f„wg AwaMÉnY  ˆ`Gki AvBGbi weavb Abyhvqx RbmvaviGYi KjÅvGYi jGÞÅ D®²qb cÉK͸mgƒn evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ ivÓ¡Ë KZƆK ˆemiKvwi Rwg AwaMÉnY cÉwò×qv| eZÆgvb evsjvG`Gki f„LGí ‰ aiGbi Avw`Zg wewae«¬ AvBb nGjv 1824 mvGji 1 bs eãxq cÉweavb| jeY Drcv`b wkG͸ weËwUk evwYRÅÕ¼v^Æ iÞvq ‰B AvBb cÉYxZ nq| 1850 mvGji 1bs AvBb ‰B AvBGbi Õ©jeZÆx nq ‰es RbcƒZÆ KvhÆò×Ggi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq Rwg AwaMÉnGYi weavb Kiv nq| 1850 mvGji 42bs AvBbeGj ˆijc^ wbgÆvYGK RbKjÅvYgyLx eGj ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| miKvi Rwgi üKzg`Lj ‰es moK, Lvj I ˆijc^ wbgÆvGY cÉGqvRbxq gvwU msMÉGni RbÅ Rwgi mvgwqK `Lj MÉnGYi jGÞÅ mswÞµ¦ ÞgZv MÉnY KGi|

cGi Rwg üKzg`Lj msò×v¯¦ wewf®² AvBb ‰KwòZ I msnZ KGi 1857 mvGji 6bs AvBb cvk Kiv nq| ‰B AvBb ˆMvUv weËwUk fviGZ cÉGqvMGhvMÅ Kiv nq| ˆmP, ˆbŒcwienY, WK I ˆcvZvkÉq D®²qGbi DGóGkÅ MfbÆi ˆRbvGij-Bb-KvDw´ÖjGK KZƆZ½ cÉ`vGbi RbÅ 1863 mvGji 22bs AvBb wkGivbvGg ‰K bZzb AvBb cvk nq| ‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq MfbÆi ˆRbvGij-Bb-KvDw´Öj ‰ aiGbi KvRàwjGK Rb DcGhvMgƒjK KvR (public utility) wnGmGe ˆNvlYvi ÞgZv jvf KGib| mÁ·wKÆZ AvBbàwji msGkvab, cwieZÆb, cwigvRÆb I msnZKiY cÉwò×qv 1870 mvj Aewa AeÅvnZ ^vGK| 1870 mvGj 10bs AvBb cvk nq|

1870 mvGji AvGM f„wg AwaMÉnY AvBGbi meÆvGcÞv jÞYxq ŠewkÓ¡Å wQj ‰B ˆh, KvGjÙi I Rwgi gvwjGKi gGaÅ ˆh Rwg üKzg`LGji cÉÕ¦ve Kiv nGqGQ ˆm Rwgi gƒjÅ mÁ·GKÆ HKgZÅ bv nGj welqwU cyGivcywi mvwjk`viG`i ‰LwZqvivaxGb PGj hvGe| Zviv ˆh P„ov¯¦ wm«¬v¯¦ ˆ`Geb Zvi wei‚G«¬ ˆKvb Avwcj Kiv hvGe bv| ‰ eÅeÕ©vq miKvwi AG^Æi cwiZvcRbK AcPq NGU| ˆKbbv, cÉvqB ˆ`Lv hvq, mvwjk`viMY ZvG`i KvGR ˆhvMÅ bb| Zviv `ybÆxwZMÉÕ¦I eGU| AvBGbi ‰B Mj` 1870 mvGji 10 bs AvBGb `ƒixf„Z nq| ‰ AvBGb mvwjwki eÅeÕ©vI ZzGj ˆ`Iqv nq| wÕ©i nq, KvGjÙi I Rwgi gvwjGKi gGaÅ Rwgi gƒGjÅi welGq gZcv^ÆKÅ nGj welqwU wm«¬vG¯¦i RbÅ ˆ`Iqvwb Av`vjGZ cvVvGbv nGe| ˆ`Iqvwb Av`vjGZi wePviK `yB mvwjk`vGii gGaÅ A¯¦Z ‰KRGbi mGã ‰KgZ nGZ cviGj wZwb P„ov¯¦ wm«¬v¯¦ wbGZ cviGZb| Avevi `yB mvwjk`vGii mvG^B wePviK w«¼gZ ˆcvlY KiGj ˆmGÞGò mvaviYZ nvBGKvGUÆ AvwcGji AbygwZ ˆ`Iqv nGZv| ‰ KviGY ‰KvwaK gvgjv nGZv, wbÓ·wîGZ wejÁ¼ I eÅqevüjÅ NUZ| AvBbwU ‰ KviGY cyGivcywi dj`vqK bv nIqvq 1894-‰i AvBGb evwZj nGq hvq|

wbqwgZ ˆKvb gvgjvq ˆ`Iqvwb Av`vjGZi wWwò×GZ cwieZÆb bv nGj, 1894 mvGji AvBb KvGjÙGii ÞwZcƒiY msò×v¯¦ wm«¬v¯¦GKB P„ov¯¦ wnGmGe wÕ©i KGi ˆ`q| ‰B AvBGbi DGókÅ, Rwgi üKzg`LGji ˆÞGò `Ë‚ZZi ÞwZcƒiY wbi…cGYi ‰KwU c«¬wZi eÅeÕ©v Kiv| ‰B meÆvãxY cÉK‡wZi AvBGbi AvIZvq Ri‚wi cwiwÕ©wZi RbÅ eÅeÕ©v wQj| ÞwZcƒiGYi eÅvcvGi ˆKvb wm«¬v¯¦ bv w`Gq Õ¼vfvweK cwiwÕ©wZGZ KvGjÙiGK ˆKvb Rwgi `Lj ˆbIqvi K‡wZZ½vwaKvi ˆ`Iqv nq wb| ZGe AvBGbi 17 avivi AvIZvq 15 w`Gbi ˆbvwUGki ˆgqv`GkGl, ‰gbwK, Rwgi ÞwZcƒiY wÕ©i Kivi AvGMI Rwgi `Lj MÉnGYi ÞgZv KvGjÙiGK ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| ZGe Amyweav KgvGbvi RbÅ mvgwqK cÉvØjGbi (estimate) wfwîGZ ÞwZcƒiY cwiGkvGai welqwUGK KvGjÙGii RbÅ AvBbMZ evaÅevaKZv Kiv nGqGQ| ‰B mvgwqK cÉvØjb nGe h^vò×Gg, K. wbwgÆZ KvVvGgv I feGbi 10%; L. evwo, PvjvNi/QvDwb I dGji evMvGbi 75%; M. Lvwj bvj Rwgi 50%| ‰B AvBGb ivÕ¦vNvU I euva ˆgivgGZ gvwU mivGbvi/Õ©vbv¯¦i Kivi RbÅ Rwgi mvgwqK `Lj MÉnGYi weavb ivLv nGjI evwoNi I feGbi AwahvwPZ `Lj MÉnGYi ˆKvb weavb ˆbB|

1894 mvGji 1 bs AvBGbi AvIZvq ÞwZcƒiY wbaÆviGYi ˆejvq KvGjÙGii KvR nGjv Zvi gGZ Rwgi gƒjÅ KZ nGZ cvGi ˆmB Aâ wbaÆviY Kiv| ‰B ÞwZcƒiY wbaÆviGYi KvhÆcÉwò×qvàwj wePvi wefvMxq wKQy bq eis Zv cÉkvmwbK| Avi ‰GÞGò KvGjÙGii cÉ`î wm«¬v¯¦ Av`vjZ KZƆK cybweÆGePbvGhvMÅ| ‰ mÁ·wKÆZ weGivGa wm«¬vG¯¦i RbÅ Rwgi gvwjGKi welqwU Av`vjGZ DïvcGbi AwaKvi wQj| ‰wU AekÅ eyGS wbGZ nGe, Rwgi mwVK gƒjÅvqb wbaÆviY Kiv ‰K AmÁ¿e KvR, eoGRvi ‰i ‰KUv KvQvKvwQ evRvigƒGjÅ DcbxZ nIqv hvq| ‰RbÅ MvwYwZK wbfzÆjZvq Rwgi ÞwZcƒiY wbaÆviY mÁ¿e bq| Rwgi ÞwZcƒiY wbi…cY msò×v¯¦ welq wbGq KvR Kivi mgq ˆhme welq AekÅ weGePÅ ‰B AvBGb ˆKej ˆmàwjiB weavb iGqGQ|

1947 mvGj ˆ`kwefvGMi ci ˆMvUv cƒeÆevsjv cÉG`keÅvcx eümsLÅK miKvwi `µ¦Gii Õ©vb mâzjvb I miKvwi KgÆPvixG`i AvevwmK Pvwn`v ˆgUvGbvi DGóGkÅ mswÞµ¦ ˆgqvG`i RbÅ 14 RyjvB, 1947-‰ cƒeÆeãxq Ri‚wi mÁ·wî AwahvwPZ `Lj AaÅvG`k Rvwi Kiv nq| ZviciI ZxeË AvevwmK msKU AeÅvnZ ^vGK| bZzb ‰B cÉG`kwUi RbÅ bZzb cwiGek I cwiwÕ©wZGZ eÅemv-evwYRÅ, wk͸ mieivn I bvbv aiGbi ˆmevi RbÅ `Ë‚Z I ˆRvi`vi D®²qb cÉGqvRbxq nGq IGV| ‰ cwiwÕ©wZi ˆgvKvGejvi RbÅ ‘(Ri‚wi) mÁ·wî AwahvwPZ `Lj AvBb, 1948’ wkGivbvGg ‰B AvBb cvm Kiv nq| ‰B AvBGb Õ©vei I AÕ©vei Dfq cÉKvi mÁ·wîi Av÷ AwahvwPZ `Lj MÉnGYi RbÅ ‰K mswÞµ¦ KgÆc«¬wZi weavb ivLv nq| ‰B KgÆc«¬wZ Abyhvqx mswkÏÓ¡ mÁ·wîi gvwjKvbv wKsev H mÁ·wîi `Lj`vi cGÞi Ici ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi ˆKej weæwµ¦ Rvwi KGi KvRwU KiGZ cviGZb| ‰ AvBGb mÁ·wîi `Lj MÉnGYi RbÅ `yB Õ¦Gii eÅeÕwQj| ‰B w«¼-Õ¦i eÅeÕ©vq cÉ^Gg AbwZwejGÁ¼ Rwgi `Lj MÉnGYi RbÅ AwahvPb Kiv nGZv I Zvici Õ©vqx `LGji RbÅ KvhÆeÅeÕ©v Abym†Z nGZv| ÞwZMÉÕ¦ gvbyGli KÓ¡ jvNGei DGóGkÅ 1947-‰i AaÅvG`Gki cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Åàwj ˆiGL w`Gq ‰B bZzb AvBGb ˆmàwji AviI D®²wZ mvab Kiv nq| mÁ·wî/f„wgi Õ©vqx `Lj MÉnGYi welqwU miKvGii wm«¬vG¯¦i eÅvcvi nGjI ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi miKvGii cieZÆx AbyGgv`b mvGcGÞ ˆh ˆKvb mÁ·wî AwahvPb Kivi ci Zv `LGj wbGZ I Õ©vqx AwaMÉnY KiGZ cviGZb|

‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq cÉ`î ˆKvb AvG`k ev M†nxZ ˆKvb eÅeÕ©vi wei‚G«¬ ˆKvb gvgjv ev AvGe`b MÉnY Kivi eÅvcvGi Av`vjGZi ‰LwZqvi iwnZ Kiv nq| ‰B AvBGb wePvi ‰LwZqvGii Ici ˆh wbGlavæv AvGivc Kiv nGqGQ Zv AekÅ cÉK‡Z AG^ÆB Av`vjGZi ‰LwZqvGii cwicƒYÆ DrLvZ ˆevSvq wb| eis Av`vjZ wbGR mwZÅKvi AG^ÆB Zvi ‰LwZqvi ˆ^GK DrLvZ nGqGQ wKbv Av`vjZ wbGRB ˆm wePvi Kivi AwaKvix nGqGQ| KvGRB DwÍÏwLZ evav mGî½I ‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq cÉ`î ˆKvb AvG`k AvBGb cÉ`î AwaKvGii gGaÅ ˆ^GK ev ˆKvivg bb RywWm (coram non judice) wKsev Am`yGóGkÅ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ wKbv ˆm welqwU wÕ©i Kivi ‰LwZqvi Av`vjGZi eRvq iGqGQ| Avi ZvB Av`vjZ ˆZgb ˆÞGò DwÍÏwLZ KviYàwji wfwîGZ ˆh ˆKvb weGkl AvG`k evwZj KGi w`GZ cvGi|

1894 mvGji f„wg AwaMÉnY AvBbwU AekÅ 1948 mvGji 13 bs AvBb cvk nIqvi cGiI eRvq ivLv nq| ZGe ÛwPr ‰ AvBGbi cÉGqvM Kiv nGqGQ| KviY, ˆ`Lv hvq, 1894 mvGji AvBGbi AvIZvq ˆh KvhÆc«¬wZ AbymiY KiGZ nq Zv AwahvPbvaxb mÁ·wîi RbÅ g¯©i I `xNÆmƒòx ‰es AwahvPbvaxb mÁ·wîi AvGM `Lj MÉnY KGi cGi Zvi Õ©vqx `Lj MÉnGYi KvhÆc«¬wZi mƒPbv Kiv wQj memgGqB myweavRbK|

f„wg AwaMÉnGYi AvBbwUi Avevi cybweÆGePbv Kivi ci 1982 mvGj Zv mymsnZ Kiv nq| ‰i DGókÅ wQj, 1948 mvGji mÁ·wKÆZ AvBGb ˆh KGVvi KvhÆc«¬wZi eÅeÕ©vcò wQj Zvi wei‚G«¬ Õ©vei mÁ·wîi gvwjKGK hywî×mãZ iÞveÅeÕ©v cÉ`vb Kiv| ˆmfvGeB 1982 mvGji Õ©vei mÁ·wî AwaMÉnY I AwahvwPZ `Lj AaÅvG`k (1982 mvGji 11 bs AaÅvG`k) Rvwi Kiv nq| 1894 mvGji AvBbwU evwZj Kiv nq I ŠeaZvi wbaÆvwiZ ˆgqv` AwZò×v¯¦ nIqvq 1948 mvGji AvBbwUi Õ¼vfvweK Aemvb NGU|

1988 mvGji fqven ebÅvi ci ebÅv I mvgyw`ËK RGjvœQ¾vm wbq¯¨Y ‰es b`xfvOb wbeviGYi Õ©vqx eÅeÕ©vw`i RbÅ Õ©vei mÁ·wîi `Ë‚Z `Lj MÉnGYi cÉGqvRGb cuvP eQGii mvgwqK ˆgqvG`i RbÅ Ri‚wi wfwîGZ mÁ·wî AwaMÉnY AvBb, 1989 (1989 mvGji 9 bs AvBb) bvGg ‰K bZzb AvBb cvk Kiv nq| ‰B mvgwqK AvBbGK AbÅvbÅ mKj AvBGbi Ici wbiâzk aiGbi AvwacZÅ cÉ`vb Kiv nq, hvi A^Æ ‰B AvBGbi weavbàwj ejer AbÅ ˆh ˆKvb AvBGbi cwieGZÆ envj nGe| ‰B AvBGb cÉ`î ÞgZveGj ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi gvwjGKi Ici ˆbvwUk Rvwi KGi Õ©vei/AÕ©vei ˆh ˆKvb mÁ·wî AwaMÉnGYi AvG`k w`GZ cvGib| ‰B AwaMÉnY AvG`k PÅvGjé Kivi AwaKvi gvwjKGK ˆ`Iqv nq wb, ZGe wZwb ÞwZcƒiY cvIqvi RbÅ ˆWcywU KwgkbvGii KvGQ H mÁ·wîGZ Zvi Õ¼vG^Æi `vwe ˆck KiGZ cvGib| ‰B AvBGbi ˆgqv` wQj 1994 mvj Aewa| Dî× ˆgqv`vG¯¦ AvBbwUi Õ¼vfvweK Aemvb NGUGQ|

1982 mvGji Õ©vei mÁ·wî AwaMÉnY I AwahvwPZ `Lj AaÅvG`k (1982 mvGji 11 bs AaÅvG`k) eZÆgvGb evsjvG`Gk (wZbwU cveÆZÅ ˆRjv Qvov) Rwgi üKzg`LGji ˆÞGò ‰Kgvò AvBbMZ `wjj| ‰B AvBGb miKvwi DGóGkÅ I RbÕ¼vG^Æ DcvmbvÕ©j, ˆMviÕ©vb ev kÄkvbNvU Qvov Õ©vei mÁ·wî AwaMÉnY I AwahvPb wfwîGZ `Lj MÉnGYi weavb iGqGQ| ‰GZ weÕ¦vwiZ KvhÆc«¬wZiI weeiY iGqGQ hvGZ ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi c«¬wZmÁÃZfvGe I myÓ¤z bxwZgvjvi wfwîGZ Rwg `LGji KvGR AMÉmi nGZ cvGib Avi Rwg gvwjGKi RbÅI Avcwî ˆZvjvi myGhvM ^vGK| h^v÷bvwb MÉnY KGi ‰me AvcwîiI AekÅB wbÓ·wî KiGZ nGe|

1948 mvGji AvBGbi AvIZvq f„wg üKzg`LGji cÉwZ ˆÞGòB miKvGii AbyGgv`b AvekÅK, hw`I ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi Zvi AwahvPb ÞgZvi AvIZvq mswkÏÓ¡ mÁ·wîi `Lj MÉnY KiGZ cvGib I ‰fvGe wbÓ·®² KvhÆ (fait accompli) wnGmGe AvBGbi cÉwò×qv mÁ·®² nIqvi AvGMB H mÁ·wî Avjv`v KGi wbGZ (alienation) cvGib| ‰B bZzb AvBGb üKzg`Lj MÉnYvaxb Rwgi cwigvY 50 weNvi (6.689 ˆnÙi) AwaK bv nGj I Rwgi gvwjGKi Zid ˆ^GK Avcwî bv ^vKGj üKzg`LGji P„ov¯¦ wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi AwaKvi ˆWcywU KwgkbvGii iGqGQ| Avi hw` Rwgi gvwjGKi Avcwî ^vGK ZvnGj ‰ welGq wefvMxq KwgkbvGii AbyGgv`b AvekÅK nGe|

AvGMi AvBGb Rwg üKzg`Lj cÉwò×qvq wejGÁ¼i KviGY wm«¬v¯¦ cÉYqGbi ˆejvq ‰B bZzb ÞgZv AcÆY Kiv nq| Rwg AwaMÉnGY wejGÁ¼i dGj wewf®² D®²qb cÉK͸ evÕ¦evqb wejwÁ¼Z nGZv ‰es `Ë‚ZZi f„wg AwaMÉnGYi welqwUi Ici weG`kx A^ÆmsÕ©vbKvix cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj Pvc m†wÓ¡ KiZ| ZvB Rwg AwaMÉnGYi ˆejvq ˆhfvGe mgqmxgv ˆeuGa ˆ`Iqv nq Zv nGj, Rwg üKzg`LGji cÉÕ¦vweZ cwigvY 50 weNv (6.7 ˆn.) chƯ¦ nGjI üKzg`LGj Avcwî bv DVGj 45 w`b ‰es Avcwî DVGj 75 w`b, Rwg üKzg`LGji cÉÕ¦vweZ cwigvY 50 weNvi ˆewk nGjv I üKzg `LGj Avcwî bv DVGj 105 w`b ‰es Avcwî DVGj 135 w`b|

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ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi ‰B AaÅvG`Gki 8 I 9 aviv AbymvGi Rwgi ÞwZcƒiY wbaÆviGY evaÅ| ‰ici ZvGK Rwgi gvwjKGK ÞwZcƒiY ˆ`Iqvi cÉÕ¦ve ˆck I Rwgi `Lj MÉnGYi AvGM ÞwZcƒiY eve` A^Æ cwiGkva KiGZ nGe| hw` H Rwgi gvwjK ÞwZcƒiGYi A^Æ MÉnY bv KGib wKsev Avcwî ˆZvGjb ˆmGÞGò ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi ÞwZcƒiGYi A^Æ miKvwi ˆUÇRvwiGZ ivRÕ¼ Rgv wnGmGe MwœQZ ivLGeb| ‰fvGe H A^Æ Rgv nGq hvevi ci AvBGbi `†wÓ¡GZ ÞwZcƒiGYi A^Æ cwiGkva Kiv nGqGQ eGj M†nxZ nGe I ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi mswkÏÓ¡ mÁ·wîi `Lj MÉnGYi ˆhvMÅ nGeb| ˆKvb Rwgi gvwjK Rwgi ÞwZcƒiGY Zvi Ask ev ÞwZcƒiY wm«¬v¯¦ AchÆvµ¦ gGb KiGj ˆZgb ˆÞGò AvBGbi weavb Abyhvqx wZwb welqwU mvwjk`vGii mgxGc wKsev mvwjk Avwcj UÇvBeybÅvGj Dïvcb KiGZ cviGeb| ‰B `yB mvwjk KZƇcÞ nGeb wePvi wefvMxq KgÆKZÆv I Zviv nGeb h^vò×Gg mve RR I ˆRjv RR c`ghÆv`vi AwaKvix|

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