ivR‹bwZK `j  1947 mvGj fviZ wefvMKvGj KvhÆZ ‰KœQò cÉfveweÕ¦viKvix ‰Kgvò ivR‹bwZK `j wQj gymwjg jxM| 1996 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb ‰KvwkwU ivR‹bwZK `j AskMÉnY KGi| Kvj cwiò×gvq eü ivR‹bwZK `Gji Dïvb mGî½I RbMY gƒjZ `ywU cÉavb ivR‹bwZK `j AvIqvgx jxM I evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (we.‰b.wc)-i mg^ÆK| Aci `ywU eo ivR‹bwZK `j nGœQ RvZxq cvwUÆ ‰es RvgvqvGZ Bmjvgx evsjvG`k | AewkÓ¡ ivR‹bwZK `Gji ˆKvb cÉwZwbwaZ½ RvZxq msmG` ˆbB ejGjB PGj|

1885 cieZÆx ivR‹bwZK `j  ‰KwU AvbyÓ¤vwbK ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe wbwLj fviZ RvZxq KsGMÉGmi cÉwZÓ¤vi ci Abyi…c ˆKvb msMVb MGo IGVwb| ‰ mgqB gymjgvbG`i Õ¼Z¯¨ ivRbxwZi ˆÞò ŠZwi nGZ ^vGK| KsGMÉGm ˆhvM`vb A^ev c†^K ivR‹bwZK `j MVb Kivi cwieGZÆ gymwjg ˆbZ‡e†±` mwgwZ wfwîK ivRbxwZi cyiGbv aviv AeÅvnZ ivGLb| bIqve Avõyj jwZGdi ˆgvnvGgWvb wjUvGiix ˆmvmvBwU ‰es Šmq` Avgxi Avjxi ˆm´ŸÈvj bÅvkbvj ˆgvnvGgWvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb ‰B c«¬wZ AbymiY KGi| gymwjg ˆbZ‡e†G±`i cÉeYZv wQj weËwUk kvmGbi cÉwZ AvbyMZÅ cÉ`kÆb| eãfã (1905) cieZÆx ivRbxwZi AvGjvGK 1906 mvGj wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM MVb Kiv nq| XvKvi beve mwjgyÍÏvn gymwjg jxM MVGbi DG`ÅvM ˆbb|

RvZxq KsGMÉm ‰es gymwjg jxM QvovI wKQy wKQy weµÏex ˆMvÓ¤x wek kZGKi ˆMvovi w`K ˆ^GK ZvG`i KgÆKví ÷i‚ KGi| ‰G`i gGaÅ cÉavb `ywU msMVb wQj Abykxjb mwgwZ ‰es hyMv¯¦i| Abykxjb mwgwZi ˆK±`Êxq msMVb 1906 mvj ˆ^GK XvKvq ZvG`i KgÆKví ÷i‚ KGi eGj Rvbv hvq| Aci wZbwU Õ¼Z¯¨ mwgwZ ewikvj, dwi`cyi I gqgbwmsGn ZvG`i m`i `µ¦i Õ©vcb KGi mvsMVwbK KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ KGi| 1908 mvj chƯ¦ ˆK±`Êxq Abykxjb mwgwZ ‰KwU mvsÕ•‡wZK msMVb wnGmGe cÉKvGkÅB ZvG`i KgÆKví PvwjGq ˆhGZ ^vGK| ZGe cƒeÆeGãi wewf®² Õ©vGb ‰G`i ˆMvcb kvLv mwò×q wQj ‰es ‰àGjvi m`mÅ c` wn±`yG`i RbÅB msiwÞZ wQj| hyMv¯¦i MÉ‚c 1906 mvGj KjKvZvqI cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰es ‰wUiI jÞÅ wQj m¯¨vmgƒjK KgÆKví cwiPvjbvi gvaÅGg fviGZ weËwUk kvmGbi Aemvb NUvGbv| wek kZGKi weGki `kK ‰es wòGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK weµÏex ivR‹bwZK `jàwji AeÞq ÷i‚ nq ‰es ‰G`i Õ©Gj bZzb mgvRZvw¯¨K `j MGo DVGZ ^vGK| ‰àGjvi gGaÅ meÆcÉ^g `j wQj fviGZi KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆ| 1925 mvGj ‰B msMVbwU MwVZ nq|

K‡lK `jmgƒn  wek kZGKi weGki `kGK wbeÆvPbx ivRbxwZ ÷i‚ nIqvi mGã mGã K‡lK ivRbxwZi mƒPbv NGU| cÉwZwU cÉavb ivR‹bwZK `j K‡lK msMVb wnGmGe mnGhvMx msMVb MGo ˆZvGj| KsGMÉm cÉwZwÓ¤Z K‡lK `j wQj eãxq cÉvG`wkK K‡lK mfv ‰es KjKvZv wfwîK gymwjg ˆbZ‡e†±` KZ‡ÆK MwVZ nq wbwLj eã cÉRv cvwUÆ I cÉRv cvwUÆ | wKQy msLÅK AvBbRxex ‰es mvsevw`GKi mg^Æb wbGq ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK KÅvjKvUv ‰wMÉKvjPvivj AÅvGmvwmGqkb MVb KGib| 1935 mvGj dRjyj nK K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ MVb KGib| wZwb Acivci mKj K‡lK Dc`jàwjGK Zvi `Gj wbGq AvmGZ mÞg nb| wPîiéb `vk 1922 mvGj Õ¼ivRÅ cvwUÆ MVb KGiwQGjb KsGMÉGmi ‰KwU kvLv msMVb wnGmGe| cieZÆx `yB `kGK wn±`y gnvmfv, Avéygvb-B-Djvgv, dGivqvWÆ eÐK (1939), ˆifjykbÅvix ˆmvkvwjÕ¡ cvwUÆ (1940), iÅvwWKÅvj ˆWGgvò×vwUK cvwUÆ (1940), RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx wn±` (1940)-‰i gGZv KGqKwU mvÁcÉ`vwqK I evgc¯©x `j AvZÄcÉKvk KGi|

1947 cieZÆx `jmgƒn  1947 mvGji wWGmÁ¼i gvGm wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxGMi cwiewZÆZ bvgKiY nq cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg jxM| 1948 mvj ˆ^GK gymwjg jxGMi AwZ `Ë‚Z cZb ivR‹bwZK `Gji BwZnvGm meÆvwaK jÞYxq ŠewkÓ¡Å| gymwjg jxGMi mvG^ wf®²gZ ˆcvlYKvix eÅwî×eMÆ AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, ˆbRvGg Bmjvg, wLjvdZ-B-ive»vbx cvwUÆ, K‡lK kÉwgK cvwUÆ BZÅvw`i gGZv msMVb MGo ˆZvGjb| gƒj `j gymwjg jxGMi fvOGbi gaÅ w`GqB ‰ mKj `j MGo IGV| 1954 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z cƒeÆeã AvBb cwil` wbeÆvPGb gymwjg jxGMi fivWzwe nGqwQj| ‰ wbeÆvPGb hyî×dÌ´Ÿ ‰KGPwUqv weRq ARÆb KGi|

cvwKÕ¦vGb ivR‹bwZK AwÕ©wZkxjZv 1958 mvGji 7 AGÙvei mvgwiK AvBb Rvwii myGhvM KGi ˆ`q ‰es ‰B AvBGbi eGj me aiGbi ivR‹bwZK KgÆKví wbwl«¬ ˆNvwlZ nq| mvgwiK ‰KbvqK AvBqye Lvb Zuvi mvgwiK kvmbGK ˆemvgwiK i…c ˆ`Iqvi DGóGkÅ 1962 mvGj ivR‹bwZK `jàwjGK cybivq ZvG`i KgÆZrciZv PvjvGbvi AbygwZ cÉ`vb KGib| AvBqye Lvb gymwjg jxGM fvOb m†wÓ¡ KGib ‰es ‰i ‰K Ask wbGq cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg jxM (KbGfbkb) bvGg wbRÕ¼ ‰KwU ivR‹bwZK `j MVb KGib| 1963 mvGj wZwb ‰B `jwUi mfvcwZ nb| KvDw´Öj gymwjg jxM ev gymwjg jxM (KvDw´Öj) bvGg cwiwPZ gymwjg jxGMi Aci AskwU gƒjZ ˆKej cwøg cvwKÕ¦vb wfwîK ‰KwU ivR‹bwZK `Gj cwiYZ nq ‰es ZLb ˆ^GKB ‰B `jwUi ò×gvMZ Þwqúz `kv kyi‚ nq| AvBqye LvGbi ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg jxM 1969 mvj chƯ¦ cvwKÕ¦vGbi kvmb ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z wQj; ZGe ‰ ermGiB cvwKÕ¦vGbi Dfq AsGk msNwUZ eÅvcK MY AfzÅïvb AvBqye LvbGK ÞgZv ˆ^GK mGi `uvovGZ evaÅ KGi|

Õ¼vaxbZv cieZÆx ivR‹bwZK `j  1971 mvGj evsjvG`Gki gywî×hyG«¬i mgq cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg jxGMi Dfq Ask cvwKÕ¦vbGK mg^Æb KGiwQj ‰es ‰KviGYB evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nIqvi ci gymwjg jxGMi Dfq AskB wbwl«¬ ˆNvwlZ nq| 1976 mvGji RyjvB gvGm evsjvG`k gymwjg jxM bvGg H `jGK cybi‚äxweZ Kiv nq| gymwjg jxM eZÆgvGb eüav wefî× ‰es ‰i cGÞ Rbmg^Æb LyeB Kg|

RvgvqvGZ Bmjvgx  1941 mvGji 26 AvMÕ¡ Šmq` Aveyj Av’jv gI`y`x KZ‡ÆK RvgvB-B-Bmjvgx wn±` cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cvwKÕ¦vGb ‰KwU Bmjvgx kvmbZ¯¨ cÉYqGbi `vwe RvwbGq RvgvqvZ Rbmg^Æb jvGfi cÉGPÓ¡v Pvjvq| RvgvqvZ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb ˆZgb mvov RvMvGZ ev AvGe`b m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi wb ‰es 1970 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb meàGjv Bmjvgx `j wgwjZfvGe cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb ˆ^GK cvwKÕ¦vb RvZxq cwilG`i gvò ‰KwU Avmb jvf KiGZ mÞg nq| ZGe 1976 mvGj AbÅvbÅ AGbK ivR‹bwZK `Gji mGã ‰B `jGKI cybi‚äxweZ Kivi AbygwZ ˆ`Iqv nq| Avwki `kGK ‰B `jwU ‰ikv` weGivax AvG±`vjGb ˆhvM ˆ`q ‰es wKQyUv RbwcÉqZv ARÆb KGi| ˆ`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb ‰B `Gji kwî×kvjx mg^Æb iGqGQ|

AvIqvgx jxM  1948 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx cvwKÕ¦vb bÅvkbvj jxM bvGg bZzb ‰KwU ivR‹bwZK `j MVb Kivi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb| 1949 mvGji ˆMvovi w`GKB `Gji ˆfZGiB iÞYkxj ‰es cÉMwZkxjG`i gGaÅ weGiva Pig i…c cwiMÉn KGi| cÉMwZkxj Ask 1949 mvGji Ryb gvGmi 23-24 ZvwiGL AbywÓ¤Z ‰K mGÁÃjGb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi ˆbZ‡GZ½ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM (B.wc.‰.‰j) MVb KGib| ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ‰B `Gji ‰KRb mwò×q ˆbZv wQGjb ‰es ˆLv±`Kvi ˆgvkZvK AvngG`i mGã ˆhŒ^fvGe `Gji hy™Â mÁ·v`K nb| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxGMi cÉwZÓ¤vZv mvaviY mÁ·v`K wQGjb UvãvBGji kvgmyj nK| 1950 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvGm ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi ˆbZ‡GZ½ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM (‰.wc.‰.‰j) cÉwZÓ¤v jvf KGi| 1955 mvGji AGÙvei gvGm AbywÓ¤Z ‰B `Gji KvDw´Öj AwaGekGb `Gji bvg ˆ^GK gymwjg kõwU ev` ˆ`Iqv nq| ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB ‰B `jwUi ˆfZi `ywU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ gZavivi AbymvixG`i Dc`j wQj; ‰i ‰KwU wQj ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi ˆbZ‡GZ½ gvwKÆbc¯©x aviv ‰es AciwU wQj gIjvbv fvmvbxi ˆbZ‡GZ½ MYgyLx evgc¯©x aviv| ‰B gZcv^ÆKÅMZ weGiva 1957 mvGji RyjvB gvGm `jwUGK AviI ‰KwU fvOGbi w`GK avweZ KGi, hLb gIjvbv fvmvbx AvIqvgx jxGMi mvG^ mÁ·KÆ wQ®² KGib ‰es bÅvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUÆ (bÅvc) MVb KGib|

1962 mvGji 4 AGÙvei MwVZ bÅvkbvj ˆWGgvò×ÅvwUK dÌG´Ÿi (‰b.wW.‰d) ‰KwU Ask wnGmGe cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx jxM cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb ivR‹bwZK KgÆKví cwiPvjbv KiGZ ^vGK| ZGe 1964 mvGji 25-26 RvbyqvwiGZ AbywÓ¤Z `Gji KvhÆwbeÆvnx KwgwUi mfvq M†nxZ ‰K wm«¬v¯¦ Abyhvqx cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx jxMGK cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe cybi‚äxweZ Kiv nq| AekÅ cwøg cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx jxGMi cybi‚äxeb NGU ‰i wKQy w`b AvGMB| ‰KB eQi gvPÆ gvGm wbwLj cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx jxM cybMÆwVZ nGjI ‰wU ‰KwU `jxq BkGZnvi cÉYqGb eÅ^Æ nq ‰es KvhÆZ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx jxM ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb mîv mÁ·®² ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe ‰i KgÆKví ÷i‚ KGi| cvwKÕ¦vGbi `yB AsGki gaÅKvi ŠelGgÅi welqwU BwZgGaÅB ˆek wKQy msLÅK eyw«¬Rxex, ˆemvgwiK miKvwi KgÆKZÆv ‰es eÅemvqx/wk͸cwZG`i `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KGi| ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx g†ZzÅi ci ˆZgb ˆKvb ˆbZvi AvwefÆve NGU wb, whwb wbwLj cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx jxGMi `yB cÉvG`wkK AsGki gGaÅ ˆhvMmƒò iÞv KiGZ cviGZb| ‰B cUf„wgGZ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi AvIqvgx jxGMi mvaviY mÁ·v`K ˆkL gywReyi ingvb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi fwelÅr gZv`wkÆK I ivR‹bwZK MwZaviv Abyaveb KGi Qq `dv KgÆmƒwPi wfwîGZ Õ¼vqîkvmGbi `vweGZ AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvGjb|

Qq `dv KgÆmƒwP eÅvcK Rbmg^Æb jvf KGi| wK¯§ ˆkL gywReGK ˆMÉdZvi Kiv nq ‰es ivÓ¡ËG`ËvnxZvi AwfGhvGM AvMiZjv loh¯¨ gvgjvq Awfhyî× Kiv nq| ‰B chÆvGq gƒLÅZ QvòG`i ˆbZ‡GZ½ msNwUZ ‰KwU MYAfzÅïvGbi gyGL miKvi ‰B gvgjv cÉZÅvnvi KGi ˆkL gywReyi ingvbmn gvgjvi AbÅvbÅ Awfhyî×G`i gywî× w`GZ evaÅ nq

1970 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ AvIqvgx jxM wecyj weRq ARÆb KGi| wK¯§ cvwKÕ¦vGbi mvgwiK KZ‡ÆcÞ ‰es cvwKÕ¦vb wccjm cvwUÆi cÉavb RyjwdKvi Avjx fzGëv wbeÆvPGbi ‰B djvdj ˆgGb wbGZ AÕ¼xKvi KGib| cvwKÕ¦vb ˆmbvevwnbx 1971 mvGji 25 gvPÆ ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gk mycwiKw͸ZfvGe MYnZÅv ÷i‚ KGi| ˆkL gywReGK ˆMÉdZvi Kiv nq ‰es ew±` wnGmGe cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGb wbGq hvIqv nq| AvIqvgx jxGMi AwaKvsk ˆbZvB ˆ`kZÅvM KGi fviGZ PGj hvb ‰es 1971 mvGji 5-6 RyjvB ZvwiGL `Gji bvg cwieZÆb KGi evsjvG`k AvIqvgx jxM ivLv nq| Zuviv BwZgGaÅB 10 ‰wcÉj gywRebMGi Õ¼vaxb evsjvG`Gki ‰KwU AÕ©vqx miKvi MVb KGib ‰es gywî×hy«¬ ˆkGl 1971 mvGji 16 wWGmÁ¼i bZzb ivÓ¡Ë cwiPvjbvi  `vwqZ½ MÉnY KGib| 1973 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z ˆ`Gki cÉ^g mvaviY wbeÆvPGb evsjvG`k AvIqvgx jxM wecyj weRq ARÆb KGi| wK¯§ ˆ`Gki ò×gvebwZkxj A^Æ‹bwZK cwiwÕ©wZ ‰es 1974 mvGji `ywfÆGÞi cUf„wgGZ AvIqvgx jxM 1975 mvGj ˆ`Gk ivÓ¡ËcwZ kvwmZ miKvi c«¬wZ ‰es evsjvG`k K‡lK kÉwgK AvIqvgx jxM (evKkvj) bvGgi ‰KwU `j MVGbi gvaÅGg ‰K`jxq ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©v cÉeZÆb KGi| 1975 mvGji 15 AvMÕ¡ msNwUZ ‰K AfzÅïvGb ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ‰es Zuvi cwievGii AwaKvsk m`GmÅi wbgÆg nZÅvKvGíi mvG^ mvG^ AvIqvgx jxGMi ‰B AaÅvqwUi Aemvb NGU|

1976 mvGj AvIqvgx jxM bvGg ‰B `jwU ‰i KgÆKví cybivq ÷i‚ KGi| wK¯§ 1970 mvj ˆ^GK 1981 mvGji gGaÅ eü eÅwî× ‰es AGbKàGjv Dc`j AvIqvgx jxM ZÅvM KGi c††^K c†^K `j MVb KGi, ˆhàGjvi gGaÅ iGqGQ- AvZvDi ingvb Lvb KZ‡ÆK MwVZ RvZxq jxM (1970); RvZxq mgvRZvw¯¨K `j (Rvm`, 1972); ˆRbvGij ‰g.‰.wR Imgvbx KZ‡ÆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z RvZxq RbZv cvwUÆ (1976); Avõyi ikx` ZKÆevMxGki ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb MY AvRv`x jxM (1976) ‰es ˆLv±`Kvi ˆgvkZvK AvngG`i ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb MwVZ evsjvG`k ˆWGgvò×ÅvwUK jxM (1976)|

ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi b†ksm nZÅvKvGíi ci AvIqvgx jxM Pig wechÆGqi gyGLvgywL nq| AvIqvgx jxGMi AewkÓ¡ ˆbZ‡e†±` `jZÅvMx MÉ‚c I Dc`jmgƒnGK cybivq ‰KòxKiGYi gvaÅGg ‰es ‰ikv` weGivax AvG±`vjGb AskMÉnGYi gaÅ w`Gq `jwUGK Pvãv KGi ˆZvGjb| 1991 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb RvZxq msmG` evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (we.‰b.wc)-‰i 140wU AvmGbi wecixGZ ‰B `j 88wU Avmb ˆcGqwQj| 1996 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z msm` wbeÆvPGb evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `Gji 116wU AvmGbi wecixGZ AvIqvgx jxM 146wU AvmGb Rqjvf KGi ‰es ‰ikvG`i ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb RvZxq cvwUÆ I RvZxq mgvRZvw¯¨K `j AvIqvgx jxMGK miKvi MVGb mg^Æb ˆ`q|

bÅvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUÆ  cçvGki `kGKi gvSvgvwS mgq ˆ^GKB ˆ`Gki ciivÓ¡Ë bxwZ ‰es AvçwjK Õ¼vqîkvmGbi gGZv welqGK ˆK±`Ê KGi AvIqvgx jxGMi `yB ˆbZv ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx ‰es gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi gGaÅ weGiva ò×gvMZ e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| K‡lK I kÉwgKG`i Dci cÉfve weÕ¦viKvix RbGbZv fvmvbx ‰ mgq ‰BP.‰g ˆmvnivIqv`ÆxGK Zuvi AvGgwiKvc¯©x ciivÓ¡Ë bxwZ ‰es cƒeÆeGãi Õ¼vqîkvmGbi `vwei cÉwZ mg^Æb `vGbi ˆÞGò D`vmxbZvi RbÅ `vqx KGib| ‰B gZweGiva AeGkGl AvIqvgx jxGMi gGaÅ ‰KwU fvOb m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es 1957 mvGji 25-26 RyjvB AbywÓ¤Z mGÁÃjGb AvIqvgx jxGMi gaÅKvi evgavivi gGbvfvemÁ·®² ˆbZv-KgÆxG`i mg^Æb wbGq gIjvbv fvmvbx bÅvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUÆ (bÅvc) MVb KGib| fvmvbx be MwVZ ‰B `jwUi mfvcwZ wbeÆvwPZ nb| `jwU MVb Kivi AeÅewnZ cGi ‰es ‰ici 1964 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm cybi‚äxeGbi ci bÅvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUÆ ˆ`Gki meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evg ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe AvwefƃZ nGqwQj| ZGe Pxb-ˆmvwfGqZ weGivGai KviGY 1967 mvGj `jwU bÅvc (fvmvbx) ‰es gGÕ•vc¯©x bÅvc (Iqvjx) ‰B `yBfvGM wefî× nGq hvq| gIjvbv fvmvbxi ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb Pxbc¯©x `Gji wecixGZ gGÕ•vc¯©x bÅvc mvGeK cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGb kwî×kvjx wQj| gIjvbv fvmvbx ‰KRb RbwcÉq ˆbZv wQGjb ‰es 1969 mvGji MY AvG±`vjGb Zuvi `j ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| 1972 mvGj AvIqvgx jxGMi weGivwaZvKvix meÆcÉ^g `jI wQj ‰wU| wK¯§ 1988 mvGj ‰B `jwU 13wU c†^K c†^K `j ‰es Dc`Gj Lí-weLí nGq hvq| gGÕ•vc¯©x bÅvcI Abyi…cfvGe 1970 ‰es 1980-‰i `kK RyGo ‰KwU fvOb cÉwò×qvi gaÅ w`Gq KgcGÞ 5wU `j ‰es Dc`Gj wefî× nGq cGo|

KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆ  1948 mvGj fviZxq KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆi (wm.wc.AvB) w«¼Zxq KsGMÉm AbyÓ¤vGbi gaÅ w`Gq cvwKÕ¦vGbi KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆ (wm.wc.wc) MwVZ nq| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆI (B.wc.wm.wc) XvKvq `µ¦i Õ©vcGbi gaÅ w`Gq ‰KB mgGq MwVZ nq| cvwKÕ¦vGbi KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆi mGã ‰i ˆZgb ‰KUv msGhvM wQj bv| `jwU AGbKUv ˆMvcb msMVGbi gGZvB ‰i KgÆKví PvwjGq hvq, hw`I 1945 mvGji cƒeÆ chƯ¦ `jwUGK wbwl«¬ ˆNvlYv Kiv nq wb| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆ (B.wc.wm.wc) 1966 mvGj gvKÆmev`x-ˆjwjbev`x (‰g.‰j) ev Pxbc¯©x ‰es ˆmvwfGqZ c¯©x ‰B `yB fvGM wefî× nGq hvq| Avevi 1970 mvj bvMv` ‰g.‰j ˆgvU PviwU `Gj wefî× nGq cGo, ˆhgb: B.wc.wm.wc (‰g.‰j), cƒeÆ evsjvi KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆ (B.we.wm.wc), ˆKvAiwWGbkb KwgwU Ad KwgDwbÕ¡ ˆifjykbÅvixR (wm.wm.wm.Avi) ‰es cƒeÆ evsjvi kÉwgK AvG±`vjb (B.we.WweÐD.‰g)| mgGqi weeZÆGb ‰B `jmgƒn gƒjZ ˆQvU ˆQvU AGbKàGjv mkÕ¨ msMVb A^ev Þz`Ë `Gj wefî× nGq hvq ‰es eZÆgvGb ‰ aiGbi meÆGgvU 18wU `Gji cwiPq cvIqv hvq|

evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (we.‰b.wc)  mîGii `kGKi ˆklw`GK ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ wRqvDi ingvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ivÓ¡Ëxq AvbyK„jÅ cÉvµ¦ ‰KwU `j wnGmGe evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `j cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1979 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z RvZxq msm` wbeÆvPGb ‰B `j `yB-Z‡ZxqvsGkiI AwaK AvmGb Rqx nq| wewf®² ivR‹bwZK `j ˆ^GK ˆek wKQymsLÅK ˆbZv ‰GZ ˆhvM w`Gj `jwU AviI kwî×kvjx nGq IGV| 1981 mvGji 30 ˆg ‰K eÅ^Æ mvgwiK AfzÅïvGb ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ wRqvDi ingvb wbnZ nb| ‰ici 1982 mvGji 24 gvPÆ ˆRbvGij üGmBb gynÁÃ` ‰ikvG`i ˆbZ‡GZ½ msNwUZ Aci ‰KwU ˆmbv AfzÅïvGb wRqvDi ingvGbi Dîimƒix ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ Ave`ym mvîviI ÞgZvPzÅZ nb|

ˆbZ‡GZ½i cÉGk² 1983 mvGj evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `j hLb we.‰b.wc (mvîvi), we.‰b.wc (ü`v) ‰es we.‰b.wc (`y`y) ‰B wZb fvGM wefî× nGq hvq ZLb ‰wU msKGUi gyGL cGo| cieZÆxKvGj we.‰b.wc `y`y MÉ‚c cÉMwZkxj RvZxqZvev`x `j bvGg c†^K ‰KwU ivR‹bwZK `j i…Gc AvwefƃZ nq| ˆRbvGij ‰ikv` ivR‹bwZK KgÆKví AevwiZ ‰es wbRÕ¼ ivR‹bwZK `j MVb KiGj we.‰b.wc ü`v MÉ‚Gci ˆbZv kvgmyj ü`v ˆPŒayix Zuvi AbymvixG`i wbGq Rb`Gj ˆhvM ˆ`b| Aciw`GK we.‰b.wc mvîvi MÉ‚c ˆeMg LvGj`v wRqvi ˆbZ‡GZ½ wbGRG`i msMwVZ Kivi cÉGPÓ¡v PvjvGZ ^vGK| wK¯§ wKQy w`Gbi gGaÅB Avm®² RvZxq msm` wbeÆvPGb AskMÉnGYi cÉGk² gZcv^ÆGKÅi KviGY kvn AvwRRyi ingvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ Aci ‰KwU Þz`Ë Ask ‰B `jwU ZÅvM KGi| ˆeMg LvGj`v wRqvi ˆbZ‡GZ½ we.‰b.wc mymsnZ nq ‰es Avwki `kGKi ˆklw`GK ‰ikv` weGivax AvG±`vjGbi gvaÅGg AwaKZi kwî× mçq KGi| 1991 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb AvIqvgx jxGMi 88wU AvmGbi wecixGZ ‰B `j 140wU jvf KGi| 1996 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb we.‰b.wc 116wU Avmb jvf KGiwQj| 2001 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z RvZxq msm` wbeÆvPGb we.‰b.wc’i ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb Pvi`jxq ˆRvU msmG`i `yB Z‡Zxqvsk AvmGb Rqjvf KGi miKvi MVb KGi|

RvZxq cvwUÆ (ˆR.wc)  1986 mvGji 1 Rvbyqvwi ˆj. ˆRbvGij üGmBb gynÁÃ` ‰ikv`GK ˆPqvigÅvb KGi MwVZ ivÓ¡Ëxq AvbyK„jÅ cÉvµ¦ ‰KwU gaÅc¯©x `j| 1986 mvGji ˆg gvGm ‰es ‰ici 1988 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm AbywÓ¤Z msm` wbeÆvPGb ‰B `j mnGRB weRq ARÆb KGi, hw`I ejv nq ˆh, `ywU wbeÆvPGbB eÅvcK ˆfvU KviPzwc nGqwQj| MYZ¯¨ cybi‚«¬vGii RbÅ weGivax ivR‹bwZK `jmgƒn ‰es QvòG`i «¼viv cwiPvwjZ AvG±`vjGbi gyGL 1990 mvGji 6 wWGmÁ¼i ‰ikv` c`ZÅvM KGiZ evaÅ nb ‰es ZuvGK Kvivi‚«¬ Kiv nq| 1991 mvGj wb`Æjxq Zî½veavqK miKvGii AaxGb AbywÓ¤Z ˆ`Gki cçg msm` wbeÆvPGb RvZxq cvwUÆ 35wU AvmGb Rqx nGq Z‡Zxq e†nîg `j wnGmGe Avwef„ÆZ nq| RvZxq cvwUÆ ‰Lb ˆbZ‡GZ½i cÉGk² RvZxq cvwUÆ (‰ikv`), RvZxq cvwUÆ (AvGbvqvi ˆnvGmb géy) ‰es RvZxq cvwUÆ (bvwRDi ingvb géy) ‰B wZb fvGM wefî×|

RvZxq mgvRZvw¯¨K `j (Rvm`)  evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`Gqi ci ‰KwU evgc¯©x `j wnGmGe Avwef„ÆZ nq| AvIqvgx jxGMi Qvò msMVb evsjvG`k QvòjxGMi fvOb ˆ^GKB ‰i Drcwî| wmivRyj Avjg Lvb ‰es Av.m.g Avõyi iGei ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb QvòjxGMi evgc¯©x AskwUi nvGZB 1972 mvGji 31 AGÙvei RvmG`i ˆMvovcîb nq ‰es ˆgRi (Ae.) ‰g.‰ Rwjj I Avõyi ie `Gji hy™Â-Avn»vqK nb| `jwUi jÞÅ wQj ŠeævwbK mgvRZ¯¨ ‰es K‡lK-kÉwgKG`i ˆbZ‡GZ½ weµÏe msNwUZ Kivi gvaÅGg ‰KwU ˆkvlYgyî× ˆkÉYxnxb mgvR cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv| ‰B `jwU 1972 ˆ^GK 1975 mvj chƯ¦ ÞgZvmxb AvIqvgx jxGMi ZxeË weGivwaZv KGiwQj| AvIqvgx jxM miKviGK ÞgZvPzÅZ Kivi jGÞÅ ‰wU ‰KwU MYevwnbx MVb KGi| 1974 ˆ^GK 1975 mvj chƯ¦ mgqKvGj ‰B `j miKvi weGivax cÉPí AvG±`vjb MGo ZzGjwQj| Rvm` RbMGYi weµÏex ˆmbvevwnbx bvGgi AvovGj ˆmbvevwnbxi gGaÅ wbRÕ¼ wKQy ˆMvcb ˆmj MVb KGi| 1975 mvGji 15 AvMGÕ¡i AfzÅïvb ‰es ‰KwU cvΟv AfzÅïvGbi ci ‰B `Gji mvG^ NwbÓ¤fvGe mswkÏÓ¡ ˆj. KGbÆj (Ae.) Avey ZvGnGii ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰KwU ‘weµÏe’ msNwUZ KiviI cÉGPÓ¡v ˆbIqv nq| miKvi `jwUi wei‚G«¬ KGVvi eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KGi ‰es ‰i eü ˆbZv I KgÆxGK ˆMÉdZvi Kiv nq|

LvGjKzävgvb f„Bqvi ˆbZ‡GZ½ RvmG`i ‰KwU Ask `jZÅvM KGi evsjvG`k mgvRZvw¯¨K `j (evm`) bvGg ‰KwU bZzb ivR‹bwZK `j MVb KGi| `jwU wbGRG`i cÉK‡Z gvKÆmev`x-ˆjwjbev`x ivR‹bwZK `j eGj `vwe KGi| 1982 mvGj evm`I w«¼av wefî× nGq hvq| ‰i ‰KwU AsGki ˆbZ‡GZ½ ^vGKb LvGjKzävgvb f„Bqv ‰es Aci AsGki ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`b Av.d.g gvneyeyj nK| 1984 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z DcGRjv wbeÆvPGb AskMÉnY Kiv ev bv Kivi wm«¬vG¯¦ Rvm`I wZb fvGM wefî× nGq cGo| kvnRvnvb wmivGRi ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb RvZxq mgvRZvw¯¨K `j 1986 mvGj Rvm` (wmivR) ‰es Rvm` (Bby) ‰B `yB fvGM wefî× nGq hvq| AviI ‰K `dv fvOGbi gaÅ w`Gq Rvm` (ivRv) bvGg AviI ‰KwU c†^K ivR‹bwZK `j R¯Ã ˆbq ‰es ‰wU 1991 mvGj AvIqvgx jxGMi mvG^ ‰Kxf„Z nGq hvq|

Bmjvgx HKÅGRvU (AvB.I.ˆR)  1990 mvGj ˆLjvdZ gRwjm, ˆbRvg-B-Bmjvg, dvivqwR RvgvZ, Bmjvgx ˆgvPÆv, DGjgv KwgwU, bÅvGci (fvmvbx) Þz`Ë ‰KwU Ask ‰es Bmjvgx kvmbZ¯¨ AvG±`vjb-‰B mvZwU ivR‹bwZK `Gji mg¯¼Gq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i gƒj jÞÅ nGœQ ˆLjvdGZi Av`GkÆ ‰KwU Bmjvgx ivÓ¡ËeÅeÕ©v KvGqGgi DGóGkÅ ‰KwU HKÅe«¬ ivR‹bwZK AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvjv| Bmjvgx HKÅGRvGUi mvsMVwbK KvVvGgvi gGaÅ iGqGQ ˆRvUfzî× cÉwZwU `j ˆ^GK cuvP Rb KGi m`GmÅi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ ‰KwU gRwjk-B-÷iv ‰es ‰KwU DcG`Ó¡v cwil`| 1996 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z mvaviY wbeÆvPGb Bmjvgx HKÅGRvU ‰KwU gvò msm`xq Avmb jvf KGi|

MY ˆdvivg  cÉLÅvZ AvBbRxex ‰es AvIqvgx jxGMi mvGeK ˆbZv Kvgvj ˆnvGmb 1992 mvGj MY ˆdvivg MVb KGib| 1993 mvGji AvMÕ¡ gvGm ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe ‰KwU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰wU ‰KwU evg D`vi‹bwZK ivR‹bwZK `j| `jwU ‰KwU kwî×kvjx wmwfj mgvR ‰es mgZvi wfwîGZ myk†›Lj mgvR eÅeÕ©v MGo ZzjGZ AvMÉnx|  [‰m. Avwgbyj Bmjvg]