f„wg Aebqb (Land Degradation)  ÞvjGbi dGj g†wîKvi wewbgqGhvMÅ Þvi nËvm ‰es Õ¦i-wmwjKv ‰uGUGji Þq| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq, AeÞq (weathering) I ÞqxfeGbi (erosion) cÉvK‡wZK cÉwò×qv «¼viv f„-c†Ó¤ ÞqcÉvµ¦ nIqv ‰es mvaviYfvGe f„wgi DœPZv nËvm I wbPz nGq hvIqv| ÷Ó• (arid), ÷Ó•cÉvq (semi-arid) ‰es ÷Ó• Av`ËÆcÉvq (subhumid) ‰jvKvGZ f„wg AebqGbi weÕZ‡wZ nGjv gi‚KiY, hv gi‚ ‰jvKvi ewngÆyLx cÉmviY NUvq| RjevqyMZ cv^ÆKÅ ‰es gvbyl I ZvG`i c÷i KgÆKvGíi «¼viv ‰ gi‚KiY NGU| weMZ KGqK `kK aGi f„wg Aebqb I gi‚KiY wek¼eÅvcx ‰KwU DG«¼MRbK BmyÅGZ cwiYZ nGqGQ| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ˆkGli w`GK ^gvm gÅvj^vGmi ‘RbmsLÅvZî½’ (Principles of Population) mÁ·wKÆZ cÉe®¬mgƒn cÉKvwkZ nIqvi ci mÁ¿eZ gvbyl I f„wgi mvg^ÆÅ welqK AvaywbK AvGjvPbvi mƒòcvZ nq|

f„wg Aebqb f„wg AeÅeÕ©vcbvi dGj NGU ‰es f„wgi àYvàY I f„wg eÅenvGii gGaÅ cybtcyb mg¯¼qnxbZvB ‰i KviY| ‰wU myÕ·Ó¡fvGe gvbe cÉewZÆZ mvgvwRK cÉwZfvm ‰es ‰i «¼viv eÅvcK ‰jvKv I ‰i mGã mswkÏÓ¡ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ msLÅK RbMY cÉfvweZ nq| hw`I f„wg Aebqb I RjevqyMZ cwieZÆGbi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ ‰LbI cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq wb, ZeyI RjevqyMZ cwieZÆGbi wcQGb ‰KwU PvwjKv kwî× wnGmGe f„wg AebqGbi f„wgKv ò×GgB myÕ·Ó¡ nGq DGVGQ| gi‚KiGYi aviYv mÁ¿eZ cÉ^Gg Aubreville cÉeZÆb KGiwQGjb| wZwb Rwic ‰es `wi`Ë K‡lKG`i «¼viv Abym†Z AbÅvbÅ cÉwò×qvq f„wgi AeÅeÕ©vcbv ˆ^GK m†Ó¡ f„wgi gvivZÄK Abeqb gƒjÅvqb KGiwQGjb|

f„wg AebqGbi KviYmgƒn (Causes of land degradation)  evsjvG`Gk f„wg AebqGbi cÉavb KviYàGjv nGœQ: (1) Þqxfeb, `ƒlY (contamination), `†pxKiY (compaction), öv¯¦ Pvl c«¬wZi KiGY ŠRec`v^Æ nËvm, jeYvî×KiY ‰es Rjve«¬Zvi dGj eÅvcK g†wîKv Aebqb; (2) cÉavbZ f„wg i…cv¯¦i I eb DRvGoi gvaÅGg g†wîKv Aebqb; (3) Pvlvev`, bMivqY cÉf‡wZ KviGY cÉvK‡wZK f„`†GkÅi (natural landscape) Aebqb ‰es (4) wbweo Pvl c«¬wZ, bMivqY BZÅvw`i «¼viv Rxe-eÅeZÆb (bio-diffraction) nËvm ‰es cÉwZGek eÅeÕ©vi (ecosystem) LíKiY| f„wg AebqGbi AbÅvbÅ KviYmgƒGni gGaÅ Liv, RbmsLÅvi Pvc, `vwi`ËÅ, mvÁcÉwZK Av¯¦RÆvwZK evwYRÅ Pzwî×i KviGY AvGivwcZ wbGlavævmgƒn ‰es Õ©vbxq K‡wl I f„wg eÅenvi bxwZ A¯¦fÆyî×| DœP djbkxj kGmÅi (High Yielding Variety- HYV) wbweo Pvlvev` ‰es ˆmBmGã RwgGZ fvimvgÅnxb mvi cÉGqvM ˆ`Gki K‡wlRwgi gvivZÄK Aebqb NUvGœQ| f„wg AebqGbi ‰ cÉwò×qv e®¬ Kiv DwPZ ev mgw¯¼Z g†wîKv I cywÓ¡ eÅeÕ©vcbvi gvaÅGg cwiwgZ mvi cÉGqvM wbwøZ KGi f„wgi ‰ AebqbGK wecixZgyLx Kiv `iKvi|

f„wg Aebqb I ˆUKmB ÞgZv (Land degradation and sustainability)  DœP djbkxj kGmÅi Avev`mn wbweo Pvlvev` c«¬wZ g†wîKv ˆ^GK AZÅwaK cwigvGY cywÓ¡ Dc`vb AcmviY KiGQ, wK¯§ AbywgZ cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb AcmviGYi Zzjbvq ivmvqwbK mvGii (bvBGUÇvGRb, dmdivm I cUvwkqvg) cÉGqvM AGbK Kg nGq ^vGK| cywÓ¡ Dcv`vGbi AcmviY I mvGii gvaÅGg g†wîKvGZ cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb mievGni gGaÅ m†Ó¡ eÅeavb mgGqi mGã mGã e†w«¬ cvGœQ, hvi cwiYwZÕ¼i…c gvivZÄK f„wg Aebqb NUGQ| evsjvG`Gk mvGii eÅenvi AchÆvµ¦ I AwaK ò‚wUcƒYÆ| ‰i KviY nGjv mvGii DœP gƒjÅ, AwbqwgZ mieivn ‰es g†wîKv cixÞY gvGbi wfwîGZ mycvwikK‡Z cwigvY I mvGii cÉKvi mÁ·wKÆZ h^v^Æ ævGbi Afve| Ah^vh^ mvi eÅenvi ‰es ˆmBmGã ŠRe ‰es RxevYy mvGii eÅenvi cÉvq bv KivB evsjvG`Gk f„wg AebqGbi cÉavb KviY| g†wîKvi ˆfŒZ, ivmvqwbK I ŠRe agÆvewji Ici ÞwZKi cÉfve eÅZxZ meÆvwaK Avw^ÆK mydj cvIqvi RbÅ MvGQi cywÓ¡ Dcv`vGbi me cÉavb DrGmi KvhÆKi I wePÞY eÅenvGii w`GKB ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb eÅeÕ©vcbv `†wÓ¡fwã MÉnY KiGZ nGe|

gi‚KiY (Desertification)  RjevqyMZ cwieZÆb I gvbyGli KgÆKvímn wewf®² wbqvgGKi cÉfvGe ÷Ó•, cÉvq ÷Ó• I ÷Ó• Av`ËÆ cÉvq AçGj f„wgi Aebqb| ‰ msæv ewnf„ÆZ ‰jvKvàGjvGZI AÕ¼vfvweK ev Av`ËÆ Rjevqy ^vGK| RjevqyMZ AçGji ‰ msævwU 1976 mvGj Av¯¦RÆvwZK Lv`Å I K‡wl msÕ©v ‘dvI’ (FAO) cÉ`î K‡wl cÉwZGek AçGji (Agroecological Zones) mGã mÁ·wKÆZ ‰es wfwîDcvGîi (database) AfvGei KviGY gvbwPGò AâYK‡Z Liv cÉfvweZ Açj ZvrchÆcƒYÆ cv^ÆKÅ cÉ`kÆb KGi| RvwZmsGNi cwiGek KgÆmƒwP (UNEP) KZƆK 1993 mvGj cÉÕ§ZK‡Z gi‚KiGYi wek¼ gvbwPò (The World Atlas of Desertification) mÁ¿eZ wek¼eÅvcx gi‚KiGYi meÆvGcÞv wbfÆiGhvMÅ wPò cÉ`vb KGi| ‰B wiGcvUÆwU mÁ¿eZ Rjevqy weGkÏlGYi Dci wfwîkxj ‰es ‰GZ meÆvGcÞv Kg g†wîKv mÁ·G`i Z^Å eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ZrmGî½I, ‰B wiGcvGUÆ wek¼eÅvcx ÞwZMÉÕ¦ ‰jvKvi cwigvc cÉ`vb Kiv nGqwQj ‰es ‰ KviGY wek¼eÅvcx gƒjÅvqb I KvhÆKi cwiK͸bv cÉYqGbi RbÅ AZů¦ cÉGqvRbxq| wek¼eÅvcx Rjevqyi cwieZÆb I gi‚KiGYi gGaÅ mÁ·GKÆi eÅvcvGi wewf®² aviYv iGqGQ| RjevqyMZ cwieZÆb mÁ·wKÆZ Av¯¦tmiKvwi cÅvGbj (Intergovernmental panel) KZ‡ÆK cÉYxZ mvÁcÉwZK wiGcvUÆmgƒn cÉwZwbqZ ‰KwU welGqi Ici ài‚Z½ AvGivc KiGQ ˆh, c†w^exi Rjevqyi Ici gvbyGli cÉfve myÕ·Ó¡i…Gc we`Ågvb| ‰ welGq MGelYviZ weævbxiv KGqKwU welGq ‰KgZ nb ˆh, (1) 2100 mvGji gGaÅ c†w^exi AwfGÞwcZ Mo c†Ó¤xq Zvcgvòv cÉvq 1.5°ˆm. chƯ¦ e†w«¬ cvGe ˆh nvi weMZ 10 nvRvi eQGii gGaÅ ˆh ˆKvb ZzjbvgƒjK mgqKvGj DúZve†w«¬i nvGii Zzjbvq AwaKZi, (2) 2100 mvGji gGaÅ mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i DœPZv 10 nGZ 30 ˆmwg e†w«¬ cvGe, ‰es (3) ˆKvb ˆKvb ‰jvKvq evÓ·xfeb e†w«¬ ‰es ˆKvb ˆKvb ‰jvKvq e†wÓ¡cvZ e†w«¬i dGj AvenvIqvi aiGb cwieZÆb NUGe ‰es mÁ¿eZ AwaK ebÅv I Liv msNwUZ nGe|

wbqvgK I cÉwò×qvmgƒn  gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi cÉavb wbqvgK I KviYmgƒn ŠReGfŒZ (biophysical), Av^Æ-mvgvwRK ‰es HwZnvwmK welqvw`i wfwîi Ici wbwnZ| f„wgi…c hv g†wîKvÞq cÉwò×qv, cvwbmvgÅ cwieZÆb, cvwb mÁ·G`i AwaK eÅenvi, K‡wlKvGhÆi wbweoKiY, RbmsLÅvi Pvc, bMivqY I wk͸ mÁcÉmviY BZÅvw` welqGK AvbyK„jÅ cÉ`vb KGi cÉavbZ f„wgi Aebqb NUvq| avGc avGc f„wg AeÞq cÉwò×qvi P„ov¯¦ chÆvGq gi‚KiY cÉwò×qv msNwUZ nGq ^vGK ‰es avcàGjv mvaviYZ wbGÁ²vî× cÉwò×qv AbymiGY nGq ^vGK: (1) g†wîKvi MvQcvjvi AvœQv`b axGi axGi nËvm cvIqv (2) g†wîKvi ŠRec`vG^Æi cwigvY nËvm cvIqv ‰es ‰i mshywZi AebwZ NUv (3) g†wîKv mshywZi (soil aggregates) weKÆxYÆb I g†wîKv c†Ó¤ e®¬ nGq hvIqv (4) c†Ó¤ MovGbv cvwb I g†wîKv eÕ§i Õ©vbv¯¦i ‰es (5) g†wîKv AebqGbi P„ov¯¦ chÆvq Z^v gi‚KiY| f„wg AebqGbi eYÆbv ˆ^GK ‰UvB cÉZxqgvb nq ˆh g†wîKvÞqGK gi‚KiGYi gƒLÅ ˆfŒZ cÉwò×qv wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv hvq|

eZÆgvb KvGji gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi AwaKvskB mvÁcÉwZK ev `ƒieZÆx mgqKvGji HwZnvwmK wò×qv ˆ^GK m†Ó¡| ‰me wbqvgK I KviYmgƒn wewf®² Õ©vwbK (spatial) I KvwjK (temporal) ˆcÉÞvcGU gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi mGã mswkÏÓ¡ cÉvK‡wZK cÉwò×qvmgƒnGK cÉfvweZ KGi| Õ©vbGfG` gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi nvGi wf®²Zv NGU| cÉavbZ e†wÓ¡cvZ ‰es ŠRe-RjevqyMZ wÕ©wZgvcmn Rjevqyi cv^ÆKÅ ‰es cwiGeGki Ici gvbyGli eÅwZPvGii ZxeËZvi cv^ÆGKÅi KviGY gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvI Õ©vbGfG` wf®² Z^v KgGewk nGq ^vGK|

f„wgeÅenvi eÅeÕ©vq cwieZÆb I Aebqb (Landuse changes and degradation)  wek¼RyGo gv^vwcQy PvlGhvMÅ Rwgi cwigvY axGi axGi nËvm cvGœQ| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`Gk RbcÉwZ bxU PvlGhvMÅ Rwgi cwigvY 0.15 kZvsk gvò| ˆ`Gki 90 jÞ ˆnÙGii mxwgZ bxU PvlGhvMÅ Rwgi K‡wl wbweoZv nGœQ 174.64 kZvsk| cÉavbZ Þqxfeb, cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb wbtGkl nIqv, AmvgémÅ mvi cÉGqvM, Rjve«¬Zv, eb DRvoKiY, jeYvî×Zv ‰es ÞviGZ½i KviGY g†wîKv Aebqb msNwUZ nq|

g†wîKv I cvwb mÁ·G`i myÓ¤z eÅeÕ©vcbvi Ici Kvw›LZ gvòvi kmÅ Drcv`b wbwøZKiY wbfÆi KGi| ‰ chƯ¦ kmÅ Drcv`b e†w«¬ cÉavbZ DœP djbkxj kGmÅi Avev`, mvi cÉGqvM, ˆmP I K‡wl-ivmvqwbK `ËeÅvw` cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg AwRÆZ nGqGQ| mvGii eÅenvi e†w«¬i mÁcÉmviY eÅZxZ weGk¼i ˆKvb ˆ`GkB K‡wl Drcv`b e†w«¬ Kiv mÁ¿e nq wb ‰es evsjvG`kI ‰i eÅwZò×g bq| bvwZkxGZvú gíGji KwZcq AwaK wk͸vwqZ ˆ`kmgƒGn mvi eÅenvGii ˆbwZevPK AwfæZv ˆ^GK cwiGekev`xG`i «¼viv m†Ó¡ AGnZzK Avkâvi KviGY cwiwgZ mvi eÅenvi e†w«¬ Kivi eÅvcvGi wbi‚rmvwnZ nIqv DwPZ bq, KviY RvZxq Lv`Å wbivcîv wbwøZ Kivi AbÅZg welq nGœQ cwiwgZ mvi cÉGqvM| Z`ycwi, evsjvG`Gki g†wîKvi DeÆiZv wbÁ²gvGbi, mvi eÅenvGii cwigvY Kg ‰es Rjevqy ò×v¯¦xq I Dcò×v¯¦xq cÉK‡wZi| ZrmGî½I, AmvgémÅ cwigvY mvi cÉGqvGMi dGj m†Ó¡ wei…c cÉwZwò×qvi ò×ge†w«¬, AchÆvµ¦ ŠRemvi I kmÅ AeGkl eÅenvi, bvBGUÇvGRGbi AwaK AcPq I ռ͸ eÅenvi-`ÞZv cÉf‡wZ eÅvcvGiI D`vmxb ^vKv PjGe bv| myZivs, mylg I mgw¯¼Z g†wîKv I cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb eÅeÕ©vcbv ‰es g†wîKv Õ¼vGÕ©Åi cwieZÆb wbqwgZ chÆGeÞY Kiv AZÅvekÅK|

bvBGUÇvGRb, dmdivm I cUvwkqvg mvGii eÅenvi  RvwZmsGNi Lv`Å I K‡wl msÕ©v ‘dvI’ wewf®² D®²qbkxj ˆ`Gki kmÅ Drcv`b ÞgZvq ‰KKfvGe bvBGUÇvGRb, dmdivm I cUvwkqvg (NPK) mviòGqi cÉfve wPwn×Z KGiGQ| ‰ msÕ©v KGqKwU cÉavb kGmÅi Drcv`b mƒPK wbYÆq KGi ˆ`wLGqGQ ˆh, cÉwZ 1 ˆKwR NPK mvi cÉGqvGMi dGj Mg, avb, fzëv, ˆRvqvi I WvGji Drcv`b h^vò×Gg 7.5, 10.7, 11.3, 7.1 I 6.3 ˆKwR evovGbv mÁ¿e| evsjvG`Gki ˆÞGò Mo Drcv`b mƒPK nGœQ cÉwZ ˆKwR NPK mvi cÉGqvGM avb, Mg I fzëvi AwZwiî× Drcv`b h^vò×Gg 10.5, 4.9 ‰es 13.0 ˆKwR| evsjvG`Gki K‡wl BbwÕ¡wUDUmgƒn wbqw¯¨Z cwiGeGk MGelYv KvhÆò×g PvwjGq hvGœQ ‰es cixÞYàGjvi myÓ¤z cwiPhÆv mvab KiGQ| ‰ KviGY ZvG`i cixÞY LvgviàGjvGZ f„wg AeÞGqi dGj Drcv`b nËvGmi ˆKvb cÉKvi jÞYxq cÉgvY cvIqv hvq wb| ZrmGî½I, f„wg, cvwb, cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb, ŠRe I AbÅvbÅ mieivnK‡Z Dcv`vGbi mgw¯¼Z `ÞZvcƒYÆ eÅeÕ©vcbvi gvaÅGg K‡wl cÉhywî×i D®²qb mvaGbi jGÞÅ MGelYv KvhÆò×g PvwjGq hvIqvi Ici ˆRvi ˆ`Iqv DwPZ|

AZxZKvGji wewf®² aiGbi f„wg eÅenvGii cwiYwZ I f„wg eÅenvi avivi cwieZÆb eZÆgvb AeÕ©vi w`GK gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi weeZÆbGK eySGZ ‰es f„wgi AviI Aebqb I gi‚KiY ˆivGa c¯©v wbYÆq KiGZ mvnvhÅ KiGZ cvGi| K‡wl wbweoKiY, K‡wl cwiZÅî×KiY, bMi mÁcÉmviY, wk͸vqb e†w«¬, Lwb Lbb I f„wg-cƒwZÆ, AeKvVvGgvMZ D®²qb I cwienY ‰es chÆUb I weGbv`b cÉf‡wZi jGÞÅ cwiPvwjZ KgÆKví eZÆgvGb gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi cÉavb kwî× wnGmGe weGewPZ nGœQ|

Rjevqy cwieZÆb I Rxe‹ewPòÅ (Climatic change and bio-diversity)  ‰KwU AweiZ Av¯¦twò×qvq Rjevqy cwieZÆb ‰es gi‚KiY cÉwò×qv `ywU Õ¼Z¯¨ cÉwZfvm| Rjevqy gi‚KiY AMÉMgGbi mxgvMZ AeÕ©v wbaÆviY KGi ‰es gi‚KiY cÉwò×qv evqygíjxq mçvjb cÉfveKvix kwî× I cvwbi cÉevn wefvRb wò×qvGK cwieZÆb KGi ^vGK| gvbyGli KgÆKví «¼viv DfGqi weeZÆb cÉfvweZ nGq ^vGK| Rjevqy Dúvqb BwZnvGmi AveZÆK Pò× weMZ kZvõxGZ cÉavbZ gvbe mfÅZvi D®²qGbi dGj cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ eGj cÉZxqgvb nq| ZrmGî½I, RjevqyMZ cwieZÆb Z^v wek¼ Dúvqb ‰es Livi gaÅKvi mnGhvwMZvgƒjK Av¯¦twò×qv gi‚KiGYi AbyK„j cwiGek ŠZwi KGi ^vKGZ cvGi| evsjvG`Gki Dîi-cwøg I cwøg AsGk ‰B cwiwÕ©wZ myÕ·Ó¡i…Gc cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ ˆhLvGb weMZ KGqK `kGK Liv msNUb, f„MfÆÕ© cvwbi AZÅwaK DGîvjb ‰es g†wîKv jeYvî×KiY cÉwò×qvmgƒn mvaviY NUbvq cwiYZ nGqGQ| f„MfÆÕ© cvwb wbtGklKiY I ivmvqwbK wÕ·wmm «¼viv mg†«¬KiY (eutrophication) ‰es cÉwZGek eÅeÕ©vi (ecosystem) AebqbI ‰B cÉwò×qvmgƒGni mGã NGUGQ| ÷Ó•f„wgi cÉwZGek eÅeÕ©v iÞvKvix bvRyK mvgÅ Rjevqyi ‰mKj cwieZÆGbi «¼viv cÉfvweZ nq| Z`ycwi, Mãvi DRvGb AewÕ©Z ˆ`k KZ‡ÆK ‰KZidvfvGe b`xi cvwb cÉZÅvnvGii dGj g†wîKv cwiGjGLi wkKo AçGji (rhizosphere) g†wîKv cvwb wbtGkl nGœQ| ‰me ‰jvKvi cwiwPZ MvQ I cÉvYxi AGbK cÉRvwZi wUGK ^vKv gvivZÄK ügwKi mÁÃyLxb nGqGQ, hviv ˆ`Gki Rxe‹ewPGòÅi mg†«¬Zvq AGbK Ae`vb ivLGQ|

f„wg Aebqb cwiwÕ©wZ I ZxeËZv (Status and severity of land degradation)  f„wg AebqGbi wbGÁ²vî× PviwU gvòv wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ: (1) g†`y Aebqb: f„wgi K‡wl Dchyî×Zv wKQy cwigvGY nËvm ˆcGjI Õ©vbxq Pvlvev` eÅeÕ©vi RbÅ Zv Dchyî×| f„wg eÅeÕ©vcbv ixwZGZ cwieZÆb AvbGZ cviGj cƒYÆ Drcv`b ÞgZv cybi‚«¬vi Kiv mÁ¿e nq| Avw` ŠRweK KgÆKvímgƒn ‰Lb chƯ¦ AÞzY³ AvGQ; (2) gvSvwi Aebqb: K‡wli Drcv`b ÞgZv AGbKvsGk nËvm ˆcGjI Õ©vbxq Avev` eÅeÕ©vi RbÅ ‰Lb chƯ¦ Zv Dchyî×| Drcv`b ÞgZv wdwiGq Avbvi RbÅ eÅvcK D®²qb cÉGqvRb| Avw` ŠRweK KgÆKvímgƒn AvswkKfvGe a»smcÉvµ¦ nGqGQ; (3) ZxeË f„wg Aebqb: Lvgvi chÆvGq ‰B f„wg msGkvabGhvMÅ bq| f„wg cybi‚«¬vGii RbÅ eÅvcK cÉGKŒkjMZ KgÆKvGíi cÉGqvRb nq| Avw` ŠRweK KgÆKvímgƒn eÅvcKfvGe a»smcÉvµ¦ nGqGQ; ‰es (4) Pig chÆvGqi Aebqb: ‰ aiGbi f„wg msGkvab I cybi‚«¬vGii AGhvMÅ| Avw` ŠRweK KgÆKvímgƒn mÁ·ƒYÆ a»smcÉvµ¦ nGqGQ|

f„wg AebqGbi mvgvwRK I A^Æ‹bwZK cwiYwZ wbtmG±`Gn ‰KwU ˆ`Gki RbÅ weivU DG«¼GMi KviY| mvgvwRK cwiYwZàGjvi gGaÅ AbÅZg nGœQ K‡lGKi Avq KGg hvIqv| ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe g†`y f„wg Aebqb, D`vniYÕ¼i…c, g†wîKvi cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb wbtGkl nGq hvIqvi ˆÞGò eÅeÕ©vcbvi cwieZÆGbi gvaÅGg g†wîKvi cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb wdwiGq Avbv hvq| ‰GÞGò mÁ·` bevqbGhvMÅ ‰es Aebqb wecixZgyLx| Aciw`GK, `yB cÉKvi ZxeË f„wg AebqGbi ˆÞGò ˆKvb ˆKvb mgq f„wgi Drcv`bÞgZv msGkvaGbi gvaÅGg msiÞY Kiv hvq| g†wîKvÞGqi ˆÞGò g†wîKv msiÞY c`GÞGci «¼viv ÞqGiva ‰es nvwiGq hvIqv g†wîKvi cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb I ŠRec`v^Æ msiÞGYi gvaÅGg wKQy wKQy ÞwZKi cÉfveGK wecixZgyLx Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| wK¯§ ˆhLvGb Rjbvjvi gvaÅGg f„wg ÞqcÉvµ¦ nGqGQ ev ciGZ ciGZ msNwUZ gvivZÄK ÞGqi dGj g†wîKvi DcGii mg†«¬ Õ¦i AcmvwiZ nGq KuvKimg†«¬ AeGkl ^vGK, ˆmme ˆÞGò fzwg Aebqb myÕ·Ó¡i…Gc cybi‚«¬vGii AGhvMÅ nGq cGo|

MGelYvi AvekÅKZv  f„wg Aebqb cwinvGii jGÞÅ weGkl KZàGjv ˆÞGò MGelYv KvhÆò×g AcwinvhÆ: mÁ·` cwimsLÅvcò (Resource inventory): mÁ·` cwimsLÅvcGòi DGókÅàGjvGZ A¯¦fÆyî× welqàGjv nGjv: (1) Rjevqy, f„wgi…c I g†wîKv mÁ·wKÆZ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wfwîGZ iwPZ K‡wl cÉwZGek ‰jvKvi cwiGkvab/cybweÆbÅvm; (2) ^vbv chÆvGq g†wîKv mÁ·G`i cwimsLÅvcò (3) f„wg eÅenvi cwiK͸bv cÉYqGbi DGóGkÅ welqwfwîK gvbwPò ŠZwiKiY; (4) g†wîKv Aebqb cwigvcKiY; (5) `xNÆGgqvw` RjevqyMZ Dcvî-fvívi (database) D®²ZKiY ‰es (6) f„-c†GÓ¤i I f„MfÆÕ© cvwb mÁ·G`i Dcvî-fvívi ŠZwiKiY| ewYÆZ DGókÅàGjv evsjvG`Gk hZUzKz ARÆb Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ Zvi mGã mãwZ ˆiGL BGZvgGaÅ cÉÕ§Z Kiv nGqGQ K‡wl cÉwZGek Açj gvbwPò, hvGZ mgMÉ ˆ`kGK 30wU K‡wl cÉwZGek AçGj fvM Kiv nGqGQ ‰es f„-cÉK‡wZ, µÏveb MfxiZv, Rjevqy I g†wîKvi Ici wfwî KGi AvGiv 88wU DcwefvM cÉ`kÆb Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ chƯ¦ ˆ`Gki AwaKvsk ^vbvi g†wîKv mÁ·` gvbwPò cÉÕ§Z Kiv nGqGQ| RvwZmsGNi Lv`Å I K‡wl msÕ©vi mnvqZvq evsjvG`k K‡wl MGelYv KvDw´ÖGj (Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council - BARC) ‰KwU wRAvB‰m (GIS) I K‡wl cÉwZGek Açj" ‰.B.ˆRW (AEZ) Z^Åwfwî cÉYqb I D®²qb mvab cÉhywî× BGZvgGaÅ Õ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ|

f„wg Aebqb

Pvlvev` c«¬wZ MGelYv (Cropping system research)  ‰B MGelYvq A¯¦fÆyî× DGókÅmgƒn nGœQ: (1) `ÞZvcƒYÆ I AwaK wbweo Pvlc«¬wZi D®²qb ‰es mgMÉ ˆ`Gki K‡wl cÉwZGek AçjmgƒGni mGã mãwZcƒYÆ K‡wl cÉhywî× Abym®¬vb; (2) kmÅ-Rjevqy Drcv`b gGWj cÉYqGbi gƒj wfwî wnGmGe kmÅ-Rjevqy mÁ·KÆ Abyaveb; (3) AwaK jvGfi jGÞÅ AwaK gƒjÅevb kmÅ A¯¦fÆyî×KiGYi gvaÅGg Pvlvev` eÅeÕ©vi eügyLxKiY; ‰es (4) ŠReeÕ§i (biomass) Drcv`b e†w«¬i DGóGkÅ ‰d‰mAvi `†wÓ¡fwãi cGÞ cÉPviYv PvjvGbv| kmÅ c«¬wZ MGelYvq hZUzKz AwRÆZ nGqGQ Zv ˆ^GK KGqKwU eükmÅ Pvl c«¬wZi (multiple cropping system) D®²qb Kiv nGqGQ| K‡lGKi AbymiGYi RbÅ ‰me c«¬wZi gƒjÅvqb I gvV chÆvGq h^v^ÆZv cixÞv Kiv cÉGqvRb|

cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb eÅeÕ©vcbv (Nutrient management)  RwgGZ R¯ÃvGbv kmÅmgƒn g†wîKv ˆ^GK eÅvcK cwigvGY cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb AcmviY KGi| kmÅ KZ‡ÆK eÅen…Z g†wîKvi cywÓ¡ Dcv`vbmgƒn chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY mgq mgq bZzbfvGe mieivn bv KiGj kmÅ Drcv`Gb wei…c cÉwZwò×qvi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es djkÉ‚wZGZ f„wg Aebqb NGU| myZivs cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb eÅeÕ©vcbv MGelYv g†wîKvi Õ¼vÕ©Å AÞZ ivLGZ Dchyî× cÉwZKvi eÅeÕ©v wbYÆGq civgkÆ cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| ‰i DGókÅmgƒn nGœQ: (1) kGmÅi AwaKZi djb jvGfi RbÅ mvGii KvhÆKvwiZv e†w«¬ Kiv; (2) Õ©vbxq mÁ·`mgƒn eÅenvGii cÉwZ D«¼y«¬ Kiv ‰es (3) wewf®² Pvlvev` eÅeÕ©vi RbÅ mgw¯¼Z cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb eÅeÕ©vcbv ˆKŒkj ˆei Kiv| ‰B ˆÞGò eÅvcK mvdjÅ AwRÆZ nGjI Zv AZů¦ wewÞµ¦, AixwZe«¬ ‰es AeÅen…Z| MGelYvi ‰me djvdj wewf®² K‡wl cÉwZGek ‰jvKvq Rwgi h^v^ÆZv hvPvB Kiv cÉGqvRb|

cvwb eÅeÕ©vcbv  kmÅ Drcv`b e†w«¬i gƒj PvweKvwV nGœQ cvwb eÅeÕ©vcbv| cvwb eÅeÕ©vcbvi DGókÅmgƒn nGœQ: (1) we`Ågvb I mnRjfÅ cvwbmÁ·` eÅenvGi `ÞZv e†w«¬ Kiv; (2) mgw¯¼Z cvwb eÅeÕ©vcbv; (3) AwaKZi Rwg ˆmGPi AvIZvq wbGq Avmvi RbÅ f„-c†Ó¤Õ© I f„MfÆÕ© cvwbi mwÁÃwjZ eÅenvi wbwøZ Kiv ‰es (4) wbÁ²gvGbi f„MfÆÕ© cvwb, wbÓ•vwkZ Rj ‰es cqtRj ˆmGPi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv| ‰B ˆÞGò AwRÆZ mvdGjÅi cwigvY mxwgZ ‰es wewf®² K‡wl cÉwZGek AçGji wewf®² cÉKvi kmÅ I Pvlvev` eÅeÕ©vq cÉGqvGMi RbÅ mÁcÉmvwiZ ˆÞò cÉGqvRb|

Rjve«¬Zv  Rjve«¬Zvi `i‚b f„MfÆÕ© cvwb EGa»Æ DwïZ nGq g†wîKvc†GÓ¤i KvQvKvwQ PGj Avmvq f„wgi Drcv`b ÞgZvi AebwZ NUGZ ^vGK| Rjve«¬Zvi Pig AeÕ©vq f„MfÆÕ© RjÕ¦i f„c†GÓ¤i DcGi PGj AvGm, hvGK wÕ©i cvwbÕ¦i (ponding) ejv nq| Rjve«¬Zvi mGã jeYvî×Zvi ˆhvMmƒò iGqGQ ‰es ò‚wUcƒYÆ ˆmP eÅeÕ©vi `i‚b Dfq mgmÅvi m†wÓ¡ nq| DcK„jxq evua wbgÆvGYi «¼viv evsjvG`Gki cÉvq 6.9 jÞ ˆnÙi Rwg ˆRvqvGii µÏveb ˆ^GK myiÞv Kiv nGqGQ|

jeYvî×KiY (salinisation)  eÅvcK AG^Æ RwgGZ jeGYi cwigvY e†w«¬i «¼viv mKj cÉKvi f„wg AebqbGK eywSGq ^vGK| ZGe mxwgZ AG^Æ RwgGZ gyî× jeY mçqb I mwWwdGKkbGK (hvGK ÞvixqKiYI ejv nGq ^vGK) A¯¦fÆyî× Kiv nq| mwWwdGKkb nGjv wewbgq KgGµÏGÝ ˆmvwWqvGgi cÉvavbÅ NUv| ˆmP Õ•xgmgƒGni ò‚wUcƒYÆ cwiK͸bv I AeÅeÕ©vcbvi `i‚b cÉavbZ gvbe-mƒwPZ ‰B mgmÅvi m†wÓ¡ nGq ^vGK| AZÅwaK cwigvGY f„MfÆÕ© cvwb DGîvjGbi KviGY mgyG`Ëi jeYvî× cvwbi DcK„jxq g†wîKvGZ AbycÉGeGki myGhvM m†wÓ¡ nIqvi dGjI jeYvî×Zvi m†wÓ¡ nq| evsjvG`Gk jeYvî×Zvi dGj m†Ó¡ f„wg Aebqb AbÅZg cÉavb cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvM| ˆ`Gki bxU PvlGhvMÅ Rwgi cÉvq 30 kZvskB DcK„jxq ‰jvKvq AewÕ©Z| DcK„jxq I mgy`Ë `ƒieZÆx 28.5 jÞ ˆnÙi Rwgi cÉvq 8.3 jÞ ˆnÙi PvlGhvMÅ Rwg wewf®² gvòvi jeYvî×Zv «¼viv Avò×v¯¦| g†wîKvi jeYvî×KiGY ˆhme wbqvgK DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe `vqx, ˆmàGjv nGœQ: (1) elÆv FZzGZ (Ryb ˆ^GK AGÙvei) ˆRvqvGii m†Ó¡ µÏveb, (2) jeYvî× A^ev jeYvî×-Õ¼v`y cvwbi «¼viv Rjg™² nIqv ‰es (3) ÷Ó• FZzGZ (bGfÁ¼i ˆ^GK ˆg) f„MfÆÕ© jeYvî× cvwbi Ea»ÆgyLx I cvk¼Æxq weÕZ‡wZ NUv| evsjvG`Gk jeYvî×Zv mgmÅvi ZxeËZv g†wîKvi ÷Ó• nIqvi (desiccation) mGã mGã e†w«¬ cvq| mvÁcÉwZK KvGj ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg Mãvi cvwb cÉZÅvnvGii dGj jeYvî× mgy`ËRGji AbycÉGek NUvq jeYvî×Zvi ZxeËZv I weÕZ‡wZ DfqB AvkâvRbKfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| g†wîKv mÁ·` D®²qb BbwÕ¡wUDGUi (SRDI) ‰KwU mgxÞv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, jeYvî×Zv Avò×v¯¦ ‰jvKvi weÕZ‡wZ 1975 mvGji 8.3 jÞ ˆnÙi ˆ^GK e†w«¬ ˆcGq eZÆgvGb 30.5 jÞ ˆnÙGi `uvwoGqGQ|

g†wîKv eÅeÕ©vcbv  g†wîKv mÁ·wKÆZ mxgve«¬Zvmgƒn cÉvqB kmÅ Drcv`Gbi jÞÅgvòv ARÆGb cÉwZe®¬KZv m†wÓ¡ KGi| g†wîKv eÅeÕ©vcbvi DGókÅ nGœQ gvwUi mGã mÁ·wKÆZ mgmÅvmgƒn wPwn×ZKiY ‰es mgmÅv `yi Kivi jGÞÅ ‰jvKvwfwîK weGkl weGkl cÉhywî× wbaÆviY Kiv| f„wgKlÆY c«¬wZ, Liv I jeYvî×Zv Dfq mgmÅvcxwoZ RwgGZ kmÅ Drcv`b cÉf‡wZi Ici wKQy mvdjÅ cixÞvgƒjK Lvgvi eÅeÕ©vq AwRÆZ nGjI ‰LbI Zv K‡lGKi RwgGZ hvPvB Kivi AGcÞvq iGqGQ|

KwVb A¯¦fƃwg Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ (Pan formation)  eQGii ci eQi ˆ`kxq jvãj «¼viv Pvl KGi ˆivcv avb Avev` Kivi dGj ˆ`kxq jvãGji djvi mxgvi wbGP cÉvq 3 ˆ^GK 5 ˆmwg AKwlÆZ KwVb A¯¦fƃwg Õ¦i ŠZwi nq| ‰B KwVb A¯¦fƃwg Õ¦i gƒGji e†w«¬GK eÅvnZ KGi ‰es kGmÅi e†w«¬i RbÅ A¯¦tg†wîKvi cywÓ¡ Dcv`vb MÉnY KiGZ eÅ^Æ nq| mgxÞv ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv wMGqGQ ˆh, wZÕ¦v, Mãv, eËþcyò, ˆgNbv I eGi±`Ê ‰jvKvi cÉvq 20/30 jÞ ˆnÙi RwgGZ ‰ aiGbi kî× A¯¦fƃwg Õ¦i MwVZ nGqGQ|

AÁÏKiY (Acidification)  cvnvwo, ˆmvcvb I AbÅvbÅ cjjf„wgGZ we`Ågvb PvGli Rwg wKsev a»smcÉvµ¦ ebf„wgi ˆewkifvM c†Ó¤g†wîKv (topsoil) wewf®² gvòvq AÁÏxq| AZÅwaK Pig gvòvi ‰wmwWKiY DcK„jxq ‰jvKvi cÉvq 62,000 ˆnÙi mwò×q AÁÏ mvjGdU g†wîKvq jÞÅ Kiv wMGqGQ| wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©vi D®²qGbi djkÉ‚wZGZ ‰LvGb Pig AÁÏZ½ (wc.‰BP gvòv 2 ˆ^GK 4) m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ hvi mGã iGqGQ AÅvjywgwbqvg welvî×Zv I dmGdU Ave«¬KiY mgmÅv| wcivBUxq mvjdvBGWi AYyRxexq RviGYi gvaÅGg mvjGdU I mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW Drc®² nIqvi dGj ‰ AÁÏGZ½i m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆRvqvGi µÏvweZ bexb f„wgi msj™² ‰jvKvi cÉvq 8 nvRvi ˆnÙi RwgGZ myµ¦ AÁÏ mvjGdU g†wîKv we`Ågvb| wmGjU AeevwnKv, wbÁ² AvòvB AeevwnKv ‰es gaycyi I eGi±`Êf„wgi wKQy cÉkÕ¦ DcZÅKv ‰jvKvi fvix K`Æg g†wîKvGZ ZxeË AÁÏKiGYi jÞY cwijwÞZ nGœQ| ˆ`Gki Dîi I cƒeÆvçGji cvnvomgƒGni DGÍÏLGhvMÅ MfxiZv chƯ¦ g†wîKv Pig AÁÏKiGYi wkKvi nGqGQ|

eb DRvoKiY I gi‚KiY  MvQcvjv ˆKGU ˆdjv ‰es Pig ˆÞGò eZÆgvGbi ebf„wg ‰jvKvàGjvi cybivq ebf„wg wnGmGe MGo IVvi mÁ¿vebv bv ^vKvB nGœQ ebf„wg Aebqb| MvQ R¯ÃvGbvi ÞgZvi ˆPGq AwaK e†Þ KZÆGbi dGj ebf„wgi Aebqb NGU| AwaKvsk ˆÞGòB cÉvK‡wZK ebf„wgi MvQcvjv KvUv nq, wK¯§ evsjvG`Gk A‹ea e†Þ wbaGbi NUbvI NGU| cƒGeÆB ejv nGqGQ ˆh, gvbyGli KgÆKví ‰es Rjevqyi cwieZÆb gi‚KiGYi cÉavb KviY| evsjvG`Gk ‰ `ywU wbqvgK we`Ågvb ^vKvq mgmÅvwU w`Gb w`Gb cÉKU nGq DVGQ| ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg DRvGbi ˆ`k KZ‡ÆK Mãvi cvwb cÉZÅvnvi Kivi dGj f„MfÆÕ© cvwbi Õ¦i AGbK wbGP ˆbGg hvq| dGj evsjvG`Gki mgMÉ Dîi-cwøgvçGji g†wîKvi cvwb DœPnvGi wbtGkwlZ nGq hvq ‰es ‰i cwiYwZGZ H Açj gi‚KiY cÉwò×qvi w`GK avweZ nq| ‰B wechÆq ‰ovGbvi RbÅ ˆ`Gki Afů¦Gi cvwb mçGqi jGÞÅ cÉGqvRbxq c`GÞc MÉnY Kiv Ri‚wi nGq cGoGQ| Rjevqyi cwieZÆbI gi‚KiGYi RbÅ `vqx, ˆKbbv, ÷Ó• kxZ ˆgŒmyGg e†wÓ¡cvZ LyeB ռ͸ A^ev KLbI KLbI ‰GKevGiB nq bv| K‡wl-ebvqb (agro-forestry) eÅeÕ©vwU hw`I cyiGbv I mbvZbx, Z^vwc ‰B eÅeÕ©vwU befvGe cÉewZÆZ nGqGQ| ‰B eÅeÕ©vwUi DGókÅmgƒn nGœQ: (1) eügyLx cÉGqvRbxq Dw«¿` cÉRvwZ kbvî×KiY, (2) wewf®² K‡wl cÉwZGek AçGji RbÅ K‡wl-ebvqb eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjv ‰es (3) K‡wl-ebvqb KgÆKvGíi gaÅ w`Gq cwZZ f„wgi Drcv`b ÞgZvGK aGi ivLv| ZGe K‡lKiv eÅvcK AvKvGi eÅenvGii ˆÞGò DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ˆKvb mvdjÅ ˆ`LvGZ cvGi wb|  [‰m.‰g ingvb]