gGbvGgvnb emy (1831-1912)  Kwe, bvUÅKvi I mvsevw`K| hGkvGii wbwø¯¦cyi MÉvGg gvgvi evwoGZ Zuvi R¯Ã| Zuvi ŠcZ‡K wbevm cwøgeGãi Pwe»k ciMbv ˆRjvi ˆQvU Rvàwjqv MÉvGg| wcZv ˆ`ebvivqY emy wQGjb ˆcvÕ¡vj wWcvUÆGgG´Ÿi ‰KRb wVKv`vi|

gGbvGgvnb ŠkkGeB wcZ‡nxb nb| hGkvGii ‰KwU msÕ•‡Z Õ•zGj AaÅqGbi ci wZwb KjKvZvi ˆnqvi Õ•zj ‰es ˆRbvGij AÅvGmgweÐR BbwÕ¡DkGb (eZÆgvb Õ•wUk PvPÆ KGjR) AaÅqb KGib| QvòRxeGb wZwb AZů¦ ˆgavex wQGjb|

Ck¼i àGµ¦i AbyGcÉiYvq evjÅKvj ˆ^GKB gGbvGgvnGbi mvwnZÅ PPÆv ÷i‚ nq| cÉv^wgK chÆvGq Ck¼iP±`Ê àGµ¦i msev` cÉfvKi I AÞqKzgvi `Gîi Zî½Gevwabx cwòKvq wbqwgZ Zuvi iPbv cÉKvwkZ nGZv| cieZÆxKvGj wbR mÁ·vw`Z msev` wefvKi (1852) I gaÅÕ© (1872) cwòKvq Zuvi ˆjLv cÉKvwkZ nq| gaÅÕ© cwòKvi gvaÅGg wZwb fviZxq Rxebaviv I ivRbxwZi gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvaGbi ˆPÓ¡v KGib ‰es weGklfvGe fviZxqG`i gGaÅ cviÕ·wiK HKÅ I mwnúzZvi cÉGqvRGbi K^v cÉPvi KGib| ‰ KviGY cwòKvwU ZLb wn±`y ˆgjv i gyLcò wnGmGe cwiMwYZ nq|

gGbvGgvnGbi cÉavb Ae`vb evsjv iãgGçi ˆÞGò| Zuvi mgGq i‚wPkxj ˆgŒwjK bvUGKi LyeB Afve wQj| hvòv I cuvPvwj aiGbi AkÏxj bvUGKi msLÅvB wQj ˆewk, hv i‚wPkxj `kÆKG`i AvKlÆY KiGZ cviZ bv| ‰ AeÕ©vq gGbvGgvnb AGbKàwj ˆcŒivwYK bvUK iPbv KGi gçbvUGKi Afve cƒiY KGib| Zuvi bvUKàwj cyivZb hvòv-cuvPvwj-K^KZvi mGã bZzb bvUÅixwZi wgkÉY NwUGq evsjv bvUGKi BwZnvGm Avw`, gaÅ I AvaywbK hyGMi gGaÅ ‰K ˆmZze®¬ iPbv KGiGQ| bvUGKi ‰B bZzb aviv ZrKvjxb wkwÞZ I gvwRÆZ i‚wPmÁ·®² `kÆKG`i wbKU LyeB RbwcÉq I cÉkswmZ nq| Zuvi bvUKàwji RbwcÉqZvi AviI ‰KwU KviY nGjv, ‰àwji gaÅ w`Gq ˆmhyGMi beRvMÉZ RvZxqZvevG`i myi dzGU DGVGQ| JcwbGewkK kvmGb cxwoZ ‰es KifvGi RRÆwiZ fviGZi `ytL-`y`Ækvi K^v ‰me bvUGK ewYÆZ nGqGQ| Zuvi iwPZ bvUKàwji gGaÅ mZx (1873) ˆkÉÓ¤| ivgvwfGlK (1867), cÉYqcixÞv (1869), nwikP±`Ê (1875), cv^ÆcivRq (1881), ivmjxjv (1889) I Avb±`gq (1890) Zuvi AbÅvbÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUK| ‰ bvUKàwj AGciv ev MxwZbvUÅvbyi…c| gGbvGgvnb emy cÉewZÆZ ‰B bZzb bvUÅaviv «¼viv cieZÆxKvGj AGbGKB cÉfvweZ nGqGQb| wMwikP±`Ê ˆNvl bvUÅ iPbvq gGbvGgvnb emyi Av`kÆB AbymiY KGib| gGbvGgvnGbi AbÅvbÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ iPbv: wn±`yi AvPvi-eÅenvi (1873), eîׇZvgvjv (1873) ‰es `yjxb (HwZnvwmK DcbÅvm, 1891)| gGbvGgvnb MxZvejx bvGg Zuvi ‰KLvbv MvGbi eBI cÉKvwkZ nq|

gGbvGgvnb emy wn±`y ˆgjvi ‰KRb mwò×q mg^ÆK wQGjb| wZwb bÅvkbvj w^GqUvGii mGãI RwoZ wQGjb ‰es Zuvi iwPZ bvUKàwj cÉavbZ ‰B gGçB AwfbxZ nq| eãxq mvwnZÅ cwilG`i KvhÆwbeÆvnx cwilG`i m`mÅ ‰es mn-mfvcwZ (1303 e) wnGmGeI wZwb wKQyKvj `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib| wZwb KjKvZvq ‘gGbvGgvnb jvBGeËix’ bvGg ‰KwU Mɯ©wecwY cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|  [mgevi‚ P±`Ê gn¯¦]