gM   cvnvwo ‰jvKvq gvigv ‰es mgZj ‰jvKvi ivLvBbG`i mg¯¼Gq MwVZ evsjvG`Gki AbÅZg e†nr DcRvwZ| gvigv mÁcÉ`vGqi AGbGKi gGZ gM ˆKvb Õ¼Z¯¨ DcRvwZ bq, AvivKvbevmxi ‰KwU DœQ†›Lj `j gvò| RvwZMZfvGe gMiv gGãvjxq esGkv«¿„Z; mvsÕ•‡wZKfvGe Zviv gvqvbgvi (cƒGeÆi evgÆv) ‰jvKvi RbmvaviGYi KvQvKvwQ| gMG`i cÉavb (ivRv) `yRb: ˆevgvs ‰es gs| ˆevgvs ivRv ev±`ievGb, cÞv¯¦Gi gs ivRv ^vGKb LvMovQwoGZ| AvivKvwb ˆMvGòi gGaÅ gMiv AbÅZg cÉavb ˆeŒ«¬ ˆMvÓ¤x| AvivKvwbG`i kvmbvvgGj (1459-1666) evsjvi `wÞY I `wÞY-cƒeÆ AsGk wKQy gM emwZ MGo DGV ^vKGZ cvGi, wK¯§ BwZnvGm ‰i ˆiKWÆ cvIqv hvq bv|

1784 mvGj evgÆv KZ‡ÆK Õ¼vaxb AvivKvb ivGRÅi cZGbi ˆcÉÞvcGU evsjvG`Gk gMG`i cÉavb emwZ MGo IGV| evgÆvi mvG^ AvivKvGbi mshywî×i ci evgÆvi ivRv ˆev`vIcv (1782-1819) ‰K òvGmi ivRZ½ KvGqg KGib| ‰i dGj AvivKvGbi RbmsLÅvi `yB-Z‡Zxqvsk evsjvi `wÞY-cƒeÆ AçGj ˆ`kv¯¦wiZ nq| weËwUk miKvi ZvG`i cybeÆvmGbi c`GÞc MÉnY KGi| evgÆvq ‰K mvGeK ˆbŒ Awdmvi KÅvG¶Ÿb ‰BP KÝGK gM emwZi RbÅ Zî½veavqK wbGqvM Kiv nq| Zuvi bvg AbymvGi evsjvG`Gki mgy`Ë‹mKZ KÝevRvGii bvgKiY Kiv nq| gMG`i ‰i…c AvkÉq `vb I ZvG`i jyUZivGRi dGj 1924-25 mvGj cÉ^g Bã-evwgÆR hy«¬ msNwUZ nq, hvGZ evgÆv civwRZ nq ‰es 1826 mvGji Bqvb`vey Pzwî×i dGj AvivKvb I ˆZbvmvwig Açj weËwUk kvmbfzî× nq|

gM ˆMvÓ¤xcÉavb

‰i djÕ¼i…c, AvivKvb ˆ^GK w«¼Zxq `dvq gMG`i ˆ`kZÅvM AviÁ¿ nq, AvivKvb ˆ^GK AvMZ kiYv^Æxiv PëMÉvg ˆRjvi `wÞY AçGj ‰KUv Õ©vqx wVKvbv LyuGR ˆbq| ò×Gg gvZvgyüix DcZÅKvi gaÅ w`Gq Zviv ev±`ievGb QwoGq cGo| gMiv ‰B ‰jvKvGK ˆevgvs ^Ds, ev ˆevgvs ivRvi AvevmÕ©j eGj AwfwnZ KGi| Z‡Zxq `jwU mxZvKzí Açj ˆ^GK LvMovQwoGZ cÉGek KGi ‰es ivgMGo ZvG`i Õ©vqx Avevm MGo ˆZvGj| Zviv wbGRG`i µÏs ^v I ZvG`i AvevmÕ©jGK µÏs ^s eGj `vwe KGi| PZz^Æ `jwU eGãvcmvMi AwZò×g KGi e†nîi cUzqvLvjxi (eZÆgvGb cUzqvLvjx ‰es eiàbv ˆRjv) `wÞY AçGj ˆcuŒGQ ‰es ˆmLvGb emwZ MGo ˆZvGj| ivãvevwj, eo evBRw`qv I AvBjv cÉavb cÉavb gMemwZ wQj| RbmsLÅv e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ Zviv AçjwUi meÆò QwoGq cGo| gMiv ‰B ‰jvKvGK AvIqvRbIGq, A^Ævr mgy`Ë ZxieZÆx «¼xc eGj AwfwnZ KGi|

evsjvG`Gk gMG`i ˆgvU msLÅv nGœQ 1,60,000-‰i gGZv| evsjvG`Gk gM RbmsLÅvi ˆfŒGMvwjK e¥Ÿb ZvwjKvq ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|

ˆRjv	1961	1981	1991
ev±`ievb		79,518	59,288
LvMovQwo		39,692	42,178
ivãvgvwU		31,169	40,868
KÝevRvi		cvIqv hvq wb	3,011
e†nîi cUzqvLvjx	16,394	3,668	3,662
ˆgvU			157,301

weGkl KGi ev±`ievb I cUzqvLvjx ˆRjvq weMZ eQimgƒGn gM RbmsLÅv mvweÆKfvGe nËvm cvq| 1974-1997 ˆgqv`KvGj cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGg DcRvZxqG`i AmG¯¦vl PjvKvGj wKQy gM KwZcq AbÅvbÅ DcRvwZi mvG^ evsjvG`k ˆQGo wMGq fviGZ AvkÉq MÉnY KGi ‰es ‰KwU Ask cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi `wÞY Açj (h^v ev±`ievb ˆRjv) ˆ^GK AvivKvGb AwfevwmZ nq| 1997 mvGji cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg kvw¯¦ Pzwî×i ci cwiwÕ©wZi D®²wZ nGqGQ ‰es gMG`i ˆ`kZÅvM cÉwò×qv hG^Ó¡ g¯©i nGqGQ| ZGe cUzqvLvjxGZ So I mvgyw`ËK RGjvœQ¾vGmi KviGY wKQy wKQy gM MÉvg weivb nGq ˆMGQ| Õ©vbxq bvbv KviGY m†Ó¡ DGîRbv I mvgvwRK AmG¯¦vGli KviGY wKQy gM ‰LbI ˆ`kv¯¦wiZ nGœQ|

gMG`i iGqGQ wbRÕ¼ fvlv, ewgÆ fvlvi mvG^ ‰i ˆek wgj AvGQ| gMG`i msLÅv, w`b I gvGmi bvg ewgÆ fvlvi gGZvB| mvaviYfvGe gMG`i wbRÕ¼ ˆZgb ˆKvb mg†«¬ mvwnZÅ ˆbB| auvav, evM&aviv I ˆjvKKvwnbx gM mgvGR ˆek cwiwPZ| dGãB (agÆhvRK) ‰es ˆivqv (MÉvgxY) Õ•zj gM mgvGR HwZnÅevnx wkÞveÅeÕ©v wUwKGq ivLGZ ˆhŒ^fvGe ‰K ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| AbÅvbÅ agÆxq ˆMvÓ¤xi Zzjbvq gM ‰jvKvq dGãB ‰es ˆivqvG`i DcwÕ©wZi KviGY mvÞiZvi nvi ˆewk| gM mgvGRi cÉGZÅK m`mÅ ewgÆ fvlv AbMÆj coGZ I ejGZ cvGi| ZGe KwgDwbwUi wbRÕ¼ wkÞveÅeÕ©v LyeB AcÉZzj| ˆm KviGY AGbK gM ˆQGj-ˆgGqGK ‰jvKvi wfZGi I evBGi mvaviY Õ•zj I KGjGR covGkvbv KiGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|

gMG`i cÉavb ˆckv K‡wl| cvnvwo ‰jvKvq Zviv RygPvl KGi ‰es mgZj ‰jvKvq jvOj w`Gq Pvlvev` KGi| ZuvZ eyGb ‰es gvQ aGiI AGbGKi RxweKv PGj| ZvG`i mgvGR eÅemvqx, ˆ`vKvb`vi ‰es PvKwiRxexi m®¬vb K`vwPr cvIqv hvq| wk÷kÉg ZvG`i gGaÅ ARvbv, wK¯§ gM bvixG`i gvGV I wewf®² Õ©vcbv wbgÆvYÕ©Gj KvR KiGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|

gMG`i mgvRKvVvGgv wcZ‡Zvw¯¨K| cwievGii mGeÆmeÆv nGœQ ˆRÅÓ¤Zg cyi‚l m`mÅ| Z^vwc gM mgvGR bvixi ‰KUv mÁÃvbRbK AeÕ©vb iGqGQ| Õ¼vgxi AvevGm Õ¨xi AeÕ©vb cÉ^vMZ ixwZ nGjI Õ¨xi evwoGZ Õ¼vgxi AeÕ©vGbi NUbvI ‰GKevGi wbjÆÞÅ bq| ‰KRb gM bvix weGq, weevn weGœQ` ‰es mÁ·wîi Ici gvwjKvbvi ˆÞGò AwaK Õ¼vaxbZv ˆfvM KGi ^vGK| AmeYÆ ‰es A¯¦teYÆ ‰B `yaiGbi weGqB gM mgvGR cÉPwjZ AvGQ| weaev weGqI ˆgGb ˆbIqv nq| gM mgvR gvGiv^v, ivMÉv^v, ivgivqÅv^v BZÅvw` ˆkÉYxGZ wefî×| gMG`i mvgvwRK RxeGb cÉavb, wfÞz, ˆnWgÅvb ‰es gvZei mÁÃvbRbK AeÕ©vb AwaKvi KGi ^vGK| gMiv wfÞz I abcwZG`i g†ZG`n ˆek RuvKRgGKi mvG^ `vn KGi, wK¯§ mvaviY gvbyGli g†ZG`n gvwUGZ `vdb Kiv nq|

`wÞY I `wÞY-cƒeÆ ‰wkqvi ˆeŒ«¬MGYi gGZvB gMivI ˆ^iev` (nxbhvb) ˆkÉYxi ˆeŒ«¬| cvwj fvlvq wjwLZ wòwcUK nGœQ gMG`i cweò Mɯ©| agÆxq welqvewji ˆÞGò Zviv `y`Gj wefî×; m®²Åvmx mÁ·Ë`vq ‰es AGckv`vi mÁ·Ë`vq ev ˆjBwZ| wfÞzMY ˆKŒgvhÆeËZ cvjb KGi, ˆMi‚qv iGOi wXGjXvjv eÕ¨ cwiavb KGi ‰es m®²Åvm AvkÉGg evm KGi| cÞv¯¦Gi ˆjBwZMY Õ¨x, m¯¦vb I Avñxq-Õ¼RbG`i wbGq cvwievwiK Rxebhvcb KGi|

gMG`i AwaKvsk DrmeB cÉwZ gvGmi cƒwYÆgvi mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyî×, hvGK Zviv ewgÆ kGõ jeiq eGj| ZvG`i KvGQ cƒwYÆgv cweò| Zviv gGb KGi, AwaKvsk agÆxq NUbvewj gvGmi ˆKvb bv ˆKvb cƒwYÆgv ivZ ev w`Gb NGUGQ| ‰ DcjGÞ Lv`Å-`ËeÅ, dj-gƒj, dzj ‰es ˆgvgevwZ I AvMievwZ R¾vwjGq cÉfz eyG«¬i gƒwZÆ cƒRv Kiv nq| ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cƒwYÆgvmgƒGni gGaÅ iGqGQ evmb (ŠekvL), IqvGmv (Avlvp), ^vwosqyZ (Avwk¼b) ‰es ZvGevWzB (gvNx)| Zviv QvòG`i `vb-`wÞYv ˆ`q, wmjv (AvPiYwewa) I fvebv (aÅvbmvabv) cvjb KGi| ‰ mKj ˆeŒ«¬agÆxq AbykxjGbi cvkvcvwk Zviv cÉvK‡Z cƒRvi cÉ^vbyhvqx MvQcvjv ‰es eo eo b`xi Dcvmbv KGi|

gMG`i ‰KwU RbwcÉq AbyÓ¤vb nGœQ cvwb Drme| RvZGcvGq bvgK cvjv I BGqbGcvGq bvgK b†ZÅ nGœQ RbwcÉq weGbv`b| cvjvwU ˆeŒ«¬G`i ævb I cÉvPxb ˆeŒ«¬ ivRvG`i RxebMv^vi mvG^ hyî×, cÞv¯¦Gi Dî× b†ZÅwU cvøvZÅ ej b†GZÅi mgchÆvqfzî×| ˆjvKmsLÅv nËvGmi mvG^ mvG^ ‰ mKj Drme D`hvcb KGg ˆMGQ| gMG`i mãxZ h¯¨mgƒGni gGaÅ ˆmBs IGqBs (e†îvKvi eo AvK‡wZi KvGVi ˆXvj), wKGq IGqBs (ˆQvU AvK‡wZi KvGVi ˆXvj), wcwjC (euvwk) ‰es wSGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ‰ mKj hG¯¨i mvG^ evgÆvq eÅen…Z ev`ÅhG¯¨i wgj iGqGQ|

fvZ, mewR QvovI wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY gwiP I jeY nGœQ gMG`i cÉavb Lv`Å| Zviv w`Gb `yGejv Avnvi MÉnY KGi| bvc&wc (evwm gvQ) I myÅc ZvG`i gyLGivPK Lvevi| PvGji wcVv (gywí) gMG`i weGkl cQG±`i Lv`Å| Lvevi MÉnGYi ci Pv RvZxq cvwb (ˆjcwm) cvb RbwcÉq AfÅvm, hv AGbK `wÞY-cƒeÆ ‰kxq ˆ`Gk ˆ`Lv hvq| ewgÆG`i gGZv gMiv bGji mvnvGhÅ Pzi‚U cvb KGi| NGi ŠZwi AvGi bvgK g` mxwgZ AvKvGi cvGbi cÉPjb iGqGQ|

gM mgvGRi cyi‚l m`mÅMY mvaviYZ jywã (mvis), kvUÆ I PwU RyZv eÅenvi KGi ‰es Zviv Lvwj cvGq Lye ‰KUv ˆei nq bv| Drmevw`i mgGq mgvGRi eGqvGRÅÓ¤ m`mÅMY Mjvq ˆevZvg w`Gq AvUKvGbv AuvGUvmuvGUv ‰KwU e®¬ ˆKvU (Avwã cwiavb KGi), gv^vq àIs cys bvGg mv`v i‚gvGji eÅenviI mvaviYfvGe cÉPwjZ| ˆ`Gni ˆmŒ±`GhÆi RbÅ gMG`i ‰KUv Ask DwÍ•i (gGZviq) eÅenvi KGi| wkwÞZ Ask cvRvgv/cÅv´Ÿ, kvUÆ I RyZv eÅenvi KGi ^vGK| gM bvixi mvaviY ˆcvkvK ^vwg I Avwã (eÐvDR)| wbGRGK AvKlÆYxq I ˆgvnbxq Kivi RbÅ Zviv gv^vq Pzs Uzs bvGg cvjGKi ˆMvQv eÅenvi KGi ^vGK| KLbI KLbI Zviv wbGRG`i gv^v dzj I Mqbv w`Gq mwäZ KGi| mvGjvqvi-KvwgRI gM Zi‚YxG`i RbwcÉq ˆcvkvK|

gMiv gvPvs bvGg cwiwPZ DuPz Õ©vGb ZvG`i evwoNi ŠZwi KGi ^vGK, evwoàwj wWÁ¼vK‡wZi Qv`mn AvqZvKvi| KvV ev euvGki `Gíi eÅvm w`Gq gvwU ˆ^GK Qq ˆ^GK AvU dzU DœPZvq euvkvœQvw`Z gvPvb ŠZwi Kiv nq| ˆ`qvjàwj euvk w`Gq ŠZwi ‰es NGii Qv` Lo w`Gq AvœQvw`Z| gvPvs I NGi cÉGek ‰es ˆei nIqvi cG^i gvSLvGb ‰KwU wmuwo jvMvGbv ^vGK| ‰KwU evwo ˆek KGqKwU KGÞ wefî×| mvaviYfvGe ejGZ ˆMGj, gMG`i evwoàwjGZ AvGjv-evZvm PjvPGji ˆek fvj eÅeÕ©v ^vGK| cÉwZwU evwo ‰KwU ˆMUmn mew`K w`Gq ˆeovq ˆNiv| ˆeovi ˆfZGi ^vGK ‰KwU evMvb| ev±`ievb AçGj euvk, ˆeZ I KvGVi ŠZwi Niàwj ˆ`LGZ mv`vgvUv| cÞv¯¦Gi, KÝevRvGii evwoàwji Õ©vcZÅŠkjxGZ iGqGQ Škw͸K AvK‡wZ I bKkvi mgvnvi|

gMG`i AwaKvskB myÕ¼vGÕ©Åi AwaKvix ‰es Zviv cwiÓ•vi-cwiœQ®²Zv cQ±` KGi| mvaviYZ Zviv w`Gb `yevi Õ²vb KGi ‰es cÉvq meÆ`vB dzUvGbv cvwb cvb KGi| cÉvPxbKvGj Zviv MvQcvjv I jZvàÍ w`Gq ŠZwi ˆ`kxq Jlacò MÉnY KiZ| ‰ eÅeÕ©vwU ‘gNv kvÕ¨xq Jla bvGg’ RbwcÉq| B`vbxs cÉvPxb eÅeÕ©vi cwieGZÆ AÅvGjvcÅvw^K eÅeÕ©v RbwcÉq nGœQ ‰es Zi‚Y gMiv ò×GgB AvaywbK wPwKrmv eÅeÕ©v cQ±` KiGQ|

gMG`i mvgvwRK I mvsÕ•‡wZK Rxeb bZzb Drmvn I AvkvevG` AbycÉvwYZ ‰es Zviv evsjvG`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb bvbv aiGbi msMVb MGo ZzGjGQ| ‰B msMVbmgƒn nGœQ: evsjvG`k ivLvBb KjÅvY mwgwZ, evsjvG`k gvigv mwgwZ, evsjvG`k ivLvBb-gvigv msN cwil` ‰es cUzqvLvjx ivLvBb ˆeŒ«¬ hye msÕ©v| msMVbmgƒGni wewf®² KgÆmƒwPi gGaÅ AvGQ miKvGii KvGQ ZvG`i mgmÅv ZzGj aiv ‰es ˆ`Gk I weG`Gk ZvG`i msÕ•‡wZ cÉPvi Kiv| ‰ DGóGkÅ gM Zi‚YG`i mÁcv`bvq KwZcq cò-cwòKv I mvgwqKx, ˆhgb ivLvBb, fGqm Ae ivLvBb, DœPviY ‰es jvBU Ad AvIqvRb IGq BZÅvw` gvGS gvGS cÉKvwkZ nq|

gMG`i ‰jvKvq ‰bwRIG`i ZrciZv AZů¦ mxwgZ wQj| DcRvZxq AmG¯¦vl ‰es gM MÉvgàwji wewœQ®² AeÕ©vb ZvG`i KvR Kivi cGÞ DcGhvMx wQj bv| kvw¯¦ Pzwî× Õ¼vÞGii ci eËÅvK ‰es cÉwkKvi gGZv wKQy ‰bwRI ‰me ‰jvKvq bvbv KvhÆò×g MÉnY KGiGQ| ivLvBb ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ dvDG´£kb (AviwW‰d) bvGgi ‰KwU ‰bwRI gM AayÅwlZ ‰jvKvq wkÞvi D®²qb, ZuvZmn KzwUi wkG͸i D®²qb, `wi`Ë gMbvixG`i gGaÅ FY weZiY ‰es ivLvBb msÕ•‡wZi cybi‚äxeb BZÅvw` DGókÅ wbGq KvR KiGQ|  [Avõyj gvey`]