f„-cÉK‡wZ (Physiography)  mgMÉ c†w^ex ev Zvi ˆKvb AsGki cÉvK‡wZK eÕ§mgƒGni eYÆbv; weGkl KGi, ZvG`i cÉK‡wZ, MvVwbK Dcv`vb, mäv webÅvm, cwieZÆb cÉf‡wZi weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY| Huxley 1869 mvGj f„GMvj kvGÕ¨ ‘cÉvK‡wZK cÉcçmgƒGni mvaviY eYÆbv’ AaÅqGbi RbÅ ‘Physiography’ kõwUi cÉPjb KGib| cieZÆxGZ kõwU c†w^exi DcwifvGMi wPò Z^v evqygíj, Rjgíj ‰es f„-gíGji AãmgƒGni Drcwî cÉwò×qvi eYÆbv ˆevSvGZ eÅen…Z nGZ ^vGK| A^Ævr, f„-cÉK‡wZ kõwU cieZÆxGZ cÉvK‡wZK f„GMvj kvGÕ¨i (f„Zî½, AvenvIqv weævb ‰es mgy`Ë weævb hvi A¯¦Æfzî×) mgv^ÆK nGq `vuovq| AvaywbK KvGj f„-cÉK‡wZ ÷aygvò cÉvK‡wZK f„GMvj kvGÕ¨i ‰KwU Ask Z^v, f„wgi…Gci Drcwî I eYÆbvGZB mxwgZ ^vGK| ‰KB f„Zvwî½K MVb I RjevqyMZ BwZnvm iGqGQ ‰es djÕ¼i…c ‰KB mgi…c f„i…cZvwî½K BwZnvm aviY KGi ‰gb ‰KwU mgmZ½ AçjGK f„-cÉvK‡wZK Açj ev ‰KK ejv nq| Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB ‰KwU f„-cÉvK‡wZK Açj Zvi msj™² AbÅ AçjàGjv ˆ^GK DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe c†^K ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AwaKvix nq|

evsjvG`Gki f„-c†GÓ¤i cÉvq AGaÆK Ask Mãv, eËþcyò ‰es ˆgNbv  ‰B wZbwU e†nr b`xcÉYvjxi meÆwbÁ² fvwUGZ AewÕ©Z ‰es Mo DœPZv 10 wgUvi mGgv®²wZ ˆiLvi wbGP| DœPZv I f„wgi…Gci mGã mvgémÅ ˆiGL evsjvG`Gki f„-cÉK‡wZGK cÉavb wZbwU fvGM fvM Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi: Uviwkqvix hyGMi cvnvo, µÏvBmGUvwmb ˆmvcvb ‰es bexb hyGMi µÏvebf„wg ‰jvKv| mgy`Ë mgZj ˆ^GK Lye ˆewk DuPz bv nIqvq cÉwZ eQi cÉej ˆgŒmywg elÆGYi dGj ˆ`Gki AwaKvsk ‰jvKv µÏvweZ nq|

Mãv-c«Âv, eËþcyò (hgybv) I ˆgNbv b`x ‰es ZvG`i AmsLÅ Dcb`x I kvLvb`x evwnZ ˆKvqvUvibvwi hyGMi (cÉvq 20 jÞ eQi cƒeÆ ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi eZÆgvb mgq chƯ¦) cjj evsjvG`Gki cÉvq wZb-PZz^Ævsk ‰jvKvq mwçZ nGqGQ| mvÁ·ÉwZK mgqKvGj cwjR mgf„wgi gaÅ, Dîi ‰es cwøg AçGji f„-cÉK‡wZ ‰es wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©vq DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwieZÆb mƒwPZ nGqGQ| weMZ `yk ermGi Mãv ‰es wZÕ¦v b`xi cƒeÆgyLx Õ©vbv¯¦i ‰es ˆmB mGã eËþcyGòi DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe cwøggyLx Õ©vbv¯¦i mvÁ·ÉwZK mgqKvGjI gnxMvVwbK f„-AvGjvoGbi (epeirogenic movements) mvÞÅ enb KiGQ| Uviwkqvix hyGMi wUjv I cvnvomgƒn wkjs gvjf„wgi `wÞY cvk¼Æxq Škjwkivq ‰KwU mi‚ wPjGZ eivei fviGZi wòcyiv I wgGRvivg ivRÅ ‰es gvqvbgvGii mxgvbv ˆNuGl wmGjU ˆRjvi cƒeÆ I `wÞYfvGM ‰es ˆ`Gki `wÞY-cƒGeÆ AewÕ©Z cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg RyGo weÕ¦‡Z|

AvaywbK `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gki f„-cÉK‡wZGK myÕ·Ó¡ wZbwU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq, h^v: (K) µÏveb mgf„wg, (L) ˆmvcvb Açj ‰es (M) cveÆZÅ Açj| ‰G`i cÉGZÅGK wbRÕ¼ ŠewkÓ¡Å «¼viv ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ| weÕ¦‡ZfvGe ˆ`Gki f„-cÉK‡wZGK 24wU Dc-AçGj ‰es 54wU ‰KGK fvM Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| cÉavb cÉavb f„-cÉvK‡wZK wefvM ‰es Dc-wefvMmgƒn wbÁ²i…c:

(1) cyivZb wngvjq ceÆZ cv`G`kxq mgf„wg; (2) wZÕ¦v µÏvebf„wg; (3) cyivZb eËþcyò µÏvebf„wg; (4) hgybv (bexb eËþcyò) µÏvebf„wg; (5) nvIi AeevwnKv; (6) myigv-Kzwkqviv µÏvebf„wg; (7) ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg " K) gaÅ ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg, L) ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg, M) cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg, (N) bexb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg; (8) MvGãq µÏveb mgf„wg; (9) MvGãq ˆRvqvi-fvUv µÏvebf„wg; (10) my±`ieb ‰jvKv; (11) ˆjvqvi AvòvB AeevwnKv; (12) Avwoqvj wej; (13) ˆMvcvjMé-Lyjbv cxU AeevwnKv; (14) PëMÉvg DcK„jxq mgf„wg; (15) Dîi I cƒeÆvsGki ceÆZ cv`G`kxq mgf„wg; (16) µÏvBmGUvwmb KvGji DuPzf„wgmgƒn " K) eGi±`Êf„wg, L) gaycyi Mo, M) wòcyiv c†Ó¤; (17) Dîi I cƒeÆvsGki cvnvomgƒn " K) wbÁ² DœPZvi ceÆZmvwi (Wzwc wUjv I wWwns f„-MVbmgƒn), L) DuPz ceÆZmvwi (myigv I wUcvg f„-MVbmgƒn)|

cyivZb wngvjq ceÆZ cv`G`kxq mgf„wg  ceÆZ ˆ^GK mgf„wgGZ cwZZ wewf®² Rjaviv I b`b`x KZƆK wngvjq ceÆZ ˆ^GK evwnZ cwj ceÆGZi cv`G`Gk AeGÞcGYi dGj mylg XvjwewkÓ¡ ‰B cv`G`kxq mgf„wg MwVZ nGqGQ| wngvjq ceÆZ cv`G`kxq mgf„wgi ‰KwU Ask evsjvG`Gki Dîi-cwøg ˆKvY w`Gq ˆ`Gki Afů¦Gi mÁcÉmvwiZ nGqGQ, hv cÉvq mgMÉ w`bvRcyi AçGj weÕ¦‡Z| ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 3,870 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi| ‰B AçjwU wngvjGqi cv`G`kxq evjyKvivwk ‰es bywo «¼viv AvœQvw`Z| ‰àGjv wngvjGqi cv`G`Gk AewÕ©Z ˆUivB ‰jvKv ˆ^GK gnvb±`v I KiGZvqv b`x ‰es ZvG`i kvLv-cÉkvLv KZƆK AvbxZ I cwjR cvLv wnGmGe mwçZ nGqGQ| cv`G`kxq mçqbmgƒn wejwÁ¼Z µÏvBmGUvwmb (Late Pleistocene) A^ev cÉv^wgK nGjvwmb (Early Holocene) mgqKvGji gGZv cyivGbv, ZGe gaycyi K`Æg ˆ^GK bexbZi| ‰B f„wgi…Gci wbÓ•vkb cÉYvjx webywb cÉK‡wZi ‰es ‰KvwaK AMfxi, cÉkÕ¦, gm†Y wK¯§ AwbqwgZ AvK‡wZi Škjwkiv wewkÓ¡| ‰ mgÕ¦ Škjwkiv AmsLÅ cÉkÕ¦ wK¯§ AMfxi b`xLvZ «¼viv wefî×, ˆhàGjv Nb Nb kvLvwqZ nGqGQ, Avevi cybGhÆvwRZ nGqGQ| hLb ‰ AçjwU axGi axGi DwïZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi ZLb ˆ^GKB wZÕ¦v b`x AçjwU cwiZÅvM KGi| ‰jvKvwU DuPz nGq IVvi KviGYB ‰LvbKvi Þz`Ë Þz`Ë b`xàGjv eZÆgvGb mgf„wgi cÉavb gvòvi wbGP cÉvq 6 wgUvi Mfxi chƯ¦ LvZ m†wÓ¡ KGi cÉevwnZ nGœQ (Dîi ˆ^GK `wÞGY ‰B cwigvc axGi axGi nËvm ˆcGqGQ)| cv`G`kxq mgf„wg Dîi ˆ^GK `wÞY w`GK mylgfvGe Xvjy nGq wMGqGQ| XvGji Dîi cÉv¯¦ mgy`ËmgZj ˆ^GK MGo 96 wgUvi DuPz ‰es `wÞY cÉv¯¦ 33 wg| mgMÉ VvKziMvuI ˆRjv ‰es cçMo I w`bvRcyi ˆRjvi AwaKvsk f„fvM ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KGKi A¯¦fÆyî×| ‰B mgf„wgi AwaKvsk Õ©vbB ebÅvq µÏvweZ nq bv|

wZÕ¦v µÏvebf„wg  cwøGg wngvjGqi cv`G`kxq mgf„wg ‰es cƒeÆ w`GK Dîi-`wÞGY cÉevwnZ eËþcyò bG`i WvbZxi chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z ‰KwU e†nr f„-cÉvK‡wZK Açj| `wÞGY eàov ˆRjvi ˆkicyi chƯ¦ mÁcÉmvwiZ ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK Açj cÉvPxb wZÕ¦v b`xMwVZ ‰KwU µÏvebf„wg| ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 13,283 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi| ‰ AçGji AwaKvsk f„wgB elÆv ˆgŒmyGg AMfxifvGe µÏvweZ nq| ZGe NvNU b`x eivei ‰KwU AMfxi Aef„wgi (Depression) AeÕ©vb iGqGQ, ˆhLvGb ebÅvi MfxiZv gvSvwi aiGbi nGq ^vGK| wZÕ¦v, aijv ‰es `yaKzgvi  ‰B wZbwU e†nr b`x wZÕ¦v µÏvebf„wgGK ˆQ` KGiGQ| ‰B b`xòGqi mwò×q µÏvebf„wgmgƒn ZvG`i evjyZU I w`qviv cÉf‡wZmn mPivPi Qq wKGjvwgUvGii ˆPGq Kg cÉkÕ¦|

cyivZb eËþcyò µÏvebf„wg  1787 mvGj eËþcyò bG`i MwZavivq ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwieZÆb msNwUZ nq| ˆm eQi eËþcyò gaycyi MGoi cƒeÆ cvk¼Æ ˆ^GK MwZ cwieZÆb KGi cwøg cvk¼Æ w`Gq cÉevwnZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi| eËþcyò bG`i ‰B bZzb MwZc^ hgybv bvGg AwfwnZ nGZ ^vGK| evnv`yivev` ‰es ŠfiGei gaÅeZÆx eËþcyGòi cƒeÆZb cÉevnwU cyivZb eËþcyò bvGg LyeB msKxYÆ ‰KwU avivq cwiYZ nq| cwj mçqGbi `i‚b ‰wU gvò `yB wKGjvwgUvi cÉkÕ¦ ‰KwU Þz`Ë ˆgŒmywg b`xLvZ wnGmGe cÉevwnZ nGœQ| cyivZb eËþcyò µÏvebf„wg MvGiv cvnvGoi `wÞY-cwøg ˆKvY ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi gaycyi MGoi cƒeÆ cÉv¯¦ eivei nGq wbGÁ² ˆgNbv b`x chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z ‰es cÉkÕ¦ Škjwkiv I Aef„wg mg¯¼Gq mylg f„wgi…c cÉ`kÆb KGi| Aef„wg Açjmgƒn mvaviYZ ‰K wgUvGii AwaK MfxiZvq µÏvweZ nq| wK¯§ Škjwkivmgƒn ˆKejgvò elÆvi mgq AMfxifvGe µÏvweZ nGq ^vGK| ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 9,431 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi|

hgybv (bexb eËþcyò) µÏvebf„wg  cyivZb eËþcyò ‰es AGcÞvK‡Z bZzb hgybv b`xGK c†^K Kivi RbÅ ‰B µÏvebf„wg Š«¼Z bvgKiY Kiv nGq ^vGK| 1787 mvGji cƒGeÆ eËþcyò b` cƒeÆgyLx eZÆgvGbi cyivZb eËþcyGòi MwZc^ eivei cÉevwnZ nGZv| ˆm eQi eËþcyGò cÉej ebÅv msNwUZ nIqvq b`xwU Zvi cyivZb MwZc^ cwieZÆb KGi `wÞYgyLx wSbvB I ˆKvbvB b`x eivei cÉevwnZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi ‰es cÉkÕ¦ I webywb (braided) ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·®² hgybv b`x MVb KGi| eËþcyGòi ‰B MwZ cwieZÆb cÉwò×qv 1830 mvj bvMv` mÁ·®² nq| eGi±`Ê f„wg I gaycyi Mo ‰B `ywU µÏvBmGUvwmb ˆmvcvGbi DïvGbi dGj gaÅeZÆx AçGj ˆh MÉÕ¦ DcZÅKvi (rift valley) m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj Zvi gaÅ w`Gq eËþcyGòi bZzb cÉevn e†nr hgybvi i…c avib KGi| hgybv b`xi Dfq ZxGii Açjàwj ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK Dc-AçGji A¯¦Æfzî×| ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 7,074 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi|

‰B µÏvebf„wgGK Avevi evãvjx-KiGZvqv µÏvebf„wg, hgybv-aGjk¼ix µÏvebf„wg ‰es w`qviv I Pi cÉf‡wZ KGqKwU Dc-wefvGM wefî× Kiv hvq| hgybvi WvbZxi, Z^v ‰KmgqKvi wZÕ¦v µÏvebf„wgi ‰KwU Ask e†nîi µÏvebf„wgiB ‰KwU Ask wnGmGe we`Ågvb wQj| hgybvi KGqKwU kvLvb`x hgybv µÏvebf„wgi evgZxi AsGki gaÅ w`Gq cÉevwnZ nGqGQ, hvG`i gGaÅ aGjk¼ix e†nîg| hgybv I aGjk¼ix wgwjZfvGe hgybv-aGjk¼ix µÏvebf„wg bvGg ‰KwU DcGkÉYx MVb KGiGQ| ‰B DcGkÉYxi `wÞYvsk ‰Kmgq MvGãq µÏvebf„wgi Ask wQj| eËþcyò-hgybv ‰es Mãvi cÉevn eivei eü msLÅK w`qviv I Pi MGo DGVGQ| cÉK‡ZcGÞ, evsjvG`Gki AbÅ ˆh ˆKvb b`xi ˆPGq hgybv b`xGZ PGii msLÅv ˆewk ‰es evsjvG`Gk cÉGeGki ci ˆ^GK aGjk¼ix b`x chƯ¦ hgybvq PGii ‰KwU avivevwnKZv m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| Dfq Zxi cÉPzi msLÅK w`qvivi DcwÕ©wZ «¼viv wefî×| Pi ‰es w`qvivi g†wîKv I f‡wgi…Gc DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cv^ÆKÅ jÞÅ Kiv hvq| ‰ mKj cwie†w«¬i mGeÆvœP I meÆwbÁ² DïvGbi gaÅKvi cv^ÆKÅ cÉvq 5 wgUvGii gGZv| ˆh ˆKvb cvGo DœPZi cvomgƒn ‰es ‰G`i gaÅKvi eÅeavb 6 wgUvi chƯ¦ nGZ cvGi| wKQy wKQy Škjwkiv AMfxifvGe µÏvweZ nGjI AwaKvsk Škjwkiv ‰es µÏvebf„wgi AeevwnKvmgƒn elÆv ˆgŒmyGg cÉvq Pvi gvmvwaKKvj (gaÅ Ryb ˆ^GK gaÅ AGÙvei chƯ¦) 0.91 wgUvGiiI AwaK MfxiZvq µÏvweZ nGq ^vGK|

nvIi AeevwnKv  e†nr, mylg AebwgZ f„-cÉK‡wZ hv cwøGg cyivZb eËþcyò, DîGi ˆgNvjq gvjf„wgi cv`G`k, cƒGeÆ wmGjGUi DuPz mgf„wg ‰es `wÞGY cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg «¼viv ˆewÓ¡Z| cƒeÆ-cwøg ‰es Dîi-`wÞGY ‰B AeevwnKvi mGeÆvœP Š`NÅÆ 113 wKGjvwgUvGii wKQy ˆewk| ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK AçjwUGK wmGjU AeevwnKv bvGgI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| AmsLÅ nË` (wej) I e†n`vK‡wZi Rjvkq (nvIi) «¼viv 5,025 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvGii ‰B ‰jvKv MwVZ| e†nr wcwiPvK‡wZi ‰B AeevwnKv Aebgbkxj ‰es f„Zî½we`G`i gGZ ‰B Aebgb cÉwò×qv NwbÓ¤fvGe gaycyi MGoi DïvGbi mGã mÁ·wKÆZ| weMZ 200 eQGi ‰B ‰jvKv 9 ˆ^GK 12 wgUvi AebwgZ nGqGQ eGj cwigvc Kiv nq ‰es eZÆgvGbI Zv mwò×q iGqGQ| ‰B AeevwnKv elÆvKvGj wbqwgZfvGe µÏvweZ nGq ^vGK| wkjs ÕZ„c-ceÆGZi `wÞGYi AwfwÞµ¦ cvk¼Æxq kvLv eivei AewÕ©Z cvnvomgƒn QvovI eümsLÅK Þz`Ë Þz`Ë ceÆZgvjv evsjvG`Gki `wÞY-cƒGeÆ wmGjU AçGj weÕ¦†Z iGqGQ| f„i…cZvwî½K MVbMZ w`K ˆ^GK ˆQvU chÆvGqi ZGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ‰B Þy`Ë cvnvomgƒnGK Õ©vbxqfvGe wUjv ejv nGq ^vGK| ŠKjvm wUjv, Wzwc wUjv ‰es weqvbxevRvGii wUjvmgƒnmn wmGjGUi wUjvmgƒn mvaviYZ µÏvGqv-µÏvBmGUvwmb hyGMi KKÆixq cjj (clastic sediments) «¼viv MwVZ ‰es ‰G`i mGeÆvœP DœPZv Mo mgy`Ë c†Ó¤ ˆ^GK 60 wgUvi|

myigv-Kzwkqviv µÏvebf„wg  nvIi AeevwnKv Z^v wmGjU AeevwnKvi cƒeÆvçGji gaÅ w`Gq cÉevwnZ b`xmgƒn «¼viv MwVZ| ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 4,865 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi| wmGjU AçGji wbKUeZÆx wKQy Þz`Ë cvnvo ‰es cv`G`kxq ‰jvKvmgƒn ‰B µÏvebf„wgi A¯¦fÆyî×| AbÅò ‰B f„wgi…c mvaviYfvGe mycÉkÕ¦ Škjwkiv I AeevwnKv «¼viv MwVZ ‰KwU mylg MVbwewkÓ¡ f„wgi…c| wK¯§ Õ©vbxqfvGe b`xLvZmgƒn eivei ‰B f„wgi…c AwbqwgZ| g†wîKv ŠewkÓ¡Å Škjwkiv ‰jvKvq cÉavbZ fvwi cwjMwVZ ‰es AeevwnKv ‰jvKvq K`ÆgMwVZ| cÉvK-ˆgŒmywg evqy, ˆgŒmywg evqy ‰es ˆgŒmywg evqy-Dîi " ‰B wZb mgqKvGjB ‰B µÏvebf„wgGZ AvKwÕÃK ebÅv msNwUZ nq ‰es A͸ mgGqi eÅeavGb µÏveb MfxiZvq eÅvcK cv^ÆKÅ cwijwÞZ nq| Õ¼vfvweK µÏvebgvòv ŠkjwkivmgƒGn cÉavbZ AMfxi ‰es AeevwnKv ‰jvKvq Mfxi|

ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg  f„-cÉK‡wZi ‰B ‰KKwU PviwU Dc-‰KGK wefî×: (K) gaÅ ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg, (L) ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg, (M) cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg ‰es (N) bexb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg|

gaÅ ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg  DRvGb ˆgNbvi gƒj cÉevn ˆ^GK Šfie evRvGii KvGQ c«Âv I aGjk¼ixi cÉevGni mGã wgwjZ nIqv chƯ¦ b`xLvZ gaÅ ˆgNbv bvGg AwfwnZ| gaÅ ˆgNbv MwVZ µÏvebf„wg ‰KvwaK weÕ¦†Z Pi I eü cÉkÕ¦ mwcÆjvKvi cÉevn wewkÓ¡ ‰KwU wbÁ²wÕ©Z f„-cÉK‡wZ| `yB kZvõx cƒGeÆ eËþcyò Zvi MwZc^ cwieZÆb KGi eZÆgvb hgybvi MwZc^ eivei cÉevwnZ nIqvi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ MwVZ µÏvebf„wgi AskweGkl ‰B µÏvebf„wgi A¯¦fÆyî×| ‰B µÏvebf„wgi cjj cÉavbZ cwjKYv I K`Æg mg†«¬| DîGii wKQy Škjwkivi c†Ó¤fvGM evjyKvgq eËþcyò cjj we`Ågvb| ‰B f„wgGZ ˆgNbvm†Ó¡ ˆgŒmywg ebÅvi (seasonal flood) gvòv cÉavbZ Mfxi| AeevwnKv ‰jvKvmgƒn elÆv FZzi ÷i‚GZB Rjg™² nGq cGo ‰es wbÓ•vwkZI nq wejGÁ¼| ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK Dc-‰KGKi ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 972 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi|

ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg  c«Âv I ˆgNbvi mãgÕ©j ˆ^GK `wÞYgyLx ˆgNbvi ˆgvnbv chƯ¦ AskGK ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kiv nq| ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv b`xi evgZxGii cwj Mãv, hgybv ‰es ˆgNbvevwnZ wgkÉ cjj «¼viv MwVZ| ‰mKj mçqb cwjKYvi cÉvavbÅ «¼viv ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ| b`xZxGii wbKUeZÆx µÏvebf„wgGZ MvGãq Dcv`vb AbycÉGeGki KviGY mvgvbÅ cwigvGY Pzbhyî×| Õ©jfvGMi Afů¦Gi cjj Pzbwenxb ‰es ‰G`i ˆewkifvMB c«Âv b`x-Avwoqvj Luv b`x eivei MwZc^ ˆ^GK 1840 mvj bvMv` eZÆgvGbi ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv eivei cÉevwnZ nIqvi cƒGeÆB mwçZ nGqGQ| ‰B µÏvebf„wgGZ A͸msLÅK AwbqwgZ Škjwkiv ‰es AeevwnKv aiGbi f„wgi…c we`Ågvb, wK¯§ AwaKvsk ‰jvKvB wXwe AvK‡wZi ‰es emwZ I PvlvevG` eÅen…Z| cƒGeÆ ˆgŒmywg µÏvebgvòv wQj cwiwgZ cwigvGY Mfxi ‰es `wÞY AsGk Š`wbK `yevi ˆRvqvifvUvi KviGY ‰B MfxiZvi nËvm-e†w«¬ NUGZv| eZÆgvGb Puv`cyi ˆmP cÉKG͸i myiwÞZ I wbÓ•vwkZ ‰jvKvmgƒGn ebÅvi gvòv cÉavbZ AMfxi ‰es cÉavbZ e†wÓ¡i cvwb w`GqB Zv msNwUZ nq| f„-cÉK‡wZi ‰B Dc-‰KKwUi AvqZb cÉvq 797 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi|

cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg  weÕ¦†Z ‰B f„wgi…c ˆgNbvi b`xR ‰es ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wg ˆ^GK cyGivcywi wf®² ŠewkÓ¡ÅcƒYÆ| AeevwnKv ‰jvKv ‰es Škjwkiv ‰jvKvi gGaÅ DœPZvi mvgvbÅ cv^ÆKÅ Qvov cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg cÉvq mgZj| ‰B f„-cÉK‡wZi `wÞYvsGk cÉvK‡wZK b`b`x ‰es Rjavivi DcwÕ©wZ bv ^vKvq Lvj Lbb KGi wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjv nGqGQ| ‰ AçGji g†wîKv cÉavbZ Mfxi ‰es cwjKYvmg†«¬, ZGe wKQy wKQy AeevwnKvi ˆKG±`Ê g†wîKv AMfxi K`Æg Õ¦i «¼viv Ave†Z ^vGK| `wÞY-cƒeÆvsk eÅZxZ meÆò ˆgŒmywg ebÅvi gvòv cÉavbZ Mfxi| AeevwnKvi ˆK±`ÊàGjvGZ ÷Ó• FZz RyGoI Av`ËÆ AeÕ©v weivR KGi| evBGii b`xmgƒn hLb DœPgvòvq cÉevwnZ nGZ ^vGK ZLb gƒjZ e†wÓ¡cvGZi dGj f„fvGM mwçZ cvwb «¼viv ‰B ‰jvKvq ebÅv msNwUZ nGq ^vGK| ÷aygvò Þz`Ë Þz`Ë b`b`xi (ˆhgb, ˆMvgZx) AvkcvGki µÏvebf„wgmgƒn b`xi cvwb «¼viv µÏvweZ nq| ‰B Þz`Ë b`xàGjvB cÉvq 7,387 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi AvqZGbi cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wgGK msj™² cvnvo ‰es cv`G`kxq ‰jvKvmgƒn ˆ^GK wewœQ®² KGiGQ|

bexb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg  ˆgNbv ˆgvnbv ‰es Zrmsj™² ‰jvKv RyGo weÕ¦†Z mgZjcÉvq f„wg| ˆgvnbv msj™² «¼xcmgƒn ‰es gƒj f„Lí ‰jvKv ‰B µÏvebf„wgi A¯¦MÆZ| me wgwjGq ‰B Dc-‰KKwUi AvqZb cÉvq 4,637 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi| µÏvebf„wgi cÉv¯¦xq ‰jvKvq weivgnxb be be cwj mçqb I ÞqKvGhÆi dGj f„wgi AvK‡wZ cÉwZwbqZ cwiewZÆZ i…c jvf KGi| mwçZ cjjmgƒn mvgvbÅ cwigvGY Pzbhyî× Mfxi cwjKYv, ˆhàwj cwiGkGl Õ¦ixf„Z nGq hvq| ‰B µÏvebf„wgi eü Õ©vGb g†wîKvi c†Ó¤fvM ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg wewf®² gvòvq jeYvî× nGq cGo, ZGe mKj AsGk ‰B NUbv NGU bv| ˆgŒmywg µÏvebgvòv cÉavbZ AMfxi, ZGe ˆRvqvifvUvi KviGY MfxiZv IVvbvgv KGi| e†wÓ¡cvZ A^ev b`b`xi Õ¼v`ycvwbi «¼vivB gƒjZ ‰B ebÅv msNwUZ nGq ^vGK| ˆgŒmywg FZzGZ AcÉZÅvwkZ DœP ˆRvqvifvUv A^ev ò×v¯¦xq NƒwYÆSGoi mgq m†Ó¡ RGjvœQ¾vGmi jeYvî× cvwb w`Gq ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK AçGji ‰GKevGiB cÉv¯¦xq ‰jvKvq ebÅv msNwUZ nq|

MvGãq µÏvebf„wg  Mãv b`x KZ‡ÆK m†Ó¡ mwò×q µÏvebf„wg ‰es msj™² mwcÆjvKvi weÕ¦xYÆ µÏvebf„wg wbGq MwVZ, hvi AvqZb cÉvq 23,213 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi| mwcÆjvKvi µÏvebf„wg cÉavbZ Škjwkiv, AeevwnKv ‰es cyivZb b`xLvZ mg¯¼Gq MwVZ ‰KwU mylg f„wgi…c| MvGãq µÏvebf„wg Õ©vbxqfvGe eZÆgvb ‰es cwiZÅî× b`xi MwZc^ eivei AwbqwgZfvGe MGo DGVGQ| weGkl KGi, cwøgvçGj gvGS gvGS chÆvqò×Gg ŠiwLK wbÁ² Škjwkiv ‰es AebgbmgƒGni ‰KwU aviv MGo DGVGQ| mwò×q µÏvebf„wgGZ Mãv b`x cÉwZeQi ebÅvi mgq AeÅvnZfvGe ÞqKvhÆ ‰es bZzb bZzb e†nr Pivf„wg MVGbi gvaÅGg Zvi MwZc^ cwieZÆb KGi PGjGQ| ZGe eËþcyò-hgybvi Zzjbvq ‰B b`x Kg PGivrcv`x| mçqbKvGj MvGãq cjj Pzbhyî×, ZGe AwaKvsk AeevwnKv K`Æg ˆkÉYxi| wKQy cyivZb Škjwkivi g†wîKv Ea»ÆÕ¦Gi A-PzbxK‡Z ‰es AÁÏxK‡Z, ‰aiGbi g†wîKvi ˆKejgvò A¯¦tÕ¦Gi PzGbi DcwÕ©wZ ˆ`Lv hvq| AeevwnKvàGjvGZ ‰es AwaKvsk Škjwkivi gaÅfvGM K`Æg g†wîKvi cÉvavbÅ iGqGQ| Škjwkivi wkLiG`Gk cÉavbZ ˆ`v-Auvk g†wîKv ‰es KLbI KLbI evjyKv g†wîKvi cÉvavbÅ we`Ågvb|

MvGãq µÏvebf„wgi cwøg ‰es DîifvGM ˆgŒmywg ebÅvi gvòv cÉavbZ AMfxi ‰es DuPz Škjwkivi wkLiG`k Õ¼vfvweK ebÅvi AvIZvgyî× ^vGK| ZGe cƒeÆ ‰es `wÞY w`GK ebÅvi MfxiZv ò×gk e†w«¬ cvq| cÉavbZ e†wÓ¡cvZ ‰es f„MfÆÕ© cvwbi Õ¦i DwïZ nIqvi dGj ebÅv msNwUZ nGq ^vGK| mwò×q MvGãq µÏvebf„wg ‰es ‰i wbKUeZÆx Dcb`x LvZmsj™² ‰jvKvq elÆv FZzGZ b`xi cÉevngvòv ˆeGo ˆMGj AGbK mgq ‰i eÅwZò×g nGq ^vGK| Dîi-cwøGgi gnvb±`v µÏvebf„wg ‰es `wÞY-cƒGeÆi cyivZb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wgi wKQy wewœQ®² ‰jvKv ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KGKi A¯¦fÆyî×| wZÕ¦v I Mãvi wgkÉ cjj «¼viv m†Ó¡ mKj AwbqwgZ f„-cÉK‡wZ wbGq gnvb±`v µÏvebf„wg MwVZ| ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wgi wewœQ®² Askmgƒn mylg ‰es cÉavbZ cwjgvwU «¼viv MwVZ, hv ˆgŒmywg FZzGZ e†wÓ¡cvGZi KviGY MfxifvGe µÏvweZ nGq ^vGK| ivRkvnx, bvGUvi, cvebv I hGkvi ˆRjvi ˆewkifvM ‰jvKv; mgMÉ KzwÓ¡qv, ivRevox, dwi`cyi, ˆgGnicyi, PzqvWvãv, wSbvB`n, gvàiv ˆRjv; gvwbKMé, bvivqYMé, gyw´ÖMé, kwiqZcyi, gv`vixcyi, ewikvj, ˆMvcvjMé, bovBj, Lyjbv, evGMinvU I mvZÞxiv ˆRjvi AskweGkl MvGãq µÏvebf„wgi A¯¦fÆyî×| f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰B ‰KKwU AvK‡wZi w`K ˆ^GK cÉvq wòGKvYvKvi ‰es `wÞGY iGqGQ MvGãq ˆRvqvi-fvUv µÏvebf„wg| MvGãq µÏvebf„wg Zvi `wÞY cÉvG¯¦ ˆMvcvjMé-Lyjbv cxU AeevwnKvGK Ave«¬ KGi ˆiGLGQ|

MvGãq ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wg  MvGãq µÏvebf„wgi `wÞYvsk MvGãq ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wg bvGg cwiwPZ| AmsLÅ ˆmËvZR b`b`x (tidal rivers) I Lvwo (creeks)"i mg¯¼Gq `vevi QK-KvUv NGii gGZv KwZÆZ AbyœP Škjwkiv ‰es AeevwnKv wbGq MvGãq ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wg MwVZ| Õ©vbxq f„wgi DœPZvi cv^ÆKÅ mvaviYZ 1 wgUvGiiI Kg, ˆhLvGb MvGãq µÏvebf„wgGZ ‰B cv^ÆKÅ 2 ˆ^GK 3 wgUvGii gGZv| f„wg MVbKvix cjj cÉavbZ Pzbwenxb K`Æg RvZxq, ZGe b`x ZximgƒGn ‰es cƒeÆw`GK ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg msj™² AeÕ©v¯¦wiZ Açj cwjKYvmg†«¬ ‰es mvgvbÅ cwigvGY Pzbhyî×| mvZÞxiv, Lyjbv, evGMinvU, wcGivRcyi, ewikvj, cUzqvLvjx I ˆfvjv ˆRjvi AwaKvsk ‰jvKv ‰es mgMÉ SvjKvwV I eiàbv ˆRjv MvGãq ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wgi A¯¦MÆZ| ZGe `wÞY-cwøGg AewÕ©Z my±`ieb ‰B µÏvebf„wgi ewnfƃZ| ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KKwUi AvqZb cÉvq 10,981 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi|

Mãv b`x mviveQi Dîi-cƒeÆ ‰es cƒeÆw`GK Õ¼v`ycvwb enb KiGjI jeYvî× cvwb Õ©jfvGMi w`GK ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg cwøGg ‰es cÉvq mviv eQiB wKsev eQGii ˆewkifvM mgq aGi `wÞY-cwøg AsGk ò×GgB AbycÉGek KiGQ| Mãvi kvLvb`xmgƒn ‰es ˆjvqvi ˆgNbv b`x DœP µÏvebgvòvq ^vKvKvjxb AeÕ©vq cÉavbZ e†wÓ¡i cvwb f„fvGM Ave«¬ nGq covi KviGY Dîi-cƒeÆvsGk ˆgŒmywg FZzGZ cwiwgZ MfxiZvi ebÅv msNwUZ nq| AbÅò mviveQi A^ev ˆgŒmywg FZzGZ fiv ˆRvqvGii mgq cÉavbZ AMfxi µÏveb msNwUZ nGq ^vGK| ZGe ˆhmKj weÕ¦†Z ‰jvKvq euva ev ˆcvΣvi w`Gq ˆRvqvim†Ó¡ ebÅv cÉwZGiva Kiv nGqGQ, ˆmmKj ‰jvKv ‰i eÅwZò×g| AGbK mgq AekÅ euvGai Afů¦Gi Ave«¬ e†wÓ¡i cvwb «¼viv mvgwqK ebÅv msNwUZ nq| DîGii DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwigvY ‰jvKv ‰es cƒeÆvsGki gvwU mviveQi jeYgyî× ^vGK, wK¯§ ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg `wÞY-cwøg AçGji gvwU wewf®² gvòvq jeYvî× nGq cGo|

my±`ieb Açj  MvGãq ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wgi `wÞY I `wÞY-cwøGg AewÕ©Z weÕ¦†Z f„wg hv mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK gvò 0.91 wg DuPz| 4,707 eMÆ wKwg AvqZGbi ‰B AZÅwaK wbÁ²f„wg RyGo MGo DGVGQ my±`ieb ‰es my±`ieb ‰KK bvGg cwiwPZ cybi‚«¬viK‡Z PvGli Rwg| AZÅwaK wbPz ‰B e†n`vK‡wZi ˆgvnbvR ‰jvKvi we`ÅgvbZvi ˆcQGb mÁ¿eZ `ywU KviY iGqGQ  Mãvi kvLvmgƒn KZ‡ÆK AchÆvµ¦ mçqKvhÆ A^ev f„-Aebgb| Mãvi cÉavb cÉavb kvLvmgƒGni ˆKbwUB KLGbv ‰B Açj w`Gq cÉevwnZ nGZv bv, eis ˆKejgvò ˆQvU ˆQvU wKQy kvLvB weMZ KGqK kZvõx aGi mçqKvhÆ cwiPvjbv KGi AvmGQ| ‰B ˆgvnbv ‰jvKvi MVbKvhÆ ‰LbI mÁ·ƒYÆ nq wb| Avevi ‰UvI aviYv Kiv nq ˆh, mÁ¿eZ f„-Aebgb cÉwò×qv ‰B ‰jvKvi AZÅwaK wbÁ² nIqvi ˆcQGb f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQ| ‰B aviYvi ˆcQGb eü mvÞÅ-cÉgvYI iGqGQ, ˆhgb, Rjg™² ‰B ‰jvKvi gaÅfvGM ˆkGLiGUK I ˆe`Kvwk ‰jvKvq e†nr a»smveGkGli AwÕ¦Z½ iGqGQ| DwÍÏwLZ ‰jvKvmgƒGn mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i AGbK wbGP b†Zvwî½K wb`kÆb ‰es MvQcvjvi àuwo cwj «¼viv Pvcv cGo wMGqGQ| PGKvwiqv my±`ieb bvGg cwiwPZ my±`ieGbi ‰KwU wewœQ®² Ask KÝevRvGi gvZvgyüix b`xi ˆgvnbvq AewÕ©Z|

ˆjvqvi AvòvB AeevwnKv  ˆgvUvgywU 855 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi AvqZGbi ‰KwU Þz`Ë f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KK, hv AvòvB ‰es Mãv b`xi wgkÉ cjjMwVZ wbÁ²wÕ©Z ‰jvKvq AewÕ©Z| ‰B AeevwnKv fi AeevwnKv bvGgI cwiwPZ; ‘fi’ kGõi A^Æ wbPz f„wg| AvòvB b`xi DîGii f„wgi…c cÉavbZ mgZj, ZGe b`xi `wÞGY AewÕ©Z f„-cÉK‡wZGZ µÏvebf„wg Škjwkivmgƒn ‰es myweÕ¦†Z AeevwnKv we`Ågvb| g†wîKv ŠewkGÓ¡Å fvwi K`ÆGgi cÉvavbÅ iGqGQ, ZGe `wÞY ‰es cwøGgi ŠkjwkivmgƒGni g†wîKv ˆ`v-Auvk cÉK‡wZi| elÆvq hgybvi AwZwiî× cÉevn üivmvMi b`xi gaÅ w`Gq cÉevwnZ nIqvi mgqKvGj ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK AçGji wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©v Ave«¬ nGq cGo| cƒGeÆ ˆgŒmywg ebÅvi gvòv wQj Mfxi ‰es Pjb weGji weÕ¦†Z ‰jvKv mviveQiB Rjg™² ^vKGZv| cieZÆxGZ 1960 mvj ˆ^GK ˆcvΣvi wbgÆvGYi dGj ‰B ‰jvKvi wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©v AGbKvsGk D®²wZ jvf KGi| Zv mGî½I KLGbv KLGbv Õ©vbxqfvGe cÉej e†wÓ¡cvGZi dGj wKsev AvòvB b`xGZ A^ev eGi±`Êf„wgi msj™² ‰jvKvq m†Ó¡ AvKwÕÃK ebÅvi dGj euva ˆfGã ˆcvΣvGii wfZGi I evBGi cÉej ebÅv msNwUZ nq|

Avwoqvj wej  XvKvi `wÞGY c«Âv I aGjk¼ix b`xi gvSLvGb AewÕ©Z cÉvq 136 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi AvqZGbi ‰KwU Aef„wg| cÉvq mgMÉ ‰jvKvB fvwi Kv`v w`Gq Ave†Z| `ywU e†nr b`xLvZ KvQvKvwQ ^vKvi ciI e†wÓ¡cvGZi mwçZ cvwb «¼viv ‰LvGb Mfxi gvòvq ˆgŒmywg µÏveb msNwUZ nGq ^vGK, ˆKbbv b`xàwji cÉevn ˆm mgq cwicƒYÆ ^vKvi KviGY Zviv ‰B mwçZ cvwb wbÓ•vkb KiGZ eÅ^Æ nq| ÷Ó• FZzGZI ‰B ‰jvKvi ˆewkifvM Av`ËÆ ^vGK|

ˆMvcvjMé-Lyjbv wcU AeevwnKv  MvGãq µÏvebf„wg ‰es MvGãq ˆRvqvifvUv µÏvebf„wg ‰jvKvi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z ‰KvwaK wbÁ² ‰jvKv wbGq 2,768 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi AvqZGbi ‰KwU f„-cÉvK‡wZK Açj| ‰B ‰jvKvi cÉavb `ywU wej nGœQ evwNqv wej I Pv±`v wej| elÆÕ©vqx Av`ËÆ AeevwnKvmgƒn RyGo fvwi wcU g†wîKv we`Ågvb, ZGe cÉv¯¦xq ‰jvKvq ‰B g†wîKv K`Æg «¼viv Ave†Z| wej ‰jvKvi Dci w`Gq cÉevwnZ Mãvi kvLvb`xmgƒn eivei ‰jvKv Pzbhyî× cwjKYvwewkÓ¡ cjj «¼viv Ave†Z ^vGK| ‰B ‰jvKv evsjvG`Gki e†nîg wcU gRyZKvix AeevwnKv| elÆvq ‰B AeevwnKv Açj e†wÓ¡i cvwbi «¼viv MfxifvGe µÏvweZ nGq ^vGK| Lyjbvi KvQvKvwQ AewÕ©Z wejmgƒGn ebÅvi cvwb Clr jeYvî× nGq ^vGK| ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KGK f„-Aebgb cÉwò×qv ‰LbI mwò×q|

PëMÉvg DcK„jxq mgf„wg  mgy`Ë DcK„j eivei PëMÉvg ˆRjvi msKxYÆ Õ©vb RyGo AewÕ©Z ‰KwU f„-cÉvK‡wZK Açj| DîGi ˆdbx b`x ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi `wÞGY gvZvgyüix b`xi e«¼xc chƯ¦ weÕ¦†Z ‰ mgf„wg 121 wKwg `xNÆ| Mo cÉÕ© 8 ˆ^GK 10 wKGjvwgUvi chƯ¦, ZGe KYÆdzwj b`xi ˆgvnbvq cÉvq 26 wKGjvwgUvi| ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KKwUi AvqZb cÉvq 3,027 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi| cveÆZÅ ‰jvKvi KvQvKvwQ ‰B f„wg mylg XvjwewkÓ¡ cv`G`kxq mgf„wg MVb KGiGQ| ˆdbx, KYÆdzjx, nvj`v ‰es AbÅvbÅ b`xi MwZc^ eivei MwVZ nGqGQ b`xMwVZ µÏvebf„wg; b`xàGjvi wbÁ² cÉevn eivei MwVZ nGqGQ ˆRvqvi-fvUv µÏvebf„wg; DîivsGk MwVZ nGqGQ bexb ˆgvnbvR Þz`Ë µÏvebf„wg I msj™² Dc-‰KK bexb ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wg; ‰es `wÞGY mvMi DcK„j eivei MwVZ nGqGQ evjyKvgq DcK„jxq Škjwkivf„wg| cveÆZÅ ‰jvKvi KvQvKvwQ cjGji ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉavbZ cwjKYvgq I Õ©vbxqfvGe evjymg†«¬ ‰es µÏvebf„wg AeevwnKvmgƒGn AwaKZi weÕ¦†Z K`ÆgwewkÓ¡| mgMÉ gƒj f„Lí AvKwÕÃK ebÅvi wkKvi| ebÅvi gvòv cÉavbZ AMfxi ‰es ebÅvi MfxiZv ˆRvqvifvUvi mGã mGã IVvbvgv KGi| ZGe DcK„jxq euva «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z ‰jvKv ‰es b`xi KviGY ˆhmKj ‰jvKvq ˆRvqvifvUv evavMÉÕ¦ nq ˆmmKj ‰jvKvq ebÅv ˆRvqvifvUvi cÉfvegyî× ^vGK| ˆRvqvifvUvi Š`wbK Mo eÅeavb cÉvq 2 wgUvi| ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg ˆRvqvifvUv ‰es ˆgvnbvR µÏvebf„wgi g†wîKv jeYvî× nGq cGo|

Dîi I cƒGeÆi ceÆZ cv`G`kxq mgf„wg  Dîi ‰es cƒGeÆi cvnvomgƒGni cv`G`kxq mxgvbv ˆNuGl Xvjy cÉK‡wZi ‰B cv`G`kxq mgf„wg AewÕ©Z| PëMÉvg AçGji cvnvomgƒGni cv`G`k msj™² ‰KB cÉKvi f„wgGK PëMÉvg DcK„jxq mgf„wgi A¯¦fÆyî× Kiv nGqGQ| cwjR cvLvMwVZ ‰B mgf„wg cvnvGoi KvQvKvwQ ‰jvKvq cÉavbZ cwjKYv A^ev evjyKvgq AeGÞc «¼viv ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ| AvkcvGki µÏvebf„wgi wbKUeZÆx AeevwnKvmgƒGn Kv`vi cÉvavbÅ iGqGQ| mgMÉ ‰jvKv elÆv FZzGZ AvKwÕÃK ebÅvi wkKvi nGq ^vGK| DœPZi AsGk msNwUZ ebÅv cÉavbZ AMfxi ‰es ˆ^GK ˆ^GK msNwUZ nq, ZGe AeevwnKv ‰jvKvq ebÅvi gvòv cwiwgZ Mfxi ˆ^GK MfxiZi nGq ^vGK| ‰B f„-cÉK‡wZi AvIZvq iGqGQ ˆkicyi ˆRjvi bvwjZvevox DcGRjvi ˆewkifvM ‰jvKv, wmGjU AçGji Zvwnicyi, wek¼Á¿icyi, ˆ`vqvivevRvi, ˆKvÁ·vbxMé, ˆMvqvBbNvU, gvaecyi, nweMé m`i, Pzbvi‚NvU, kÉxgãj, KgjMé ‰es KzjvDov| f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KKwUi AvqZb cÉvq 4,066 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi|

µÏvBmGUvwmb KvGji PZ½imgƒn  cƒGeÆ KzwgÍÏv ˆRjvi jvjgvB cvnvo ‰es msj™² wUjvmgƒn ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi XvKv I ivRkvnx wefvGMi gaÅ w`Gq fviGZi cwøgeã chƯ¦ cÉmvwiZ| ˆgNbv ‰es hgybv b`xcÉYvjx µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½imgƒnGK wòavivq wefî× Kivq wZbwU DwïZ AsGki m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ, hviv gm†Y AvG±`vwjZ f„-cÉK‡wZ cÉ`kÆb KiGQ| DwïZ Ask wZbwU nGœQ cwøg ˆ^GK cƒeÆ w`GK h^vò×Gg eGi±`Êf„wg, gaycyi Mo ‰es wZcviv c†Ó¤| cwøgvsGk Mãv ‰es hgybvi `yB kvLvb`x eywoMãv I aGjk¼ix µÏvBmGUvwmb KvGji PZ½imgƒGni `wÞY mxgv iPbv KGiGQ| ivRkvnx wefvGMi Dîi cÉvG¯¦ µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½Gii eGi±`Ê Ask wngvjGqi cv`G`kxq mgf„wgi mGã ‰KvKvi nGq wMGqGQ ‰es gqgbwmsn ˆRjvq ò×gk cwjMwVZ mgf„wgi mGã wgGk wMGqGQ| evsjvG`Gki ˆgvU cÉvq 11,401 eMÆ wKGjvwgUvi f„fvM RyGo µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½imgƒn weÕ¦†Z, hvG`i Mo Dïvb Mo mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK 15 wgUvGiiI AwaK|

eGi±`Êf„wg  Mãv ‰es eËþcyGòi gaÅeZÆx AeÕ©vGb ivRkvnx wefvGMi gaÅ ‰es ˆjvqvi cwøgvsk RyGo ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK Dc-‰KKwU weÕ¦†Z (7,387 eMÆ wKwg)| ‰wU cƒGeÆ KiGZvqv ‰es cwøGg gnvb±`v b`x «¼viv ˆewÓ¡Z| cybfÆev, AvòvB I ˆQvU hgybv eGi±`Êf„wgGK cÉavb PviwU AsGk wefî× KGiGQ| gnvb±`v-cybfÆevi gaÅeZÆx AskwU eÅZxZ AewkÓ¡ wZbwU AskB evsjvG`Gki A¯¦MÆZ| eãxq AeevwnKvq µÏvBmGUvwmb KvGj DwïZ ˆmvcvbmgƒGni gGaÅ eGi±`Êf„wg e†nîg| ‰i `wÞYvsGki AGcÞvK‡Z cyivZb PZ½ifvMwU mgZj gvjf„wg m`†k ‰es AbÅò mvgvbÅ cwigvGY ZiãvwqZ f„-c†Ó¤ wewkÓ¡| Õ©vbxq fvlvq ZiãvwqZ ‰jvKvi DuPz Ask ‘WvBs’ ‰es wbPz Ask ‘Kv±`i’ bvGg cwiwPZ| Kv±`i AsGki Rwgàwj meÆvGcÞv DeÆi| ‰B PZ½if„wg jvjGP I njy`vf ‰es AvswkK ˆQvc ˆQvc K`Æg «¼viv MwVZ| eGi±`Êf„wgi wbÓ•vkb cÉYvjx cÍÏweZ ev cÉkvLx b`xgvjvi DrK‡Ó¡ wb`kÆb| Lvwo bvGg cwiwPZ Þz`Ë Þz`Ë ˆmËvZavivàGjvi LvZ Mfxi ‰es mwcÆj| mvaviY µÏvebf„wgi Zzjbvq AZÅwaK DuPz (mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i ˆPGq cÉvq 45 wg DuPz) eGj ‰B f„wg evwlÆK µÏveGbi AvIZvgyî× ^vGK| eGi±`Êf„wgGK Dîi-cƒGeÆ ˆeÓ¡b KGi KiGZvqv b`x eivei 64 wKGjvwgUvi `xNÆ ‰KwU PzÅwZ we`Ågvb| ‰B PzÅwZ KiGZvqv b`xi MwZc^GK wbq¯¨Y KGiGQ| AbÅvbÅ Þz`Ë ˆmËvZavivàwj eGi±`Êf„wgi cƒeÆvskGK weGaŒZ KGi `wÞY-cwøGg ˆQvU hgybv b`xGZ cwZZ nGœQ| eGi±`Êf„wgi `wÞY-cƒGeÆi Aef„wgGK fi AeevwnKv bvGg AvLÅvwqZ Kiv nq| ivRkvnx, bvGUvi I cvebv ˆRjvi AskweGkl wbGq fi AeevwnKv MwVZ ‰es ‰i ˆK±`ÊfvGMi wekvj Rjg™² ‰jvKv Pjb wej bvGg mycwiwPZ|

gaycyi Mo  evsjvG`Gki ˆK±`ÊfvGM cyivZb eËþcyò ‰es hgybv b`xi gaÅeZÆx AeÕ©vGb e†nîi XvKv ‰es gqgbwmsn ˆRjv wbGq w«¼Zxq e†nîg µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½i AewÕ©Z| `wÞGY f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰B Dc-‰KKwU ivRavbx XvKvi cÉv¯¦fvM chƯ¦ weÕ¦†Z| ‰B MGoi AvqZb cÉvq 3,987 eMÆ wKwg| cÉavbZ jvj eGYÆi ‰es wPòwewPò Kv`vgvwU w`Gq gaycyi Mo MwVZ| jvj iGOi gvwU w`Gq MwVZ gvjf„wg m`†k Þz`Ë Þz`Ë wUjvi (Õ©vbxq fvlvq hvG`iGK ‘Pvjv’ ev ‘Pvjv Rwg’ bvGg AvLÅvwqZ Kiv nq ‰es DœPZv 9 ˆ^GK 18.5 wgUvi chƯ¦ nGq ^vGK) mg¯¼Gq ‰B Mo MwVZ| wUjvàwj cvGK cvGK RovGbv ˆmËvZaviv «¼viv wewœQ®²| ˆmËvZavivàwji AeevwnKvmgƒn ˆewkifvMB mgZj ‰es ‰àwjGZ mvÁcÉwZK KvGji KvGjv iGOi cjj we`Ågvb| Õ©vbxq fvlvq ‰G`iGK ‘evB`’ ejv nq| evB`àwj gaycyi MGoi meÆvGcÞv DeÆi ‰jvKv ‰es ‰àwjGZ avb Pvl nGq ^vGK| AbÅvbÅ µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½Gii gGZv gaycyi MGoi wbÓ•vkb cÉYvjxI cÉkvLx ev e†Þm`†k| MGoi Dîi cÉv¯¦iGK ˆeÓ¡b KGi evbvi b`x MGoi cƒeÆvsk eivei cÉevwnZ nGq cGi `wÞY-cƒeÆgyLx nGq kxZjÞÅv b`xi mGã wgwjZ nGqGQ| gaycyi ebf„wgGZ cÉPzi kvj MvQ (Shorea robusta) RG¯Ã ^vGK| gvGbi w`K ˆ^GK ˆmàb KvGVi cGiB kvGji Õ©vb|

wZcviv c†Ó¤  cwøGg ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wg ‰es cƒGeÆ wòcyiv cvnvo «¼viv Ave«¬ ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK Dc-‰KKwU| ‰B Dc-‰KK ‰jvKvwU mvÁcÉwZK mgqKvGji cÉ^gvGaÆ DwïZ nGqGQ eGj f„Zî½we`G`i aviYv| ‰B f„-cÉvK‡wZK ‰KK cƒeÆw`GK jvjgvB µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½if„wg ‰es µÏvBmGUvwmb DîiKvGj MwVZ e«¼xcxq mgf„wg wbGq MwVZ| ‰B e«¼xcxq mgf„wg mvÁcÉwZK mgqKvGji cÉ^gvGaÆi ˆgvnbvRvZ cjj «¼viv MwVZ| wZcviv c†GÓ¤i AvqZvKvi wbÓ•vkb cÉYvjx ˆmPKvGhÆi DGóGkÅ K‡wògfvGe m†wÓ¡ Kiv nGqGQ| cwøg cÉvG¯¦ ‰B f„-c†Ó¤ axGi axGi Xvjy nGq ˆgNbv µÏvebf„wgi mGã wgGk wMGqGQ| wòcyiv cvnvomgƒGni cwøg XvGj AewÕ©Z jvjgvB PZ½i jvj eGYÆi wPòwewPò µÏvBmGUvwmb gaycyi K`Æg «¼viv MwVZ| eGi±`Êf„wg ‰es gaycyi MGoi gGZv jvjgvB PZ½iI µÏvBmGUvwmb PZ½imgƒGni Av`kÆ e†Þm`†k wbÓ•vkb cÉYvjx cÉ`kÆb KGi| jvjgvB cvnvomgƒn eÅZxZ jvjgvB PZ½Gii f„-c†Ó¤ wKQyUv ZiãvwqZ ‰es Mo mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK f„wgi Dïvb 6 ˆ^GK 50 wgUvi| nGjvwmb f„Zvwî½K hyGM (1 jÞ ermi cƒeÆ ˆ^GK eZÆgvb mgq chƯ¦) ‰B f„wgi Dïvb NGUGQ|

Dîi I cƒeÆvsGki cvnvomgƒn  evsjvG`Gki cvnvwo ‰jvKvmgƒn `ywU cÉavb aiGbi f„-cÉK‡wZ wbGq MwVZ (K) ռ͸ DœPZvi cvnvomgƒn (Wzwc wUjv I wWwns Õ¦imgwÓ¡) ‰es (L) AwaK DœPZvi cvnvomgƒn (myigv ‰es wUcvg Õ¦imgwÓ¡):

ռ͸ DœPZvi cvnvomgƒn  DuPz cvnvomgƒGni gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGb ‰es ewnfÆvM RyGo AewÕ©Z| ‰B cvnvomgƒn cÉavbZ AmsnZ ˆeGjcv^i ‰es K`Ægwkjvi Dci MwVZ| ‰mKj cvnvGoi mGeÆvœP DœPZv mvaviYZ mgy`Ë mgZj ˆ^GK 300 wgUvGii Kg| ˆewkifvM ‰jvKvB mswÞµ¦ Lvov Xvj «¼viv wewœQ®², wK¯§ wKQy wKQy ‰jvKv Lvov ˆ^GK ò×gk Xvjy nGq mgZj f„-cÉK‡wZi mvG^ wgGk wMGqGQ (wmGjU AçGji DrK‡Ó¡ Pv-Drcv`bKvix ‰jvKvmgƒn ‰i A¯¦fÆyî×)| wmGjU AçGji DîivsGk PviwU cÉavb wUjvmvwi ‰es fviGZi wòcyiv ivRÅ ˆ^GK QqwU cvnvomvwi wmGjU ˆRjvi `wÞYfvGM AwfwÞµ¦ nGqGQ| `wÞY w`K ˆ^GK mgf„wgGZ AwfwÞµ¦ cƒeÆ ˆ^GK cwøGg weÕ¦†Z cvnvomvwimgƒn nGœQ: cv^vwiqv, nviviMé, ivRKvw±`-BUv, fvbyMvQ, Zvivc ‰es iNyb±`b|

PëMÉvg AçGj ռ͸ DœPZvi cvnvomgƒGni gGaÅ iGqGQ mxZvKzí I gviv Zs cvnvomvwi ‰es `wÞY I gaÅ ivgMo mn ˆdbx b`x DcZÅKvi cƒeÆvsGk AewÕ©Z ˆhŒwMK cvnvomvwi| mxZvKzí cvnvomvwi gaÅfvGM 32 wKwg `xNÆ ‰es mxZvKzí P„ovi DœPZv 352 wgUvi| DîGi ‰B cvnvomvwii DuPz P„ovmgƒn nGœQ ivRevox wUjv (274 wgUvi) ‰es mvwRajv (244 wgUvi)| `wÆÞGY ‰B cvnvomvwi nVvr wbPz nGq ˆMGQ ‰es PëMÉvg gnvbMixGZ 92 wgUvGiiI Kg DœPZvq ‰Gm ˆVGKGQ| gviv Zs cvnvomvwii mGevÆœP DœPZv gvò 113 wgUvi| AviI Dîi-cƒGeÆ cvnvomgƒGni DœPZv ò×gk e†w«¬cÉvµ¦ nGqGQ| ‰B f„-cÉK‡wZ MfxifvGe ÞqcÉvµ¦ nGq cvnvomgƒn ˆMvjvK‡wZ jvf KGiGQ| DcZÅKvmgƒn ZiãvwqZ ‰es ˆewkifvM ˆÞGòB ‰KK I wewœQ®² wUjvi AwÕ¦Z½ jÞÅ Kiv hvq| KYÆdzwj b`x ‰es evsjvG`Gki `wÞY kxlÆwe±`yi gGaÅ cuvPwU wewœQ®² cvnvomvwi we`Ågvb iGqGQ| evKLvwj b`xi `wÞGY KÝevRvGi ‰B cvnvomgƒn mvMGi wMGq wgGkGQ| AZtci ˆUKbvd Dc«¼xGc ˆUKbvd cvnvomvwi cÉavb cvnvomvwii Ask wnGmGe ˆkl nGqGQ| cwøGg ˆiRyLvj DcZÅKv eivei mvgvbÅ ‰KwU weiwZ iGqGQ| ˆUKbvd cvnvomvwii Dîivsk ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ռ͸ DœPZvwewkÓ¡ (61 ˆ^GK 91 wgUvi)| ˆnvqvBKs ˆ^GK ‰KwU DuPz Škjwkiv `wÞY eivei PGj wMGqGQ, hvi cÉavb P„ovmgƒn nGœQ evovMs (119 wgUvi), UvDbMãv (268 wgUvi) ‰es bvBZs (168 wgUvi)| ‰B mvwii `wÞY-cwøg cÉv¯¦ ˆbvqvLvjx bvgK ‰KwU MÉvGg ‰Gm ˆkl nGqGQ, ˆhLvGb ‰KwU avivevwnK `†wÓ¡b±`b LvovcvGoi (cliffs) m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| ‰àGjvi gGaÅ KGqKwUi DœPZv 30 wgUvi chƯ¦| ˆUKbvd evRvGii KvGQ ‰Gm ‰B cvnvomvwi ˆkl nGqGQ| ˆUKbvd Dc«¼xGci Dîi-cƒGeÆ AewÕ©Z MRÆwbqvi `wÞGY ‰B cvnvomgƒn gvqvbgvGi cÉweÓ¡ nGqGQ| ˆiRyLvj DcZÅKv ‰B f™² f„-cÉK‡wZi ‰KwU AbÅZg Aã| me wgwjGq cÉvq 8,084 eMÆ wKwg ‰jvKv RyGo ‰B Dc-‰KKwU weÕ¦†Z|

AwaK DœPZvi cvnvomgyn  Dîi-`wÞGY cÉvq mgv¯¦ivjfvGe weÕ¦†Z ceÆZgvjv| ‰B wMwiGkÉYxi P„ovmgƒGni DœPZv 300 ˆ^GK 1,000 wgUvi chƯ¦| ceÆZmgƒn AZÅwaK Lvov XvjwewkÓ¡ ‰es mvaviYZ 40%-‰i Dci wKsev cÉvqB 100% chƯ¦ nGq ^vGK| AZÅwaK XvGji KviGY ‰LvGb cÉvqB f„wgam msNwUZ nq| ‰mKj ceÆGZ Afů¦ifvGM my`†p K`Ægwkjv, cwjcv^i ‰es ˆeGjcv^Gii DcwÕ©wZ iGqGQ| cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi AwaKvsk, nweMGéi `wÞYfvGMi wKQy Ask ‰es ˆgŒjfxevRvi ˆRjvi `wÞY I cƒeÆ mxgv¯¦ RyGo ‰B ceÆZgvjv weÕ¦†Z| Dc-‰KKwUi ˆgvU AvqZb cÉvq 10,324 eMÆ wKwg| cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi ceÆZgvjvmgƒn AGbKUv AaÆe†îvKvGi mvRvGbv| cwøg w`K ˆ^GK cƒeÆ w`GK LvovfvGe ò×geaÆgvb DœPZvwewkÓ¡ ‰B ceÆZgvjvmgƒn my`xNÆ AcÉkÕ¦ Škjwkiv wnGmGe mÁcÉmvwiZ ‰es ‰àGjvi wkLiG`k eoGRvo 30 wgUvi cÉkÕ¦| AwaKvsk ceÆZgvjviB Lvov Xvj ‰es ˆQvU ˆQvU RjcÉcvZ iGqGQ| ‰mKj Lvov Xvj AmsLÅ RjwefvwRKv MVb KGi RvwjKv m`†k wbÓ•vkb cÉYvjx MGo ZzGjGQ| cwøGgi ˆMvjvK‡wZ wbPz ceÆZ cv`G`k ˆ^GK ‰B wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©v wf®² aiGbi| ceÆZmvwiàGjvi gaÅfvGM iGqGQ weÕ¦†Z wbPz cvnvo I wUjvi DcwÕ©wZ| ‰B AçGji DîifvGM Dîi-`wÞYvwfgyLx 300 wgUvGii AwaK DœPZvi PviwU ceÆZmvwi we`Ågvb| meÆcwøGg iGqGQ digvwb ceÆZmvwi, hvi DœPZv digvwbGZ 463 wgUvi, ivgcvnvGo 436 wg ‰es fvOvgyovGZ 417 wg| cƒGeÆ iGqGQ ˆ`vjvGRix ceÆZmvwi, hvi mGeÆvœP P„ov jsòvB 429 wg DuPz| ‰B ceÆZmvwii cƒeÆw`GK KGqKwU RjcÉcvZ iGqGQ, hvG`i gGaÅ ‰KwU 60 wgUvi ‰es AvGiKwU 40 wgUvi DœPZvwewkÓ¡| AviI cƒGeÆ gvBwb DcZÅKv AwZò×g KGi iGqGQ fzqvQwo ceÆZmvwi, hvi PvscvB P„ovi DœPZv 611 wgUvi| meÆcƒGeÆ evsjvG`k mxgvbvi Afů¦Gi iGqGQ eiKj ceÆZmvwi| Dîi ˆ^GK `wÞGY weÕ¦†Z ‰B ceÆZmvwii KGqKwU DuPz P„ov nGœQ LvbZjvs (683 wg), ^vsbvs (735 wg), jys wUqvb (679 wg), wPcyB (480 wg), eo ˆZvDs (447 wg) ‰es eiKj (572 wg)|

KYÆdzwj b`xi `wÞY w`GK evsjvG`Gki Afů¦Gi mvZwU cÉavb ceÆZgvjv we`Ågvb| nvievs-‰i 5 wKGjvwgUvi cƒGeÆ PzGbvwU cvnvomvwii ci ˆ^GK gyivév ceÆZgvjv DwïZ nGq `wÞY-cƒeÆ AwfgyGL AMÉmi nGqGQ| ‰B ceÆZgvjvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ P„ovmgƒn nGœQ gyivév (502 wg), bvkGcv Zs (586 wg) ‰es evwmZs (664 wg)| gyivév ceÆZgvjvi cƒeÆw`GK ‰i mGã cÉvq mgv¯¦ivjfvGe AMÉmi nGqGQ wZqvbevs, evwUgvBb ‰es ˆcvwjZvwj ceÆZmvwi| wZqvbevs A^ev wPÁ¼yK ceÆZgvjv mvãy b`xi `wÞGY DwïZ nGq gvqvbgvGii Afů¦Gi cÉGek KGiGQ| ‰i cÉavb k†ãàGjv nGœQ jyjvBs (720 wg), ^ÅswÞqvs (894 wg), ˆò×v (868 wg), i‚sivs (849 wg) ‰es wZ±`y (898 wg)| jyjvBs ceÆZk†Gãi mw®²KGU jyjvBsLvGji ‰KwU kvLvq cÉvq 107 wgUvi DœPZvwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU RjcÉcvGZi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| ZwRs Ws (4200 wgUvi) evsjvG`Gki mGeÆvœP ceÆZk†ã, hvi Aci bvg ‘weRq’| AbÅvbÅ DuPz ceÆZk†ãmgƒn nGœQ IqvBeys (808 wg), ˆis Zjvs (958 wg), ˆgvG`vK Zjvs (905 wg), ˆgvG`vK gyqvj (1,003.4 wg) ‰es ˆKIò×vWs (1232.3 wg)| ˆgvG`vK gyqvj `wÞY-cƒeÆw`GK gvqvbgvi mxgvG¯¦i KvQvKvwQ AewÕ©Z| [gvmy` nvmvb ˆPŒayix]

AviI ˆ`Lyb  cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg |

Mɯ©cwé  FH Khan, Geology of Bangladesh, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1991; Haroun Er Rashid, Geography of Bangladesh, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1991; Klaus-Ulrich Reimann, Geology of Bangladesh, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1993; Hugh Brammer, The Geography of the Soils of Bangladesh, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1996|