gãjKveÅ   gaÅhyMxq evsjv mvwnGZÅi ‰K weGkl aviv| ˆ`egvnvñÅgƒjK mgvRwPòwfwîK ‰ KveÅB evsjv mvwnGZÅi cÉ^g I wbRÕ¼ KvwnbxKveÅ| ‰ KveÅ cvV wKsev kÉeY KiGj mKj cÉKvi AKjÅvY bvk I meÆwea gãj jvf nq ‰i…c aviYv ˆ^GKB ‰i bvg nGqGQ gãjKveÅ| gãjKveÅ cvjv wnGmGe MxZ nGZv, ZGe ‰GZ myi AGcÞv KvwnbxB ˆewk cÉvavbÅ ˆcZ|

cÉwZwU gãjKvGeÅ ‰GKKRb ˆ`eZvi gvnvñÅ ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ‰uiv ˆjŒwKK ˆ`eZvi mGã ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvi mswgkÉGY m†Ó¡ evOvwji wbRÕ¼ ˆ`eZv| ewnivMZ AvhÆG`eZvG`i wei‚G«¬ AGbK msMÉvg KGi ‰uG`iGK cÉwZÓ¤v jvf KiGZ nGqGQ| AvhÆG`eZvG`i wei‚G«¬ ‰B weRGqi KviGY gãjKvGeÅi ‘gãj’ kõwU ‘weRq’ AG^ÆI MÉnY Kiv nq| ‰gbwK ˆKvb ˆKvb gãjKvGeÅi bvGgi mGã ‘weRq’ kõwU mshyî×I nGqGQ, ˆhgb wecÉ`vm wcwcjvBGqi gbmvweRq|

gãjKvGeÅi cÉavb ˆ`eZviv nGœQb gbmv, Píx I agÆVvKzi | ‰uG`i gGaÅ gbmv I Píx ‰B `yB Õ¨xG`eZvi cÉvavbÅ ˆewk| ‰B wZbRbGK ˆK±`Ê KGi gãjKvGeÅi cÉavb wZbwU aviv MGo DGVGQ gbmvgãj, Píxgãj I agÆgãj| Kvjò×Gg wkeVvKziI gãjKvGeÅi welq wnGmGe A¯¦fÆyî× nGqGQb ‰es ZrGKw±`ÊK KveÅavivi bvg wkevqb ev wkegãj|

gãjKvGeÅi PviwU mvaviY jÞY AvGQ, hvGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ‰i welqeÕ§ PviwU AsGk wefî×| cÉ^g Ask e±`bv| ‰LvGb wewf®² ˆ`eG`exi e±`bv Kiv nq| ÷ay Zv-B bq, agÆeYÆwbweÆGkGl mKj ˆkÉYxi DcvmÅG`i cÉwZI ‰LvGb kÉ«¬v wbGe`b Kiv nq| ‰wU gãjKveÅ iPwqZvG`i AmvÁ·É`vwqK ˆPZbv wKsev meÆagÆmg¯¼q ˆPÓ¡vi ‰K wb`kÆb| w«¼Zxq AsGk ^vGK Kwei AvñcwiPq ‰es Mɯ© iPbvi KviY Õ¼µ²vG`k ev Š`ewbG`ÆGki eYÆbv| Z‡Zxq Ask ˆ`eLí| ‰i AvGjvPÅ welq ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvi mGã ˆjŒwKK ˆ`eZvi mÁ¼®¬ Õ©vcb| ‰ ˆÞGò wkGei cÉvavbÅ jÞYxq| PZz^Æ Ask biLí I AvLÅvwqKv| ‰ AsGki gyLÅ welq cƒRvcÉPvGii DGóGkÅ kvcöÓ¡ ˆKvb ˆ`eZv wKsev Õ¼MÆevmxi biRxeb jvf, bii…Gc Zuvi KgÆKví ‰es AGbK «¼±«¼-m›NvGZi ci gvbe mgvGR Zuvi cƒRv cÉwZÓ¤v| ‰i mGã AvbylwãK welq wnGmGe ^vGK bvwqKvG`i evigvmÅv, ˆPŒwZkv , mvR-mäv, i®¬bcÉYvjx BZÅvw`i eYÆbv| ‰wUB gãjKvGeÅi cÉavb Ask|

gãjKvGeÅi D«¿Gei mGã ZLbKvi ivR‹bwZK I mvgvwRK cÉmGãi ‰KUv mÁ·KÆ wQj eGj gGb Kiv nq| evsjvq ZzwKÆ-Avò×gY nq «¼v`k-òGqv`k kZGKi mw®¬ÞGY ˆmb-ivRGZ½i mgq| ռ͸ kwî× wbGq eLwZqvi LjRx jÞÄYGmbGK civwRZ KGi evsjv `Lj KGib| ‰B jNy kwî×i KvGQ ˆKb ˆmb ivRviv civwRZ nGjb Zvi KviY Abym®¬vb KiGZ wMGq HwZnvwmKiv gGb KGib ˆh, nqGZv eËvþYÅ aGgÆi c†Ó¤GcvlK ˆmb ivRvG`i cÉwZ ռ͸ msLÅK DœPeGYÆi ˆjvKG`iB mg^Æb wQj; wK¯§ AeGnjv, DGcÞv I AZÅvPvGii KviGY wbÁ²eGYÆi wn±`y cÉRvmvaviGYi ˆKvb mg^Æb ZuvG`i cÉwZ wQj bv| ZvB ŠeG`wkK Avò×gGYi mgq Zviv ivRvi mvnvGhÅ ‰wMGq hvq wb| Avi cƒGeÆ ÞgZvPzÅZ ˆeŒ«¬iv nqGZv ˆmbG`i wei‚G«¬ Avò×gYKvixG`i cÉZÅÞ mnGhvwMZvB KGi ^vKGe|

‰fvGe hLb evBGii gymwjg kwî× evsjvi kvmbÞgZv `Lj KGi, ZLb ÞgZvPzÅZ DœPeGYÆi wn±`yG`i `cÆ P„YÆ nq| Zviv wbGRG`i fzj eySGZ cvGi| ivR‹bwZK wechÆq ‰es civRGqi ™Ïvwb ZvG`i wbÁ²GkÉYxi mvaviY gvbyGli KvQvKvwQ wbGq AvGm| dGj ZvG`i gGaÅ eüw`Gbi ˆh mvgvwRK `ƒiZ½ wQj Zv NyGP hvq| DœPGkÉYxi ˆjvGKiv ZLb wbÁ²GkÉYxi ˆjvGKG`i agÆwek¼vGmiI gƒjÅ w`GZ ÷i‚ KGi| Avi civRGqi KviGY Zviv Avñkwî×i cÉwZ AvÕ©v nvwiGq ò×gvMZ Š`ewbfÆi nGq cGo| Š`eB ˆmŒfvMÅ-`yfÆvGMÅi KviY, Š`e «¼vivB me wKQy mÁ¿e, ˆcŒi‚lZ½ wKQyB bq ‰i…c wek¼vGmi ekeZÆx nGq Zviv ˆjŒwKK ˆ`eZvi mGã ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvi mg¯¼q NwUGq bZzb bZzb ˆ`eZvi m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es ZuvG`i wbKU n…Zkwî× wdGi cvIqvmn mKj cÉKvi gãj Kvgbv KGi| ‰fvGe ‰B bem†Ó¡ ˆ`eZviv ZvG`i wbKU gãjG`eZvq cwiYZ nq ‰es ZuvG`i ˆK±`Ê KGi iwPZ AvLÅvwqKv AwfwnZ nq gãjKveÅ bvGg| gãjKveÅàwjGZ ewnivMZ ˆ`eZvG`i civwRZ KGi ˆjŒwKK ˆ`eZvG`i weRq cÉwZÓ¤vi i…cGK AvmGj ewntkò‚i wei‚G«¬ Õ©vbxq wn±`yG`i weRq I ÞgZv cÉwZÓ¤vi Kv͸wbK wPòB ZzGj aiv nGqGQ| civwRZ wn±`ykwî× ZLb ‰i…c K͸bvi AvkÉq wbGqB AvñcÉmv` jvf KGiGQ|

gãjKvGeÅi ‰KwU jÞYxq welq nGjv, ‰i bvqK-bvwqKviv mvaviYZ ewYK mÁ·É`vGqi ‰es AbÅvbÅ Pwiòàwj mgvGRi wbÁ² ˆkÉYxi cÉwZwbwa; eËvþYvw` DœPeGYÆi cÉvavbÅ ‰GZ Kg| ‰i KviY nqGZv ‰B ˆh, gãjKveÅàwj ˆhGnZz ˆKvb-bv-ˆKvb ˆ`eZvi cƒRv cÉwZÓ¤vi DGóGkÅ iwPZ nGqGQ, ˆmGnZz ‰ KvGRi RbÅ mgvGRi ˆKvb weîkvjx ‰es kwî×kvjx eÅwî×iB cÉGqvRb wQj| ‰wU ‰KwU mgvR-evÕ¦eZvi w`K| ‰Qvov gãjKveÅàwj ˆ^GK ZrKvjxb mgvGRi AviI AGbK wPò cvIqv hvq| ZLbKvi bvix-cyi‚Gli ˆek-f„lv, we`ÅvPPÆv, gy`ËveÅeÕ©v, hy«¬-weMÉn, bvMwiK Rxeb, mvaviY gvbyGli PvIqv-cvIqv BZÅvw` welqI PgrKvifvGe gãjKveÅàwjGZ wjwce«¬ nGqGQ|

gãjKvGeÅ ‰K cÉKvi wgkÉ agÆ-msÕ•‡wZ jÞÅ Kiv hvq| ‰i KviY, `kg-‰Kv`k kZGKi w`GK evsjvi AvhÆ-AbvhÆ ‰es wn±`y-ˆeŒ«¬ mÁcÉ`vGqi agÆ-msÕ•‡wZGZ eÅvcK cwieZÆb NGUwQj| Zviv cviÕ·wiK `ƒiZ½ NywPGq ‰GK AcGii mGã wgjGbv¯ÃyL nGq DGVwQj| Dfq mÁ·É`vq ZvG`i AaÅvñwP¯¦v ‰es agÆxq Õ¼vZ¯¨Å nvwiGq ˆcŒivwYK I Zvw¯¨K aGgÆ wek¼vmx nGq DGVwQj| ‰i dGjB wn±`y ˆcŒivwYK I ˆeŒ«¬ Zvw¯¨K fveavivcyÓ¡ ‰K wgkÉ agÆ-msÕ•‡wZi D«¿e NGU, hvi cÉKvk NGUGQ gãjKveÅàwjGZ|

mvaviYfvGe gãjKveÅàwji iPbvKvj aiv nq ŠPZbÅcƒeÆ hyM ˆ^GK fviZPG±`Êi A®²`vgãGji mgq chƯ¦| òGqv`k kZGK evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi mgKvGj wKsev AeÅewnZ cGi ‰i cÉ^g i…cwU ŠZwi nq| Zvici ‰Kvw`ò×Gg fviZP±`Ê (1712-1760) chƯ¦ ‰ aviv PjGZ ^vGK|

gbmvgãj  gãjKveÅàwji gGaÅ cÉvPxbZg| mcÆG`ex gbmvi Kvwnbx ‰i DcRxeÅ| evsjvi ˆjvKmgvGR eü cƒeÆ ˆ^GKB mcÆcƒRvi cÉPjb wQj| gbmv AbvhÆ ˆ`eZv, ZvB AbvhÆ `Ëvweo mfÅZv ˆ^GK ‰i AvMgb NGUGQ eGj gGb Kiv nq| mGcÆi welvî× ˆQvej ˆ^GK iÞv cvIqvi DGóGkÅB `vwÞYvZÅevmx `ËvweoG`i gGaÅ ‰B mcÆG`exi cƒRvi cÉPjb nq| welai mvc mvaviYZ RãGjB ^vGK, ZvB mcÆG`exi welnix, Rvãyjx, c«ÂveZx BZÅvw` bvgI ˆ`Lv hvq|

gbmvgãGji cÉPwjZ KvwnbxwU nGœQ ewYK P±`Êai ev Puv` mI`vMGii mGã gbmvi «¼±«¼ ‰es ˆklchƯ¦ P±`Êai KZƆK gbmvi cƒRv cÉ`vGbi gaÅ w`Gq Zvi mgvwµ¦| P±`Êai wQGjb wkefî×| gbmv PvBGjb PuvG`i gvaÅGg ˆjvKmgvGR Zvi cƒRv cÉPvi KiGZ| wK¯§ cƒRv ˆ`Iqv ^vK `ƒGii K^v, Puv` ZvGK ˆ`ex eGjB Õ¼xKvi KGib bv| ‰GZ Puv` ‰es Zuvi cwievGii Ici ˆbGg AvGm gbmvi Pig AZÅvPvi| ˆò×vaekZ gbmv PuvG`i mµ¦wWãv mgyG`Ë WzweGq ˆ`b ‰es Zuvi mvZ ˆQGjGK mcÆ`skGb ˆgGi ˆdGjb| AeGkGl KwbÓ¤cyò jwL±`Gii m`Å cwiYxZv Õ¨x ˆeüjvi cwZfwî×, PvwiwòK `†pZv, Amxg gGbvej ‰es KGVvi mvabvi KvGQ Š`ekwî× civfe gvGb ‰es PuvG`i mµ¦wWãvmn mvZ cyòGK cybi‚äxweZ KGi ˆeüjv k¼÷i evwo wdGi hvq|

gbmvgãGji ‰B Kvwnbx gƒjZ wbM†nxZ gvbeZvi RxebK^v| gvbweKZvi meÆgq civfe I ™ÏvwbKi ˆmB hyGM P±`Êai I ˆeüjv `ywU AvñghÆv`vmÁ·®² I cÉwZev`x Pwiò| DœP-bxP ˆf`, AvhÆ-AbvhÆ «¼±«¼ BZÅvw` ZrKvjxb mgvGRi welqàwj gbmv-Puv`-ˆeüjvi NUbvi gaÅ w`Gq cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| ˆ`eZv I gvbyGli «¼G±«¼ mvgvwRK ˆkÉYx‹elgÅ ‰es PuvG`i mGã gbmvi weevG` AvhÆ-AbvhÆ «¼±«¼ cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| KviY Puv` wQGjb wkGei fî×| wke AbvhÆmÁ¿„Z nGjI AvhÆG`eZvG`i ˆkÉYxfzî×| cwiYvGg AekÅ ‰B weGf` Avi ^vGK wb| ˆeüjvi eÅwî×GZ½i KvGQ ˆ`eZvG`i civRq ‰es P±`Êai KZƆK gbmvi cƒRv ˆ`Iqvq me weGf` `ƒi nGq hvq| ‰me NUbv ˆ^GK AviI ‰KwU welq cwiÕ¹zU nq ˆh, gvbyl cÉK‡ZcGÞ Š`ekwî×i Ici wbfÆikxj bq, eis Š`eB gvbyGli Ici wbfÆikxj; Š`e Qvov gvbyGli AwÕ¦Z½ AvGQ, wK¯§ gvbyl Qvov Š`Gei ˆKvb AwÕ¦Z½ ˆbB| ZvB cƒRv cÉPvGii RbÅ AbÅvbÅ ˆ`eZvi gGZv gbmvGKI ‰KRb gvbyl A^Ævr P±`ÊaGii Ici wbfÆi KiGZ nGqGQ| ˆeüjv Pwiò ˆ^GK fviZxq bvix, weGklZ evOvwj bvixi cwZfwî×i Õ¼i…c DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ|

gbmvgãGji  Avw` Kwe  Kvbv nwi`î, wK¯§ Zuvi Mɯ© cvIqv hvq wb| wZwb 13k kZGK RxweZ wQGjb eGj Abygvb Kiv nq| ‰ici Avi huviv gbmvgãj iPbv KGib Zuviv nGjb cyi‚Glvîg, bvivqYG`e (Avby. 15k kZK), weRq൦ ‰es wecÉ`vm wcwcjvB | weRqàGµ¦i gbmvgãjB (1494) meÆvGcÞv cwiwPZ ‰es mvwnwZÅK àYmÁ·®²| wecÉ`vGmi Mɯ© gbmvweRq cç`k kZGKi ˆklfvGM iwPZ eGj MGelKG`i Abygvb|

Píxgãj  gãjKvGeÅi BwZnvGm meÆvGcÞv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| PíxG`exi Kvwnbx ‰i DcRxeÅ| ‰B PíxG`exI gƒjZ AbvhÆmÁ¿„Zv, cGi ˆeŒ«¬ I wn±`y ZG¯¨i ˆ`eK͸bvi cÉfvGe chÆvqò×Gg ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvq cwiYZ nb| ‰i welqeÕ§ `ywU mvgvwRK KvwnbxGK ˆK±`Ê KGi wbwgÆZ nGqGQ| cÉ^gwU KvjGKZz-dzÍÏivi RxebK^v ‰es w«¼ZxqwU abcwZ-jnbv-LyÍÏbvi Kvwnbx| KvjGKZz ‰KRb `wi`Ë eÅva| ˆ`ex Píxi K‡cvq `vwi`ËÅcxwoZ Rxeb ˆ^GK KvjGKZz-dzÍÏiv wekvj mvgËvGRÅi AwaKvix nq| wK¯§ abMGeÆ MweÆZ KvjGKZz-dzÍÏiv ˆ`exGK weÕÆZ nGj Avevi Zviv AGkl `yMÆwZGZ cGo| AeGkGl ˆ`exi kiYvc®² nGq Zviv cybivq ab-mÁ·` I myL-mg†w«¬ jvf KGi|

w«¼Zxq Kvwnbx AGbKUv gbmvgãGji gGZv| abcwZ ‰KRb abevb I wejvmx mI`vMi| wZwb kÅvwjKv LyÍÏbvi i…Gc gy™¬ nGq ZvGK weGq KGib| weGqi ci jnbvi Zî½veavGb LyÍÏbvGK ˆiGL wZwb hvb evwYGRÅ ‰es ˆmLvGb eviewbZvq Avmî× nGq cGob| ‰B myGhvGM `vmxi cÉGivPbvq jnbv LyÍÏbvi Ici Pvjvq AK^Å wbhÆvZb| ‰Kw`b eGb QvMj PivGZ wMGq LyÍÏbv wecG` cGo Píxi gvnvñÅ RvbGZ cvGi| Zvici Píxi K‡cvq ˆm weG`k cÉZÅvMZ Õ¼vgxi ˆmvnvM-fvwMbx nq| AvGiK w`b MfÆeZx LyÍÏbvGK evwoGZ ˆiGL abcwZ cybivq evwYGRÅ hvb| abcwZ wQGjb  Ške, ZvB PíxweG«¼l ˆnZz ˆmLvGb wZwb Kvivi‚«¬ nb| ‰w`GK LyÍÏbvi ‰K cyòm¯¦vb RG¯Ã| Zvi bvg ivLv nq kÉxg¯¦| kÉxg¯¦ eo nGq Píxi K‡cvq wcZvGK wec` ˆ^GK D«¬vi KGi| ‰ici abcwZ PíxgvnvñÅ Õ¼xKvi KGib|

Õ·Ó¡B ˆevSv hvq ˆh, Píxi gvnvñÅ cÉPvi I cƒRvcÉPjGbi DGóGkÅB DchÆyî× Kvwnbx `ywU mvRvGbv nGqGQ| ZGe ‰i gaÅ w`Gq ZLbKvi mgvGRi AGbK Z^Å DªNvwUZ nGqGQ| mcðxweG«¼l, cyi‚Gli ˆfvMjvjmv I i…cvmwî×, bMi cÉwZÓ¤v, eÅvamgvGRi ixwZ-bxwZ I mvgvwRK AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vb, KvjGKZzcxwoZ ebÅ c÷G`i Píxi wbKU KvZi cÉv^Æbvi gaÅ w`Gq wbhÆvwZZ gvbyGli `ytL`y`Ækvi i…cvqY BZÅvw` welq KvGeÅ wPwòZ nGqGQ| PíxgãGji Pwiòàwj gvbexq àYvàYmÁ·®² ‰es mgvRiGm cwicyÓ¡| ZvB mgvGjvPKG`i `†wÓ¡GZ PwiòK͸bvq Píxgãj ˆkÉÓ¤ eGj weGewPZ|

PíxgãGji Avw` Kwe gvwYK `î| wZwb gvj`Gni ˆjvK wQGjb eGj gGb Kiv nq ‰es wZwb wQGjb ŠPZbÅcƒeÆhyGMi Kwe| Zuvi KvGeÅi ‰KwU Abywjwci Kvj 1785 wLËÓ¡võ| PíxgãGji `yRb ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe nGjb w«¼R gvae I gyKz±`ivg | `yRbB ˆlvGjv kZGKi Kwe ‰es ‰uG`i nvGZB Píxgãj gãjKvGeÅi ˆkÉÓ¤ AvmGb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqGQ| `yRGbi KveÅB Šeúe fvev`kÆ «¼viv cÉfvweZ| w«¼R gvaGei KvGeÅi iPbvKvj 1579 wLËÓ¡võ| ‰GZ PíxgãGji Kvwnbx mywbw`ÆÓ¡ i…c jvf KGiGQ ‰es Šeúe c`vewji AbymiGY ˆQvU ˆQvU MxwZKweZv mw®²weÓ¡ nGqGQ|

gyKz±`ivg mgMÉ gãjKveÅavivi ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe wnGmGe weGewPZ| Zuvi KvGeÅ eÅwî×RxeGbi NUbvcwé ‰KwU mveÆRbxb i…c jvf KGiGQ| gvbe RxeGbi myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kv®²v, jvèbv-DcGfvM BZÅvw` wecixZagÆx e†wîàwji AcƒeÆ wgkÉGY wZwb weij mg¯¼qkwî×i cwiPq w`GqGQb| ‰i dGj PwiòàwjGZ ˆh RxebgywLZvi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ Zv meÆKvGji gvbecÉxwZi Dä¾j `†Ó¡v¯¦ nGq AvGQ|

Píxgãj avivq AvGiKLvbv Mɯ© AvGQ w«¼R ivgG`Gei Afqvgãj| Mɯ©wU PëMÉvg AçGj iwPZ ‰es ‰GZ H AçGji fvlvi cÉfve AvGQ| ‰GZ ‘ˆdivwã’ kGõi DGÍÏL ^vKvq ˆcvZÆywMR AvMgGbi cGi mGZGiv kZGKi gvSvgvwS ‰wU iwPZ nGqGQ eGj gGb Kiv nq| KvGeÅ w«¼R gvaGei cÉfve AvGQ|

Píxi eü bvGgi gGaÅ ‰KwU nGjv ‘A®²`v’| gaÅhyGMi AbÅZg ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe fviZP±`Ê ‰ bvGgB Zuvi weLÅvZ KveÅ A®²`vgãj iPbv KGiGQb| AekÅ ‰wUGK ˆKD ˆKD gãjKveÅ ejGZ Pvb bv| ‰i KviY gãjKvGeÅi mGã ‰i cv^ÆKÅ bvbv w`K ˆ^GK| ˆhgb, PíxgãGji Píxi ˆh PígƒwZÆ, A®²`vgãGj Zv ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ‰LvGb wZwb Afqv, ei`v I A®²cƒYÆvi…Gc ˆhb ‰KRb ˆÕ²ngqx eãRbbx| AbÅvbÅ PíxgãGj cƒRv cvIqvi RbÅ Píxi ˆh ˆKvcbv Õ¼fve, ‰LvGb Zv ˆbB; ‰LvGb wZwb `vwÞYÅgqx| nqGZv D«¿Gei ci ˆ^GK wZbk eQi aGi wn±`ymgvGR Píxi cÉwZÓ¤v mÁ·®² nGqGQ, ZvB Zuvi gGaÅ DMÉZv ˆcvlGYi Avi cÉGqvRbxqZv wQj bv| ‰ NUbvi gaÅ w`Gq AvGiKwU welGqi BwãZ cvIqv hvq ˆh, bZzb KGi ˆKD ˆKv^vI cÉwZÓ¤v jvf KiGZ PvBGj ˆmLvGb ZvGK kwî×cÉGqvM KiGZ nq ‰es cÉwZÓ¤vjvf mÁ·®² nGj AaxbÕ©G`i meÆ cÉKvGi cÉwZcvjb KiGZ nq| ‰gwbfvGe AviI AGbK ˆgŒwjK cv^ÆKÅ iGqGQ|

fviZP±`Ê wQGjb AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe ‰es Zuvi A®²`vgãj ‰ mgGqi ˆkÉÓ¤ KveÅ| KveÅwU wZb LGí wZbwU Õ¼Z¯¨ KvwnbxGZ cƒYÆZv jvf KGiGQ| cÉ^g LGí wkevqb-A®²`vgãj, w«¼Zxq LGí we`Åvmy±`i-KvwjKvgãj ‰es Z‡Zxq LGí gvbwmsn-A®²cƒYÆvgãj Kvwnbx ewYÆZ nGqGQ| cÉ^g DcvLÅvGbi gƒj NUbv ˆcŒivwYK| ‰GZ mZxi ˆ`nZÅvM, cveÆZxi weevn, wkGei msmvi I KvkxGZ ˆ`exi A®²cƒYÆvgƒwZÆ aviGYi eYÆbv AvGQ| ˆmmGã hyî× nGqGQ nwiGnvoGK ˆQGo ˆ`ex wKfvGe ivRv K‡úPG±`Êi cƒeÆcyi‚l fevbG±`i wcZ‡M†Gn DcwÕ©Z nb ˆmB ˆjŒwKK Kvwnbx| w«¼ZxqwU we`Åvmy±`Gii Kvwnbx| KvwjKvi K‡cvq wKfvGe my±`i we`Åvi cvwYMÉnY KGiwQGjb ‰es gkvb ˆ^GK AeÅvnwZ ˆcGqwQGjb ˆm Kvwnbx ewYÆZ nGqGQ ‰LvGb| Z‡Zxq AskwU AGbKUv HwZnvwmK| gvbwmsn KZƆK cÉZvcvw`ZÅGK civwRZ I ew±`KiY ‰es mgËvU RvnvãxGii wbKU ˆ^GK fevbG±`i ‘ivRv-B-digvb’ jvGfi NUbv ‰LvGb ewYÆZ nGqGQ|

A®²`vgãj ˆ^GK ZrKvjxb evOvwj mgvGRi AGbK Z^ÅB cvIqv hvq| ˆ`ex I Ck¼ix cvUbxi NUbv ˆ^GK ˆ`e-gvbyGli ‰KwU NwbÓ¤ mÁ·GKÆi K^v Rvbv hvq| ‘Avgvi m¯¦vb ˆhb ^vGK `yGa-fvGZ’ ˆ`exi wbKU cvUbxi ‰B ei cÉv^Æbvi gaÅ w`Gq Abygvb Kiv hvq ˆh, ZLb bƒÅbcGÞ `yafvZ LvIqvi wbøqZv wQj evOvwj Rxeb-hvòvi wbÁ²Zg Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ| A®²`vgãGj AvGiKwU welq jÞYxq ˆh, AbÅvbÅ gãjKvGeÅi gGZv ‰GZ Š`ecÉvavbÅ Kg, ˆm Õ©vb `Lj KGiGQ gvbyl| ‰LvGb ˆ`exi m¯§wÓ¡Kvgbv AGcÞv ivRvi m¯§wÓ¡Kvgbv ZxeËZi| gƒjZ b`xqvi ivResGki ˆMŒiegq BwZnvm eYÆbv KiGZ wMGq Kwe mgKvjxb HwZnvwmK NUbvi mGã Š`e NUbv wgwkGq bMimsÕ•‡wZmyjf ‰KwU Avw`imvñK cÉYGqvcvLÅvb iPbv KGiGQb| ‰i mvwnwZÅK gƒjÅI AmvaviY| Dcgvw` Ajâvi ‰es Q±`cÉGqvGM wZwb ˆh ŠbcyYÅ ˆ`wLGqGQb ZvGZ Zuvi ˆgŒwjKZ½ cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ|

agÆgãj  agÆVvKzGii gvnvñÅmƒPK KveÅaviv| agÆ AbvhÆ ˆ`eZv ‰es mƒhÆ wKsev eyG«¬i cÉwZi…c wnGmGe Kw͸Z| cÉvPxb eGãi ivp AçGj ‰ui D«¿e I cƒRv mxwgZ wQj| agÆcƒRv `xNÆKvj A¯¦ÅR ˆkÉYxi gGaÅ cÉPwjZ ^vKvq mGZGiv kZGKi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ ‰GZ ˆKvb AvhÆcÉfve cGo wb ‰es ˆKvb AvhÆcyivGY aGgÆi K^v cvIqvI hvq bv| mGZGiv kZGKi cGi hyMcwieZÆGbi mw®¬ÞGY axGi axGi ˆcŒivwYK agÆv`GkÆi mGã wgwkÉZ nGq agÆVvKzi ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvi chÆvqfzî× nb|

agÆgãGji cÉPwjZ Kvwnbx jvDGmGbi msMÉvgx RxeGbi K^v| ivgcvGji cyò hLb ˆMŒGoi ivRv ZLb Zuvi kÅvjK gnvg` cvj wQGjb ivRg¯¨x| gnvgG`i f™²x iéveZxi mGã e†«¬ mvg¯¦ivR KYÆGmGbi weevn nq| ‰G`i cyòB jvDGmb| jvDGmGbi mGã gnvg` I BQvB ˆNvGli wewf®² mgGq «¼±«¼, «¼G±«¼ aGgÆi K‡cvq jvDGmGbi weRq, aGgÆi mGã weevG`i dGj gnvgG`i KzÓ¤eÅvwa, jvDGmGbi AbyGivGa agÆ KZƆK eÅvwai wbivgq ‰es meGkGl agÆcƒRvi gaÅ w`Gq Kvwnbxi mgvwµ¦ NGU|

agÆgãGji Avw` Kwe gqƒi fë| Zuvi Kvj wLËÓ¡xq cç`k kZK ev ‰i KvQvKvwQ Abygvb Kiv nq, wK¯§ Zuvi KvGeÅi wb`kÆb cvIqv hvq wb| Zuvi cGii Kwe i…civGgi Kvj ˆlvGjv kZK ‰es gvwYKivg Mvãywji Kvj mGZGiv kZGKi gaÅfvM aiv nq| agÆgãGji Aci ‰KRb Kwe mxZvivg `vGmi KveÅ iPbvi Kvj 1608 wLËÓ¡võ gGb Kiv nq| agÆgãGji ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe Nbivg Pò×eZÆx| Zuvi KvGeÅi iPbvKvj 1711 wLËÓ¡võ| KveÅwU exiimcÉavb| ‰ici Avi huviv agÆgãj iPbv KGiGQb Zuviv nGjb mnG`e (1735), biwmsn (1737), n…`qivg (1749), ˆMvwe±`ivg (1766?) cÉgyL|

agÆgãGj ivGpi RbRxeGbi ˆh wPò AwâZ nGqGQ Zv Awfbe ‰es ZvGZ evOvwji RvZxq gvbGmi ‰K bZzb w`K DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ| AbÅvbÅ gãjKvGeÅi gGZv ‰GZ evOvwj Pwiò ˆgi‚`ínxb I Š`ewbfÆii…Gc wPwòZ nq wb, eis ivR‹bwZK m›NvZ I ˆ`kiÞvi DGóGkÅ `†pmsK͸ ‰es Abgbxq cÉwZGkvacivqYi…Gc Pwiòàwj wbwgÆZ nGqGQ| gbmvgãj I PíxgãGj Kvwnbxi gƒjGKG±`Ê iGqGQ ˆ`eZv, gvbyl ˆmLvGb Abylã gvò; wK¯§ agÆgãGji gƒj Kvwnbx AvewZÆZ nGqGQ gvbylGK ˆK±`Ê KGiB| ‰LvGb AvGQ mvgvwRK m›NvZ I ivR‹bwZK «¼±«¼, Š`eNUbvi cÉvavbÅ ‰LvGb Kg; eis Š`eNUbvGKB ‰LvGb AvbylwãK ejv hvq| ZrKvjxb ivGpi ivR‹bwZK Rxebhvòv ‰es mgvGRi wbÁ² ˆkÉYxi gvbyGli ˆMŒiegq ˆ`kvñGeva agÆgãjGK AbÅvbÅ gãjKveÅ ˆ^GK c†^K KGiGQ ‰es mvwnGZÅi ˆÞGòI ‰GK ‰K weGkl ghÆv`vq f„wlZ KGiGQ|

wkevqb ev wkegãj  ˆgŒwjK ˆKvb avivi gãjKveÅ bq| gãjKveÅ iPbvi ˆh DGókÅ ˆKvb ˆ`eZvi cƒRv cÉPvi ‰ ˆÞGò ZvI jÞYxq bq| ZGe wke PwiòwU cÉGZÅK gãjKvGeÅi gGaÅB ‰KwU AcwinvhÆ ˆhvMmƒòi…Gc DcwÕ©Z| nqGZv evOvwji Rxebhvòvi cÉZxKi…GcB wke-cveÆZxi MvnÆÕ©Å Rxeb, ZuvG`i `vwi`ËÅcxwoZ `vÁ·ZÅ RxeGbi gvb-Awfgvb BZÅvw` mgÕ¦ gãjKvGeÅi ˆ`eLGí gƒj AvLÅvGbi f„wgKvi…Gc wPwòZ nGqGQ| ‰GZ AekÅ gãjKvGeÅi RbwcÉqZvB ˆeGoGQ ‰es ‰ AbyGcÉiYv ˆ^GKB wkGei bvGg cÉPwjZ mgÕ¦ ˆjŒwKK I ˆcŒivwYK Kvwnbx msMÉn KGi ‰KwU ˆKvlMɯ© cÉYxZ nq, hv cieZÆxKvGj wkevqb  ev wkegãj  bvGg cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| ZvB ‰GZ AbÅvbÅ gãjKvGeÅi gGZv wkGei cƒRv cÉPvGii ˆKvb cÉGPÓ¡v jwÞZ nq bv| AekÅ Zvi AvekÅKZvI ˆbB, KviY wke AbÅZg cÉvPxb ˆ`eZv ‰es mgvGR wZwb mycÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GKB mycÉwZwÓ¤Z| nqGZv ‰gbI nGZ cvGi ˆh, gbmv, Píx BZÅvw` bZzb ˆ`eG`exi AvMgGb hvGZ Avw`G`eZv nvwiGq bv hvb, Zuvi ghÆv`v hvGZ AUzU ^vGK ˆm DGóGkÅB wkevqGbi  m†wÓ¡|

wkevqb avivi cÉ^g Kwe ivgK‡ú ivq mGZGiv kZGKi cÉ^g cvG` Zuvi KveÅ iPbv KGib| ‰GZ cÉavbZ ˆcŒivwYK wkGei gvnvñÅ ewYÆZ nGqGQ| wkGei msmvGii Afve-AbUb ‰es Zv wbGq wke-cveÆZxi gGbvgvwjbÅ ‰LvGb MZvbyMwZKfvGe ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ZGe QG±`v‹ewPòÅ, fvlvi mshg ‰es wKQy mvwnwZÅK MG`i cÉGqvM ‰GK Õ¼vZ¯¨Å w`GqGQ| AvVvGiv kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK iwPZ ivGgk¼i fëvPvGhÆi wkevqbB meÆvGcÞv ˆewk RbwcÉq| ‰GZ wkGei ˆjŒwKK Pwiò AwâZ nGqGQ| wkeGK ‰LvGb K‡wlKvhÆiZ, MvnÆÕ©ÅKGgÆ D`vmxb ‰es ˆfvRbiwmKi…Gc ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| ‰i dGj K‡lKcÉavb evOvwj mgvGR wke ˆhb ‰GKevGi NGii gvbyl nGq DGVGQb; Zuvi i…cGK ˆhb evOvwj PwiòB gƒZÆ nGq DGVGQ| wkGei K‡wlPPÆvi gaÅ w`Gq ZrKvjxb K‡lKRxeGbi bvbv mgmÅvi K^vI Rvbv hvq|

‰àwj Qvov wewf®² welq AejÁ¼Gb AviI AGbK gãjKveÅ iwPZ nGqGQ| ˆhgb, ŠPZGbÅi Rxebx AejÁ¼Gb ˆlvGjv kZGK iwPZ Rqvb±` I ˆjvPb`vGmi ŠPZbÅgãj , AvVvGiv kZGK wewf®² ˆ`eG`exi Kvwnbx AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ mƒhÆgãj, Mãvgãj, kxZjvgãj, jßxgãj, lÓ¤xgãj, miÕ¼Zxgãj, ivqgãj, KvwjKvgãj, mvi`vgãj, ˆMŒixgãj, `yMÆvgãj BZÅvw`| ‰àwjGZ mgmvgwqK mgvGRi ixwZbxwZ, msÕ•vi, agÆxq wek¼vm, Rxeb-RxweKv BZÅvw`i weeiY wjwce«¬ nGqGQ|  [`yjvj ˆfŒwgK]