meÆvwaK|’ AbÅw`GK ˆjvwnZ mvMi ögYKvwnbx (Periplus of the Erythrean Sea) MÉG¯© cÉvmx bvGg ˆh Açj DwÍÏwLZ Zv cyíË-AayÅwlZ cƒeÆG`k nGZ cvGi| wK¯§ Mãvwiw«¬ wnGmGe evsjvi cÉ^g gvbwPòMZ weeiGY mgMÉ eã I Aã A¯¦fzÆî× wQj, wK¯§ ZvGZ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvb ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvGiLv wbG`ÆwkZ nq wb|

nlÆ-kkvâ ivRGZ½i A¯¦eÆZÆxKvjxb evsjv  ‰ hyGM (500-700 wLËÓ¡võ) evãvjvi `wÞY-cwøg (eZÆgvb DwolÅv) AçGj kkvâ ‰es Dîi-cƒeÆ AçGj (AvmvGgi Kvgi…c) egÆbiv eÅvcK ivR‹bwZK AvwacZÅ jvf KGi| ivRv kkvâ ˆMŒo Avò×gY KiGj Zvi mÁcÉmviY bxwZGZ fxZ Kvgi…Gci fvÕ•iegÆb ZrKvjxb Dîi fviGZi kvmK nlÆeaÆGbi mGã ŠgòxPzwî×GZ Ave«¬ nb| ‰fvGeB nlÆeaÆb cyíËeaÆGb AbycÉGeGki myGhvM jvf KGib| ‰ hyGMi ˆMvovi w`GK cƒGeÆ ˆjvwnZ mãgÕ©j ˆ^GK cwøGg Mãv chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z mgZGUi KvGQ evsjv nxbkwî× nGq cGo| Kvgi…c ZLb wQj cyíËeaÆb, ‰gbwK gMGai cÉvavbÅ ÁÏvb KGi ˆ`Iqvi gGZv wekvj ‰K ivRÅ| nlÆ-kkvâ ivRGZ½i A¯¦eÆZÆxKvGj fviGZ mdiiZ Pxbv cwieËvRKG`i ˆKD ˆKD evsjvI mdi KGib| ZvG`i wjwLZ weeiY ˆ^GK ‰ AçGji f„-ivR‹bwZK I A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©v ‰es gvbeemwZ I msÕ•‡wZ mÁcGKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ Rvbv hvq| ‰ hyGM evãvjvq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉmvGii dGj MyiyZ½cƒYÆ mvsÕ•‡wZK cwieZÆb NGU ‰es Dîi fviGZ Myµ¦G`i ivR‹bwZK AvwacZÅ e†w«¬ cvq|

cvjhyGM evsjv  ‰ hyGM (Avby. 700-925 mvGj) mgMÉ ‰wkqv I evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬agÆ I msÕ•‡wZi mGeÆvœP weKvk NGU| ‰hyGMi ˆkGli w`GK Avie gymjgvbiv cwøg fviZ Rq KGi ˆbq ‰es cƒeÆw`GK Bmjvg aGgÆi Õ¼ZtÕ¹zZÆ I kvw¯¦cƒYÆ weÕ¦vi NGU| jÞÅ Kiv hvq ˆh, cƒeÆeZÆx hyMmgƒGn ivR‹bwZK ŠewiZv I Õ©vbxq hy«¬weMÉGni `i‚b evãvjvq AGbKMywj ivGRÅi Dïvb I cZb NGU ‰es Zv Myµ¦hyGMi ˆkl chƯ¦ we`Ågvb wQj| ˆMvcvj gaÅ AÓ¡g kZGK Dîi I cwøg eGãi KGqKwU ‰jvKv wbGq cvj esk cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| wZwb wbGRi AeÕ©vb mymsnZ ‰es evsjvi kvw¯¦-k†›Ljv cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ mg^Æ nb| cwøGg cvj ivRviv weGklZ ivRv ˆMvcvj ˆeŒ«¬ msÕ•‡wZi cÉmvGi MyiyZ½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGib|

ˆmbhyGM evsjv  cvjhyGM evsjvq wÕ©wZkxj AeÕ©v we`Ågvb ^vKGjI ivRv gnxcvj-1 (995-1043 wLËÓ¡võ) ‰es ivgcvGji ivRZ½KvGj (1082-1124) PvG±`jv, ˆKvj, PvjyKÅ I KvjvKzwimG`i mGã cÉvqB hy«¬ I msNvZ ˆjGM ^vKZ| cvj ivRGZ½i ˆklw`GK Afů¦ixY weG`Ëvn I ˆMvòxq ˆKv±`j ‰B wekvj ivRÅGK nxbkwî× KGi ˆ`q| ‰iKg ŠbivRÅgq cwiwÕ©wZGZ KGVvi eËvþYÅev`x wn±`y ˆmb ivRviv gMa, eã, cyíË I mgZU AçGj AvwacZÅ weÕ¦vi KGi ‰es 1000 ˆ^GK 1200 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ ‰ Açj kvmb KGi| evsjvi weKvkgvb ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ˆmbG`i nvGZ PigfvGe wechÆÕ¦ nq| ‰B KvjcGeÆ Avie I cvimÅ ˆ^GK AvMZ gymjgvb ewYKG`i mGã Bmjvg agÆcÉPviKMY mgy`ËcG^ mgZU I AvivKvGb ˆcuŒGQb ‰es ˆmb AwfRvZ ˆmbG`i wbMÉn ‰ovGbvi RbÅ wbhÆvwZZ ˆeŒ«¬ I wbÁ²eGYÆi wn±`yiv BmjvgagÆ MÉnY kyiy KGi|

wn±`y-gymjgvb ivRGZ½i A¯¦eÆZÆxKvjxb evãvjv  1204 mvGj gynÁÃ` eLwZqvi wLjwRi KvGQ ˆmbG`i civRq NGU| wZwb wQGjb mÁ¿eZ AGhvaÅvi kvmGKi AaxbÕ© ‰KRb Þz`Ë RvqMxi`vi| ‰B fvMÅvG¯¼lxi cÉPí Avò×gGY ivRv jßY ˆmb eGãi weò×gcyGi cvwjGq hvb ‰es ˆmLvGb 1245 mvj chƯ¦ kvmbKvhÆ cwiPvjbv KGib| cieZÆx ˆmb ivRviv eGãi wewf®² Õ©vGb ZvG`i kvmb 1289 mvj chƯ¦ kvmbKvhÆ AeÅvnZ ivGLb| AeGkGl gymjgvb myjZvbG`i mgq (1342-1357) evsjvi ivR‹bwZK gvbwPGò bZzb cwieZÆGbi mƒPbv NGU|

gyMj AvgGj evsjv  evsjvq gyMjG`i AvMgb NGU AGcÞvK‡Z wejGÁ¼ A^Ævr mgËvU AvKeGii g†ZzÅi ci| hy«¬RGqi gaÅ w`Gq evsjvi mxgvbv 1612 I cGi 1661 mvGj cƒeÆw`K KzPwenvi ‰es 1612-63 mvGji gGaÅ AGnvg I Avmvg chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z nq| cwøGgi mxgvbv wKQyUv AÕcÓ¡ wQj| ‰B mxgvbv ˆKvb ˆKvb mgq wenvi-SvoLGíi cwøg mxgvbv ‰es `wÞGY DwolÅvi Dîi mxgvbvi mGã wgGk ˆhZ| ‰ mgq mgMÉ evãvjvq gymwjg msÕ•‡wZi ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe ˆek wKQy bMGii cZb NGU| ‰MyGjvi gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj cvUbv, gyGãi, cv´£zqv, gywkÆ`vev`, ˆmvbviMuvI, wmGjU, evGMinvU, PvwUMuv I m±«¼xc|

JcwbGewkK kvmbvgGj evsjv  weËwUk RwicKgÆx ˆRgm ˆiGbj (1784) AwâZ gvbwPGò evOvjvGK ˆeOj ejv nGqGQ| ‰B gvbwPò Abyhvqx ‰B ivGRÅi ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbv cwøGg AGhvaÅv I wenvGii evivYmx mxgv¯¦eZÆx ‰es cƒGeÆ AvmvGgi wbÁ²vçj I wmGjU, DîGi ˆbcvj I fzUvb mxgv¯¦ ˆ^GK DwolÅvi Dîi-mxgvG¯¦ ˆgw`bxcyi ‰es `wÞGY eGãvcmvMi chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj| gyMj mvgËvGRÅi cZGbi hyGM ZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK cvIqv eaÆgvGb Kvievi I emwZ Õ©vcGbi myGhvGM weËwUkiv Õ©vbxq kwî×àwji mGã bvbv lohG¯¨ ˆhvM ˆ`q ‰es djZ 1957 mvGji cjvkxi hyG«¬ evsjvi beveGK civwRZ KGi| AZtci evsjvi ivR‹bwZK wbq¯¨Y KvhÆZ weËwUk BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi nÕ¦MZ nq| 1765 mvGj gyMj mgËvU ZvG`i myev evOjvi ˆ`Iqvwb AwaKvi cÉ`vb KiGj ZvG`i AeÕ©vb AviI gReyZ nGq IGV| ˆ`Iqvwb AwaKvGii dGj ˆKvÁ·vwb ivRÕ¼ Av`vq I ˆ`Iqvwb gvgjv wbÓ·wîi ÞgZv ARÆb KGi| 1857 mvGj weËwUk KZ‡ÆZ½vaxb fviGZi mgMÉ ‰jvKvq cÉkvmbGK ˆgvUvgywU ‰KwU ‰KK KvVvGgvi AvIZvq Avbv nq| evsjvq ˆfŒGMvwjK ‰jvKv, hv wQj AvKvGi cvjhyGMi evsjvi mGã Zzjbxq, ‘ˆeãj ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö’i A¯¦fƃî× nq| ˆeãj ˆcÉwmGWw´ÖGZ AviI A¯¦fzÆî× nq wenvi, Dîi-cƒeÆ DwolÅvi ‰Kvsk, ˆMvUv Avmvg I AvivKvGbi ‰K Þz`Ëvsk| cƒeÆvçGji KGqKwU Avw`evmx ivRÅ evsjvi A¯¦fzÆî× nq wb|

1857 mvGji gnvweG`ËvGni dGj BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi kvmGbi Aemvb NGU| weËwUk ivGRi kvmGbi ÷i‚GZ AskZ ivR‹bwZK, AskZ cÉkvmwbK KviGY AGbKàwj AvçwjK I mxgvbvMZ cwieZÆb NUvb nq| ‰àwji gGaÅ meGPGq MyiyZ½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb wQj cÉkvmwbK msÕ•vGii bvGg 1905 mvGji eãfã| bZzb MGo IVv cÉG`k cƒeÆeã I Avmvg wQj BGqUm (fviZxq Av`gkygvwi Kwgkbvi) cÉYxZ 1901 mvGji 276,000 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi ‰es cÉvq 3 ˆKvwU 10 jÞ RbmsLÅvmn (59.3% gymjgvb, 39.0% wn±`y ‰es 1.7% AbÅvbÅ) ‘b`x AeevwnKv cwiK͸bvi’ mGã AGbKUv mãwZcƒYÆ|

eãfGãi weiyG«¬ KjKvZvGKw±`ÊK cÉej RvZxqZvev`x weGÞvGfi gyGL weËwUk miKvi 1912 mvGj eãfã iG` evaÅ nq| ‰ chÆvGq cÉavbZ evsjv fvlvfvlx RbGMvÓ¤x wbGq MwVZ nq evsjv cÉG`k  ‰es AvmvgGK ‰KwU c†^K cÉG`k Kiv nq| wenvi I DwolÅv evsjv ˆ^GK wewœQ®² nGq hvq| wK¯§ evsjv cÉG`Gki Afů¦ixY «¼±«¼ ˆ^GKB hvq| RbmsLÅvi w`K ˆ^GK evsjvi cwøg AsGk wn±`yG`i ‰es cƒeÆ AsGk gymjgvbG`i msLÅvMwiÓ¤Zv wQj| 1947 mvGji 14 AvMÕ¡ evsjv wefvGMi gaÅ w`Gq Afů¦ixY «¼G±«¼i ‰K AvcvZ mgvwµ¦ NGU| iÅvWwKÑd ˆivGq`v` bvGg cwiwPZ ‰B wefvM wQj gƒjZ mÁcÉ`vqMZ AvevmwfwîK| gymjgvb msLÅvMwiÓ¤ ˆRjvMywj cvwKÕ¦vbfzî× nq|

cvwKÕ¦vb Avgj  cvwKÕ¦vb cÉwZÓ¤vi mGã mGã Avevi bZzb KGi cwieZÆGbi mƒPbv nq| 1956 mvj chƯ¦ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ˆh cƒeÆvsk cƒeÆevsjv bvGg cwiwPZ wQj Zv cÉavb e±`i (KjKvZv) ˆijc^ I ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆK±`ÊÕ©j ‰es cvURvZ mvgMÉx cÉwò×qvKiGYi cÉavb wk͸vçj nvivq|

fviZ wefvM ‰ AçGj RbemwZi ˆfŒMwjK KvVvGgvGZ eügyLx cÉfve ˆdGj| wefvGMi ci fviZ ˆ^GK 20 jÞ kiYv^Æx cƒeÆ evsjvq AvkÉq ˆbq ‰es 10 jÞ fviGZ PGj hvq| fviZ wefvM gvbyGli emwZ I Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò bvbvwea mgmÅv m†wÓ¡ KGi| cƒeÆ evsjvi wewf®² Õ©vGb kiYv^ÆxG`i emevm kyiy Kivi mgq cwøg cvwKÕ¦vb ˆ^GKI ‰ AçGj ˆek wKQy wk͸-DG`Åvî×vi AvMgb NGU| Avgjv I mvgwiK evwnbxi m`mÅG`i AwaKvskB wQj cwøg cvwKÕ¦vbx| fvlvi cÉk² wbGqI AwZwiî× RwUjZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰me KviGY cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb weGivGai ‰K bZzb chÆvq m†wÓ¡ nq| cvwKÕ¦vGbi `yB AsGki gGaÅ ò×geaÆgvb ŠelgÅ RvwZGK ivÓ¡ËxqfvGe wefî× KGi ˆdGj| evOvwjiv wbGRG`i ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ AvZÄcwiPq MGo ˆZvGj| eãe®¬z ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ Zviv evOvwj RvZxqZvevG` D«¼y«¬ nq ‰es cwiYwZGZ evsjvG`k ivGÓ¡Ëi R¯Ã nq| ‰KwU mkÕ¨ msMÉvGgi gaÅ w`Gq Õ¼vaxb I mveÆGfŒg ivÓ¡Ë wnGmGe evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`q NGU| 

[ˆK. gD`y` ‰jvnx]

Mɯ©cwé  Sirajul Islam (ed), History of Bangladesh 1704–1971, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1998; H Rashid, Geography of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1991; S Chattopadhyaya, The Periplus of Erythrean Sea and Medieval India, New Delhi, 1980; J Rennell, Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan on the Mughal Empire, Calcutta, 1979; DC Sarker, Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Mediaeval India, Delhi,1971. RC Majumdar, The History of Bengal, Dhaka, 1963.