f„wg Rwic  ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ RbcG` ‰KwU wbaÆvwiZ nvGi ivRÕ¼ msMÉGni DGóGkÅ Rwgi AeÕ©vb, Zvi cÉwgZ cwigvc I gvwjKvbv wbYÆGqi RbÅ cwiPvwjZ Rwic| myjZvb ˆkikvGni (1540-45) kvmbvgGj cÉ^gevGii gGZv DcgnvG`Gk f„wg RwiGci ài‚Z½ mweGkl gGbvGhvM jvf KGi| ˆkikvn f„wg cwigvc, f„wgi Ki wbaÆviY I Ki Av`vGqi ‰KwU wbqwgZ eÅeÕ©v cÉeZÆb KGib| ZGe mgËvU AvKeGii A^Æ I ivRÕ¼ g¯¨x ˆZvWi gj (1571-82) Rwgi mwVK Ki wbaÆviY, ˆmBmvG^ Rwgi meÆvãxY Rwic I Rwg cwigvGci ‰KwU ‰KK I Awf®² cÉwgwZ cÉwZÓ¤vq KvhÆKi I evÕ¦e c`GÞc MÉnY KGib| Zuvi Ki wbaÆviY eÅeÕ©vi AvIZvq evsjv-wenvi-DwolÅv myevq (cÉG`Gk) Rwgi LvRbv ev f„wgivRÕ¼ ò×GgB e†w«¬ cvq| ‰ mgq RwgGZ Drc®² dmGji wbaÆvwiZ ‰Kvsk wnGmGe LvRbv Av`vq Kiv nGZv| Avw^ÆK cÉkvmGbi cÉavb wnGmGe `xDqvb wbhywî×i gvaÅGg ‰B AvgGji ‰K ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉkvmwbK cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq| ˆZvWi gGji Ki wbaÆviY eÅeÕ©vwU 1765 mvGj weËwUk BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvq ivRÕ¼ eÅeÕ©vi wbq¯¨Y MÉnGYi AvGM chƯ¦ cÉPwjZ wQj| ZGe ‰i AvGM, 1685 I 1750 mvGj ‰ eÅeÕ©vi wKQy wKQy D®²wZ mvab Kiv nq| Zvwî½K w`K ˆ^GK, Avevw` Rwgi cwigvc I Rwgi gvwUi ˆkÉYxwefvM ev webÅvGmi wfwîGZ Ki wbaÆviY Kiv nGjI evsjv I Zvi evBGii cÉG`kàwjGZ evÕ¦weKcGÞ ˆKvb Rwic cwiPvjbv Kiv nq wb| ˆm mgq ˆek eo eo ‰jvKv K‡wlLvgvi ev ZvjyK wnGmGe Avwgj ev ivRÕ¼ msMÉvnGKi wbq¯¨GY ˆQGo ˆ`Iqv nGqwQj| AvcvZ`†GÓ¡ Rwgi Ki wbaÆviY I msMÉGni welqwU wQj AvwgjG`i wbRÕ¼ eÅeÕ©vi AvIZvq| 1769 mb chƯ¦ ‰ eÅeÕ©v AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK, ‰ici mvGeK kvmKiv evOvwj KgÆKZÆvG`i gvaÅGg ivRÕ¼ Av`vGqi KvR ˆ`LvGkvbvi RbÅ Zî½veavqK wbGqvM KGi| 1772 mvGj ‰me Zî½veavqKGK ˆRjvq ˆRjvq ivRÕ¼ msMÉvnK KgÆKZÆv ev ˆiwfwbD KvGjÙi Kiv nq|

fviGZi MfbÆi ˆRbvGij wnGmGe `vwqZ½ MÉnGYi ci IqvGib ˆnwÕ¡sm, mGeÆvœP WvGK PvwlG`iGK cuvP eQGii RbÅ ZvjyK eG±`veÕ¦ cÉ`vGbi ‰K eÅeÕ©v cÉeZÆb KGib| ‰ eÅeÕ©v cuvPmbv eG±`veÕ¦ bvGg cwiwPZ| AekÅ ‰B bZzb eÅeÕ©v wb`vi‚Y eÅ^ÆZvq chÆewmZ nq| Abv`vwq f„wgKi RGg DVGZ ^vGK, ivRÕ¼ Av`vq KGg hvq| ‰ AeÕ©vq Dw«¼™² weËwUk KZ‡ÆcÞ I BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjKeMÆ ‰KwU D®²Z eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjvi c`GÞc ˆbIqv `iKvi eGj wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KGib| weËwUk cvjÆvGgG´Ÿ wcU-‰i fviZ AvBb, 1784 cvk nq| ‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq wÕ©i KGi ˆ`Iqv nq ˆh, fviZ miKviGK ˆ`Gki Rwg`viG`i AeÕ©v mÁ·GKÆ ˆLuvRLei wbGq Õ©vbxq AvBbKvbyb, ixwZ-AvPvGii wfwîGZ ivRÕ¼ msMÉGni RbÅ Õ©vqx wewaweavb cÉeZÆb KiGZ nGe| 1786 mGb jWÆ KbÆIqvwjm fviGZ Avmvi mgq BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjKG`i ‰KwU wbG`ÆkcòI mGã wbGq AvGmb| ‰B cGòi ggÆvbyhvqx, ˆKvÁ·vwb cwiPvjKiv ‰KwU hywî×mãZ I bÅvhÅ ivRÕ¼ cÉ`vGbi kGZÆ fviGZ f„wgi Õ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ `vbGK mGeÆvîg eÅeÕ©v wnGmGe weGePbv KGib| Avi ‰ kZÆ cƒiYmvGcGÞ Rwgi ‰B Õ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ Avi ˆmBmvG^ ZvjyGK eskvbyò×wgK DîivwaKvi nGe ‰Kgvò mvweÆK wbivcîv weavqK eÅeÕ©v| cÉ^Gg 1789-90 mGb ‰K `kmbv eG±`veÕ¦ cÉ^v cÉeZÆb Kiv nq| Avi ‰ eÅeÕ©vq Rwg`vi, Õ¼Z¯¨ mîvi ZvjyK`vi I AbÅvbÅ BRvi`vi BZÅvw` gaÅÕ¼Z½vwaKvixB cÉK‡ZcGÞ Ki msMÉvnGKi f„wgKvq AeZxYÆ nq| ZGe 1793 mGb, `kmbv eG±`veGÕ¦i kZÆàwj H eQGii 1bs wbq¯¨Ywewa AbymvGi Õ©vqx Kiv nq| ‰B eÅeÕ©vwU wQj wPiÕ©vqx I AcwieZÆbxq| AvRGKi evsjvG`Gki ˆgvU AvqZGbi cÉvq 91% kZvsk wQj wPiÕ©vqx f„wg eG±`veGÕ¦i AvIZvq|

‰B eÅeÕ©vi cwiGcÉwÞGZ evsjv-wenvi-DwolÅv cÉG`Gki (ˆeãj ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö) mKj Rwgi wbqwgZ Rwic KvGhÆi cÉGqvRb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| 1789 mb Aewa ZrKvjxb ZvjyKàwji mxgv, cwimxgv I AvKvi-AvqZb mÁ·wKÆZ msM†nxZ Z^Å AmÁ·ƒYÆ I mÁ¿eZ, ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò LyeB övw¯¦cƒYÆ wQj| Dwbk kZGKi ˆMvovi w`GK, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i KviGY ˆRjv Ki msMÉvnK KgÆKZÆviv (wWwÕ¡ËÙ KvGjÙi) H eG±`veÕ¦àwjGZ cÉK‡ZcGÞ Kx cwigvY Rwg A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv nGqGQ Zv wbYÆq KiGZ wMGq bvbv Amyweavi mÁÃyLxb nb| ‰ welGq ˆhme `wjj-`Õ¦vGeR ˆRjv Ki msMÉvnK KgÆKZÆvG`i nvGZ wQj ˆmàwjGZ Hme eG±`veGÕ¦ Rwgi mwZÅKvGii mxgv-ˆPŒnwói eoGRvi ‰KwU i…cGiLv ^vKGjI Zvi msæv Õ·Ó¡ I mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wQj bv| Rwgi Pvwliv cÉvq ˆÞGòB ZvG`i Avev`KvhÆ wbR wbR eG±`vewÕ¦i mxgv-ˆPŒnwó QvwoGq ebRãj ‰jvKvGZI evovGZv| Avi ‰fvGe Pvlvev` mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nIqvi ci Rwg`viivI ‰ aiGbi Rwgi RbÅ h^vixwZ LvRbv Av`vq KiGZ ^vGK, hw`I ‰iKg Rwg cÉK‡ZcGÞ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i Aaxb wQj bv| H mgq Avevi gƒj ZvjyKàwj `Ë‚Z ˆfGO ˆhGZ ^vKvq cwiwÕ©wZ AviI RwUj nGq IGV| eGKqv LvRbv ev AbÅme KviGY ‰me ZvjyK weò×q nGq hvq| ‰àwj miKvi ev eÅwî×MZ chÆvGq AGbGK ò×q KGib| Avevi AGbK ˆÞGòB mGiRwgGb ‰ aiGbi AGbK ZvjyGKi ˆKvb AwÕ¦Z½B LyuGR cvIqv hvq wb| ‰ mKj ‰es AviI AGbK KviGY Õ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i Aaxb ‰jvKvàwji `ÞfvGe cÉkvmb cwiPvjbv ò×GgB KwVb nGq IVvq ivRÕ¼ Rwic wekvi`G`i mvnvhÅ PvIqv nq| ‰i DGókÅ wQj, ‰B ZvjyKàwji mxgv-ˆPŒnwói Õ©vqx wbÓ·wî I ˆmfvGe Rwgi gvbwPò ŠZwi ‰es fwelÅr weGiva-wemÁ¼vG`i Avkâv `ƒi Kivi DGóGkÅ ‰me ZvjyK mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Åvw` msMÉn Kiv|

AÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i Aaxb ZvjyKàwji ˆejvq AeÕ©v wQj wf®²| ‰me ZvjyGKi ˆÞGò miKvi mvaviYZ mxwgZ KGqK eQGii RbÅ ‰KwU LvRbv ev f„wgivRÕ¼ wbaÆviY KGi w`Z A^ev ‰àwjGK wewf®² Avevw` ‰jvKvq fvM KGi w`Gq Dchyî× eÅwî×G`i BRvivq ˆQGo w`Z, Avi ZvivB Avevi H RwgGZ cÉRvcîwb w`Gq ZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK LvRbv Av`vq KiZ| AekÅ, Dfq ˆÞGòB Rwgi cÉK‡Z Pvwliv hvGZ h^vh^ AvPiY cvq Zvi wbøqZv weavGbi `vwqZ½ wQj miKvGii| ‰ KviGY, Rwgi ivqZIqvwi eG±`veGÕ¦i cÉGqvRb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| 1793-‰ (wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ cÉeZÆGbi eQi) Õ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i Aaxb ‰jvKvàwji ˆejvq BDwbU ev ˆRvGZi ‰KK wQj we`Ågvb AeÕ©vaxb ZvjyK, Avi AÕ©vqx eG±`vewÕ¦ ‰jvKvi RbÅ H BDwbU ev ˆRvZ avhÆ nq cybteG±`veÕ¦ cÉ`vbKvGj H Pvwli gvwjKvbvaxb ˆRvGZi mgcwigvY Rwg|

ˆKvb ‰jvKv Õ©vqx ev AÕ©vqx ˆh ˆKvb f„wg eG±`veGÕ¦i AvIZvqB ^vK bv ˆKb, ˆ`Lv hvq, Õ©vbxq chÆvGq Õ¼xK‡wZ iGqGQ ‰gb ˆKvb MÉvgGK RwiGci mwZÅKvi BDwbU wnGmGe aGi ˆbIqvB wQj myweavRbK| ˆKej cÉkvmwbK KviGYB bq, cwimsLÅvbMZ Dcvî msMÉGni RbÅI ‰wU myweavRbK| ZvQvov, ‰KwU MÉvg meÆ`vB ‰KwU Þz`Ë f„wg-BDwbUI (ˆRvZ) eGU, hvGZ ˆZgb ˆKvb cwieZÆb NUZ bv ejGjB PGj| ciMbv wQj cÉvPxb RwgwefvM c«¬wZi BDwbU| ZGe Õ¼xK‡Z cÉkvmwbK ˆRvZ-BDwbU wnGmGe ciMbv ò×gv¯¼Gq Aejyµ¦ nGq hvwœQj, ZviciI ivRÕ¼ RwiGci weGePbvq ciMbv wecyj ài‚GZ½i `vwe`vi, ˆKbbv RwiGci ˆiKWÆ ev bw^cò cÉavbZ ciMbvwfwîGZB msMÉn Kiv nGZv|

AZxGZ ˆhme eo aiGbi Rwic KvhÆò×g cÉPwjZ wQj ˆmàwji mswÞµ¦ weeiY wbÁ²i…c:

^vKeÕ¦ Rwic (1845-1877) 1845-77 ˆgqvG` ivRÕ¼ RwiGci ˆejvq meÆ`vB cƒeÆkZÆ wnGmGe ‰KwU ^vKeÕ¦ ev ˆPŒnwó wPwn×ZKiY Rwic cwiPvwjZ nGZv| ‰i DGókÅ wQj, RwiGci Aaxb mKj MÉvg I ZvjyGKi gaÅKvi mxgv-ˆPŒnwóàwj mGiRwgGb P„ov¯¦fvGe wPwn×Z Kiv| KvhÆZ, `vwqZ½cÉvµ¦ KgÆKZÆviv ivRÕ¼ Rwic ÷i‚i AvbygvwbK ‰K eQi AvGM MÉvg I ZvjyKàwji cÉK‡Z mxgv-ˆPŒnwó mGiRwgGb wPwn×Z Kivi RbÅ ˆhGZb| mxgv-ˆPŒnwó mÁ·wKÆZ mKj weGiva ‰fvGe AvGM ˆ^GKB wbÓ·wî nGq ^vKvi dGj ivRÕ¼ Rwic KgÆKZÆv gvV chÆvGq KvR Kivi mgq ˆKvbiKg wejÁ¼ QvovB mvejxj MwZGZ mÁ·®² KiGZ cviGZb|

^vKeÕ¦ RwiGci cÉK‡Z BDwbU ev ˆRvZ ‰KwU MÉvg nIqvi KviGY ˆh Lmov bKkv ev gÅvc ŠZwi Kiv nGZv ZvGZ ‰KwU ciMbvi AvIZvq mKj MÉvgGK ˆ`LvGbv nGZv| ˆmBmvG^ wewf®² MÉvGgi RbÅ eivó bvg I bÁ¼ihyî× ‰KwU ZvwjKvI cÉYqb Kiv nGZv| ‰ gvbwPòwU AwfwnZ nGZv ^vK gyRwgwj bvGg| ‰GZ mxgv-ˆPŒnwó wbaÆviK KgÆKZÆv KZ‡ÆK Õ¼xK‡Z mKj MÉvGgi bvg I Hme MÉvGgi ^vK bÁ¼i ^vKZ| cwiGkGl, ivRÕ¼ Rwic KgÆKZÆv H MÉvgàwji RbÅ Rwic bÁ¼i eivó KiGZb| cÉwZwU ciMbvq ^vK RwiGci jº¬ djàwj ivRÕ¼ Rwic KgÆKZÆvGK nÕ¦v¯¦i Kiv nGZv hvGZ wZwb Zv ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Ækbv ˆcGZ cvGib| ^vK Rwic cwiPvjbvi `vwqGZ½ wbGqvwRZ KgÆKZÆviv mvaviYZ wQGjb ‰KRb Ki msMÉvnK KgÆKZÆvi cƒYÆ ÞgZvavix weGkl AwaKviGfvMx Avgjv| 1852 mvGji AvGM cÉYxZ ^vK gvbwPòàwji ˆewkifvMB wQj ˆPvGL ˆ`Lvi wfwîGZ AuvKv bKkvweGkl| ZGe cGii w`GK ŠZwi ‰ iKg wKQy bKkvi gvb wQj ‰KUz D®²Z| Avi ‰mGei gGaÅI meÆGkl chÆvGq ŠZwi wKQy gvbwPò hywî×mãZfvGeB wbfzÆj eGj weGewPZ| AekÅ, ‰B gvbwPò ev bKkvàwji DGókÅ wQj, ivRÕ¼ Rwic KgÆKZÆvGK ˆgvUvgywU ‰KUv wbG`ÆkK i…cGiLv ˆ`Iqv, Zvi ˆewk wKQy bq| ^vK gvbwPGòi ˆÕ•j wQj wewf®²| ˆPvGL ˆ`Lv aviYvq AuvKv bKkvàwji AekÅ ˆKvb ˆÕ•Gj ŠZwi Kiv nq wb| AbÅvbÅ me gvbwPò 4 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi 24 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆÕ•Gj AuvKv|

ivRÕ¼ Rwic (1846-1878)  ^vK RwiGci Dcvî I Rwgi RbÅ eivó msLÅvi Ici fi KGi ivRÕ¼ Rwic KgÆKZÆv Zuvi KvR ÷i‚ KiGZb| f„-msÕ©vbMZ weeiYmn MÉvGgi mxgv-ˆPŒnwó, ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò ZvjyGKi mxgvbvi wbfÆyj gvbwPò ŠZwi, mvaviY cÉkvmwbK KvGRi RbÅ wKQy Dcvî cÉYqb, cÉwZwU MÉvGgi gvbwPò (mvaviYZ, 4 Bwç =1 gvBj) I ciMbvi gvbwPò (mvaviYZ, 1 Bwç = 1 gvBj) cÉYqb wQj ivRÕ¼ RwiGci DGókÅ| ˆKvb MÉvGgi Afů¦Gii weÕ¦vwiZ LuywUbvwU weeiY ‰GZ cÉ`kÆb Kiv nq| Avi ‰wU eÕ§ZcGÞ ‰gb cÉv^wgK ev ˆgŒj welq hvi eywbqvG` cyGiv Rwic KvRwU cwiPvwjZ nGq ^vGK| ‰B gƒj ev eywbqv`wU Zî½MZfvGe weivU ‰K wòGKvYwgwZK RwiGci (1840-1865) ‰KwU ˆK±`ÊweGkl| ‰ RwiGci cÉwZGe`b weÕ¦vwiZ `ywU wkGivbvGgi AvIZvq weGePbv Kiv hvq: mxgv-ˆPŒnwó I f„-msÕ©vbMZ weeiY| ‰ RwiGci Afů¦ixY wek` weeiYGK mwVK I wbfzÆjfvGe RwicK‡Z eGj MYÅ Kiv hvq, ˆKbbv AvovAvwo AeÕ©vGbi Rwic ˆK±`Êàwj chÆvµ¦ we±`y I wfwîi (f„wg) myweav ˆ`q, hvi wfwîGZ LuywUbvwU ŠewkÓ¡ÅàwjiI gvbwPòGYi myweav cvIqv hvq| ‰i KviY ‰B ˆh, ivRÕ¼ RwiGci meGPGq wbfzÆj KvR nGqGQ AvovAvwo Rwic c«¬wZGZ Avi ‰GZ ˆKej Avwo (cross) we±`yàwjB wQj wiGj KvGR MÉnYGhvMÅ, AekÅ ˆmàwj hw` cvIqv mÁ¿e nq| ivRÕ¼ Rwic ˆMvUv ˆ`Gki DcwiZj ‰jvKvi cwigvc wbGqGQ ‰es ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ bÁ¼i w`Gq ‰GKKwU MÉvgGK Zvi ˆMvUv Rwg ev f„wg eivó KGiGQ| ivRÕ¼ RwiGc jº¬ dj mvaviYZ ciMbv gvbwPò (1 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆÕ•j) ŠZwiGZ eÅen…Z nGqGQ| cGi, mvGfÆqi ˆRbvGij ‰B ‰K Bwç ˆÕ•Gji gvbwPòàwjGK 1 Bwç ˆÕ•Gji ˆRjv gvbwPò I 4 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆÕ•Gji gvbwPòGK fviZeGlÆi gvbwPò ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi KGib|

Lmov Rwic KvhÆò×g (1846-1854) AÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦vaxb RwgGZ ‰es Õ©vqx RwgGZ wewf®² Õ¼Z½ RU cvwKGq ^vKvi KviGY I ^vK gvbwPGò wKsev ^vKeÕ¦ RwiGci KvMRcGò mGiRwgb LyuwUbvwU ŠewkGÓ¡Åi weÕ¦vwiZ cÉ`kÆb eÅqeüj eGj ‰ aiGbi RwgGZ Lmov Rwic KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbvB mvaviY ixwZ| ‰ KvGR mvaviYZ 16 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆÕ•jB eÅen…Z nq| ‰ RwiGci AvIZvq msM†nxZ weÕ¦vwiZ welqàwji gGaÅ iGqGQ µÏU ev Rwgi `vM bs, KvGjÙGii ˆi´Ÿ ˆivj-‰i ˆZŒwR bÁ¼i, ZvjyGKi bvg, Õ¼Z½vwaKvixi bvg, Pvwl ev cÉRvi bvg, Rwgi (`vM/µÏGUi) weeiY, ‰jvKvi bvg, Drcvw`Z dmGji bvg BZÅvw`| Lmov gvbwPò ˆewkifvM ˆÞGòB ŠZwi Kiv nq bv| Avi hw` KivI nq ZvnGjI ˆmàwj AwaKvskB wbfzÆj bq, AmÁ·ƒYÆI eGU| ZGe Lmov RwiGci gvbwPò AvaywbK KvGji wm‰m Rwic ev KÅvWvÕ¡Ëvj mvGfÆi gvbwPGòi AGbKUvB KvQvKvwQ| AvRGKi cÉPwjZ wm‰m c«¬wZi Rwic Dwbk kZGKi mîGii `kGK cÉ^gevGii gGZv hyî×cÉG`Gk (eZÆgvb fviGZi Dîi cÉG`k) eÅvcK chÆvGq KvGR jvMvGbv nq| cGi ‰B Rwic eÅeÕ©v cƒeÆeãmn (AvRGKi evsjvG`k) mgMÉ evsjvq mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nq| KGbÆj ˆR. Avi mÅvw´£gÅb evsjvq ‰B c«¬wZ cÉ^g cÉeZÆb KGib I evsjv cÉG`k (ˆeãj ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö) Rwic wefvGMi cÉ^g cwiPvjK wnGmGe cƒeÆeGãi RwicàwjGZ ‰i eÅvcK eÅenvi KGib| cwøgeã, wenvi I DwolÅvi Rwic wefvMxq cwiPvjK wQGjb ˆj. KGbÆj Avi. wU wò×PUb| wZwb Zuvi AçGj ZrKvjxb weivRgvb AeÕ©v Abyhvqx H c«¬wZGZ bvbv i`e`j KGib|

w`qviv Rwic (1862-1883)  1847 mGbi 9 bs AvBGb mw®²weÓ¡ weavGbi AvIZvq evsjvi Mãv I AbÅvbÅ eo b`xi MfÆG`k ‰jvKv 4 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆÕ•Gj Rwic Kiv nq| 1789 mGbi `kmbv eG±`veGÕ¦i ci ˆ^GK ‰ hver MwVZ bZzb f„wg wbi…cGYi ‰KwU wfwî ˆei Kivi RbÅ ‰me Rwic cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| w`qviv Rwic ˆ^GK jº¬ djàwji KviGY wbfzÆj ZzjbvgƒjK gvbwPò ŠZwi Kiv myweavRbK nGqGQ| ‰B gvbwPGò ivRÕ¼, w`qviv (b`xMfÆ ‰jvKv) I ˆfŒGMvwjKfvGe AvaywbK mxgv cÉ`kÆb Kiv hvq| ‰B Rwic KvGRi ài‚Z½ mgwaK ‰ KviGY ˆh, ‰B Rwic cÉvq ˆÞGòB b`xMfÆ ‰jvKv wbGq weev`-weGiva wbÓ·wîi RbÅ mwZÅKvi ‰KwU wfwî wnGmGe KvR KGi| evsjvi eÅvcvGi ejv PGj, 1862-65 ˆgqvG` ˆMvUv Mãv b`x I Dîi-cwøg wenvGii ˆKvb ˆKvb b`xi Rwic ˆckv`vwi gvGb mÁ·®² Kiv nq|

wKkZ&Iqvi Rwic (Cadastral Survey): mwZÅKvi AG^Æ AvaywbK wKkZ&Iqvi Rwic Lmov RwiGci D®²ZZi msÕ•iY| Lmov Rwic PjZ ivRÕ¼ RwiGci AvGM| wKkZ&Iqvi Rwic c«¬wZ Avwo Rwic, wKkZ&Iqvi KvhÆò×g I f„evmb KvhÆò×g  ‰B wZb AsGk wefî×| Avwo RwiGci KvR KiGZb ˆckv`vi Rwic wekvi`MY| ‰B KvRwU evÕ¦weKcGÞ ivRÕ¼ RwiGc cwiPvwjZ Avwo KvhÆò×GgiB Aci fvM| ZGe ‰B KvhÆò×Gg KvGRi wewf®² chÆvGq bvbv D®²Z c«¬wZ cÉewZÆZ nGqGQ| wKkZ&Iqvi chÆvGqi KvhÆò×g f„c†GÓ¤i Rwgi welgGKvYx µÏU/ˆÞòàwjGK ˆgvUvgywU AvKvGii KGqKwU PZzGÓ•vY ˆÞGò wefî× KGi| ‰B ˆÞòàwj cÉGZÅKwU nq MGo cGbGiv ˆ^GK cuwPk ‰KGii gGZv Rwg| PZzGÓ•vY ˆÞòàwji wfwî ev eywbqv` AewÕ©Z ^vGK AvovAvwo ˆiLvàwji we±`ymgƒGni Dci| ‰ici ‰B PZzGÓ•vY ˆÞòàwjGK ˆgvUvgywU AvqZGÞGò Dcwefî× Kiv nq Avi ‰àwji ‰GKKwUi AvqZb ZLb `uvovq, Kx Kx LywUbvwU welq Rwic KiGZ nGe Zvi mƒß RwUjZv mvGcGÞ `yB ˆ^GK Pvi ‰Ki| wewf®² PZzGÓ•vY ˆÞGòi cvkàwj ˆ^GK ‰KwU MÉvGgi wfZGii mKj LuywUbvwU ŠewkÓ¡Å mnKvGi AcwUKvj Õ•qvi I cwigvcK ˆPBb eÅenvGii gvaÅGg gvbwPò ŠZwi Kiv hvq|

wKkZ&Iqvi KvhÆò×Ggi dj wnGmGe ŠZwi nq ‰KwU gvbwPò hv KvhÆZ meÆ`vB cÉwZwU MÉvGgi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ nGq ^vGK 16 Bwç = 1 gvBj ˆÕ•Gj| ‰B gvbwPGò MÉvgàwji h^v^Æ AeÕ©vb I ˆmàwji Avevw` Rwgi mwZÅKvGii mxgv-ˆPŒnwó cÉ`wkÆZ nq| wKkZ&Iqvi RwiGci KvR AvGM Rwic wefvM cwiPvjbv KiZ| ‰B RwicGK mvGeK Lmov RwiGci Aci (cvΟv)fvM wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv hvq| ZGe wKQy ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welGqi ˆÞGò Lmov RwiGci mvG^ wKkZ&Iqvi RwiGci wf®²Zv iGqGQ, ˆhgb, ‰B RwiGci AvIZvq Rwg ev µÏUGK Zvi ˆgvUvgywU Mo AvKvGi bv ˆ`wLGq ‰i cÉK‡Z AvK‡wZGZ ˆ`LvGbv nq| ‰me ˆÞò ev Rwgi AvqZb mivmwi gÅvc ˆ^GK cwiM†nxZ nq eGjB mGiRwgGb ŠZwi gƒj bKkv ev gvbwPò ˆ^GK hvw¯¨K DcvGq Zv cybi‚rcv`b Kiv hvq Avi ˆÞò ev Rwgi mxgv wbLyuZfvGe wKkZ&Iqvi gvbwPò ˆ^GK wbGq ‰GZ ewmGq ˆ`Iqv hvq|

wegvb Rwic  evsjvG`Gki cwiGek I AeÕ©v evwnÅK `†wÓ¡GZ wKk&Z&Iqvi gvbwPòGYi RbÅ ˆek DcGhvMx| Avi ‰ KvRwU Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi DÍÏÁ¼ wegvb AvGjvKwPò c«¬wZGZ| evsjvG`Gki ˆejvq ‰ c«¬wZi cÉavb myweav nGjv, ˆ`kwU mgZj Avi Rwgi mxgv-ˆPŒnwóàwj AvKvk ˆ^GK fvj KGiB cwi`†kÅgvb| ZGe ‰ aiGbi ˆKvb gvbwPò cÉYqbKgÆB Õ·Ó¡Z mG¯¦vlRbK nq bv, ˆKbbv Rwgi wewf®² ‰jvKv bvbviKg MvQcvjv I evÕ§wfUvi ˆSvcSvGo AÕ·Ó¡ nGq DVGZB cvGi, hvi dGj weÕ¦vwiZ LuywUbvwU ev f„wgi AbÅvbÅ Z^ÅI Pvcv coGZ cvGi| AekÅ, cÍÏx RbcG`i AGcÞvK‡Z ˆLvjv ‰jvKvàwji ˆejvq ‰B Rwic ˆek DcGhvMx nGZ cvGi, ZGe ˆmGÞGòI gvbwPò cÉYqGbi ˆÕ•j Þz`ËZg µÏU wPwn×Z Kivi RbÅ chÆvµ¦ iKGg eo nGZ nGe| 1:12,000 AbycvGZi ˆÕ•j mÁ¿eZ evsjvG`Gki cÉvq mKj Õ©vGbi RbÅB hG^Ó¡ nGe| wK¯¦y ZvicGiI ‰ aiGbi me ‰jvKvGZI, AvKvk ˆ^GK ˆbIqv AvGjvKwPò me Pvwn`v cyGivcywi wgUvGZ mÞg nGe bv| KviY, ˆSvcSvogq evÕ§wfUv ‰jvKvàwji weeiY mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe ˆcGZ nGj Zvi RbÅ mGiRwgGb gvVRwic meÆ`vB AvekÅK nGq ^vGK| Z`ycwi, AvKvk ˆ^GK ˆZvjv AvGjvKwPò AZů¦ eÅqeüj ‰es ‰B eÅq meÆ`v jvfRbK bvI nGZ cvGi|

wiGgvU ˆmw´Ös (K‡wòg DcMÉnwfwîK Rwic)  wegvb ˆ^GK AvGjvKwPò MÉnGYi gGZvB ˆKvb ˆKvb wbeÆvwPZ ‰jvKvi RbÅ wiGgvU ˆmw´Ös eÅeÕ©vq wPòMÉnY dj`vqK eGj weGewPZ nGZ cvGi| Pi ‰jvKvàwji w`qviv RwiGc AGbK Mj` iGqGQ| ˆmw`K ˆ^GK `ƒi AvKvGki KÞcG^ Õ©vwcZ K‡wòg DcMÉn ˆ^GK wiGgvU ˆmw´Ös eÅeÕ©vq msM†nxZ Dcvîàwj DcK„jxq AçGji wewf®² ‰jvKv wPwn×Z Kivi KvGR mnvqK nGZ cvGi| evÕ¦weK cGÞI Ri‚wi wfwîGZ ‰me ‰jvKvi Rwic nIqv `iKvi| wiGgvU ˆmw´Ös f„wgi cwigvYMZ cwigvc w`GZ mÞg| Avi ZvGZ bZzbfvGe Hme MGo IVv wKsev ˆRGM IVv f„wgi ‰LwZqvi wbYÆGqi cÉkvmwbK mgmÅvI jvNe nGZ cvGi| evsjvG`k Rwic wefvM I Õ·viGmv (SPARSO) miKvGii DG`ÅvGM M†nxZ cvBjU cÉKG͸ mnvqZv w`GZ cvGi| ‰KB DGóGkÅ ‰gb DG`ÅvGMi eÅq mv^ÆKZv ev mvkÉq KZUzKz nGZ cvGi, ZvGZ Kx aiGbi DcKvi cvIqv hvGe ‰Lb Zvi wbi…cY cÉwò×qv PjGQ| 

[Zdväj üGmb]