f„Zvwî½K weeZÆb (Geological Evolution)  c†w^exi AwÕ¦GZ½i ˆgvU 460 ˆKvwU eQi mgq KvjGK wkjv weeiYxi wfwîGZ gnvhyM (era), hyM (period) I DchyGM (epoch) fvM KGi cÉ`î f„Zvwî½K weKvk msò×v¯¦ weeZÆb gZev`| cÉavb PviwU gnvhyM nGjv cÉvK-KÅvgweËqvb (Pre-Cambrian), cÅvwjqGRvwqK (Paleozoic), ˆgGmvGRvwqK (Mesozoic) I ˆmGbvGRvwqK (Cenozoic)| cÉwZwU gnvhyM Avevi hyM I DchyGM DcwefvwRZ|

cÉvK-KÅvgweËqvb nGœQ meGPGq `xNÆ gnvhyM| 460 ˆKvwU ˆ^GK cÉvq 57 ˆKvwU eQi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ cÉjwÁ¼Z ‰B gnvhyM c†w^exi ˆgvU eqGmi cÉvq 85% mgqGK aviY KGi AvGQ| ‰B gnvhyGMi wkjvmgƒGni AwaKvskB ˆKjvwmZ AvG™²q I i…cv¯¦iR wkjv ‰es cvjwjK wkjvcƒYÆ AeevwnKv mgƒGni fxGZi gƒj Dcv`vb| ˆKejgvò AZÅwaK cÉvPxb cÉvYx, AwaKvskB ‰KGKvlx Rxe ‰B KvGj mgyG`Ë AwÕ¦Z½kxj wQj| cÉavbZ MÉvbvBU, MÉvGbvWvGqvivBU I bvBm (gneiss) RvZxq cÉvK-KÅvgweËqvb gnvhyGMi wkjv Dîi-cwøgvçjxq evsjvG`Gki w`bvRcyi I iscyi ˆRjvi gvwUi cÉvq 150 ˆ^GK 300 wgUvi MfxGi ˆ`LGZ cvIqv hvq|

weMZ cÉvq 57 ˆKvwU eQi ˆ^GK mvGo 24 ˆKvwU eQi AvGMi mgqKvjGK cÅvwjqGRvwqK gnvhyM wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kiv nq| Kvjvbyò×wgKfvGe ‰wU 6wU hyGM wefî×, h^v: KÅvgweËqvb, AGWÆvwfwmqvb, wmjywiqvb, wWGfvwbqvb, KvGeÆvwbGdivm I cvwgÆqvb hyM| ‰B gnvhyM AGgi‚`íx cÉvYxi gnvhyM wnGmGeI cwiwPZ, KviY ‰B mgGq c†w^exGZ cÉvGYi ‰B i…cB cÉvavbÅ weÕ¦vi KGiwQj| evsjvG`Gk KÅvgweËqvb ˆ^GK wWGfvwbqvb hyGMi ˆKvb wkjvi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq bv| ZGe KvGeÆvwbGdivm hyGM eãxq AeevwnKvi f„Z½GKi weivU ‰jvKv RyGo wePjGbi dGj f„Zvwî½K MVbmgƒGni m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj| cÉexY KvGeÆvwbGdivm mgGq MG´£vqvbvjÅvG´£ wngevn hyM wQj| wK¯§ bexb KvGeÆvwbGdivm hyGM ò×gvMZ cvk¼Æxq cÉmviY ‰es gnvG`kxq f„Z½GKi ‰KwU AsGki wbÁ²Mvgx euvK ˆbIqvi dGj cÅvwjqGRvwqK gnvhyGMi Afů¦ixY AMfxi wbÁ²f„wgi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es fqvbKfvGe wePjGbi dGj MG´£vqvbvjÅvG´£i wbÁ²Mvgx euvK cÉvK-KÅvÁ¼Ëxq wfwîwkjvq PzÅwZLvG`i m†wÓ¡ KGi| eãxq AeevwnKvq ‰B PzÅwZLv`mgƒn cwøgvçjxq A¯¦ixc ˆmvcvb AçGj cvIqv hvq| ‰B PzÅwZLv`mgƒGn MG´£vqvbv wkjv I MG´£vqvbv KqjvÕ¦i iwÞZ AvGQ| eãxq AeevwnKvq KvGeÆvwbGdivm AeGÞc ‰LbI cvIqv hvq wb| ZGe gGb nq MG´£vqvbv wkjv`Gji wbGÁ²i Míwkjvmgƒn bexb KvGeÆvwbGdivm hyGM AeGÞwcZ nGqwQj| cvwgÆqvb hyGM evsjvG`Gki Dîi-cwøgvçGj `xNÆ b`x AeevwnKvmn Rjvgq I Nb e†Þ AvœQvw`Z f„wgi AwÕ¦Z½ wQj| ‰ KviGY ˆeGjcv^i, KqjvÕ¦i I K`Æg wkjvÕ¦i MwVZ nq, hv H AçGji f„MGfÆ cwi`†kÅgvb| ‰Bme KqjvÕ¦i Dîi-cwøg evsjvG`Gk evwYwRÅKfvGe jvfRbK Kqjv gRyZ fvívi MGo ZzGjGQ|

ˆgGmvGRvwqK gnvhyM AvR ˆ^GK mvGo 24 ˆKvwU eQi ˆ^GK cÉvq 6 ˆKvwU 60 jÞ eQi AvGM chƯ¦ mxgve«¬| wZbwU hyGM ‰B gnvhyM wefî×| ‰àGjv nGœQ UÇvqvwmK (Triassic), RyivwmK (Jurassic) I wò×GUwmqvm (Cretaceous)| WvqGbvmi hyM bvGg cwiwPZ ‰B gnvhyGMB WvqGbvmiiv c†w^ex RyGo ivRZ½ KiGZv| UÇvqvwmK wkjv ‰Lb chƯ¦ evsjvG`Gk cvIqv hvq wb| RyivwmK-cÉexY wò×GUwmqvm hyGM A`ƒieZÆx ‰jvKvq AvG™²qwMwii eÅvcK A™²yÅrcvGZi KviGY evsjvG`Gki DîivçGj weGkl KGi RvgvjMé, wkeMé ‰es eàov MÉÕ¦ DcZÅKv ‰jvKvq AvG™²q wkjvÕ¦i MwVZ nq| ‰B wkjvivwkGK ivRgnj wkjvGmvcvb (UÇÅvc) eGj| f„MGfÆ cÉvµ¦ K‡úeGYÆi eÅvmGΟ ‰B wkjvGmvcvb MwVZ|

weMZ Qq ˆKvwU 60 jÞ eQi ˆ^GK eZÆgvb mgq ˆmGbvGRvwqK gnvhyM wnGmGe AwfwnZ| ‰wU Uviwkqvix (Tertiary) I ˆKvqvUvibvix (Quaternary) ‰B `yB hyGM wefî×| Uviwkqvix hyM (AvR ˆ^GK 6 ˆKvwU 60 jÞ eQi ˆ^GK 20 jÞ eQi AvGM) 5wU DchyGM wefî×, ˆhgb cÅvwjIwmb, BGqvwmb, IwjGMvwmb, gvGqvwmb I µÏvGqvwmb| Aciw`GK ˆKvqvUvibvix hyM (20 jÞ eQi ˆ^GK eZÆgvb mgq) `yBwU DchyGM wefî×, ˆhgb µÏvBmGUvwmb I nGjvwmb (mvÁcÉwZK)| µÏvBmGUvwmb DchyM nGjv cÉexY DchyM, hvi eÅvwµ¦ cÉvq 20 jÞ eQi| nGjvwmb DchyM nGjv bexb DchyM, hvi eÅvwµ¦ AvR ˆ^GK cÉvq 10,000 eQi| ˆmGbvGRvwqK gnvhyM Õ¦bÅcvqx cÉvYxG`i hyM wnGmGe cwiwPZ| ‰B gnvhyGM Avwef„ÆZ Õ¦bÅcvqx cÉvYxG`i gGaÅ Elephus, Equs and Leptobos ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|

ˆmGbvGRvwqK gnvhyM evsjvG`Gki RbÅ meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰ KviGY ˆh, ˆ`Gki AwaKvsk cvjwjK Õ¦i I f„Zvwî½K MVbvw` ‰B mgGq MwVZ nq| evsjvG`Gki ˆmGbvGRvwqK f„-MvVwbK weeZÆb cÉavbZ msNwUZ nGqwQj bexb BGqvwmb, gaÅ gvGqvwmb, bexb µÏvGqvwmb ‰es cÉexY µÏvBmGUvwmb mgGq| cÉexY Uviwkqvix AvgGj (cÅvwjIwmb I BGqvwmb DchyM) evsjvG`Gki AwaKvsk ‰jvKv D¯Ãyî× mvgyw`ËK cwiGeGki Aaxb wQj, hvi dGj RxevkÄmg†«¬ Pzbvcv^i I wKQy ˆeGjcv^imn K`Ægwkjv MwVZ nq| bexb Uviwkqvix hyGM (IwjGMvwmb, gvGqvwmb I µÏvGqvwmb hyM) DîGi wngvjq ceZÆgvjv DwïZ nIqvi cÉwZwò×qvq D¯Ãyî× mvMi `wÞGY ˆbGg hvq ‰es b`x eÅeÕ©vw` ‰KwU e†nr e«¼xcxq f„-LGíi m†wÓ¡ KGi, hv eZÆgvb KvGji Mãv-eËþcyò e«¼xGci gƒj KvVvGgvi R¯Ã ˆ`q| evsjvG`Gki cƒeÆvçj I `wÞYvçGji f„-c†GÓ¤ I f„MGfÆ eZÆgvGb ˆh chÆvqò×Gg AvewZÆZ ˆeGjcv^i I K`Æg wkjvi Õ¦i ˆ`Lv hvq, ˆmàGjv Uviwkqvix hyGM ‰B e«¼xcxq cwiGeGkB MwVZ nGqwQj| ˆKvqvUvibvix hyM ÷i‚ nIqvi mGã mGã c†w^ex cÉPí Vvív nGq cGo ‰es wngvqb cÉwò×qvi AaxGb c†w^ex DîGivîi XvKv cGo hvq| ‰KviGY µÏvBmGUvwmb DchyM Zzlvi hyM bvGg cwiwPZ| Zzlvi hyGM mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆbGg hvq ‰es Zzlvi Mjv hyGM mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ Õ¹xZ nq| ˆKvqvUvibvix hyGMi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ NUbv nGjv ˆnvwgwbWm ev ˆnvGgvGmwcqvb ‰es weGkl KGi AvaywbK gvbyGli ‰B c†w^exGZ AvwefÆve| evsjvG`Gk µÏvBmGUvwmb DchyGMi Šng-AeGÞc (glacial deposit) cvIqv hvq wb| AekÅ evsjvG`k msj™² wngvjq ceÆZgvjv ˆm mgGq eidve†Z wQj ‰es cieZÆxGZ eid Mjv hyGM MGj hvIqv cvwb eãxq mgf„wgi Dci w`Gq MfxifvGe ˆQw`Z b`x DcZÅKvi gvaÅGg eGãvcmvMGi cwZZ nGZv| dGj ˆmB mgGqi gGaÅ eãxq mgf„wg wngv¯¦ mgZjf„wgi bÅvq AvPiY KiGZv| evsjvG`Gki cÉvq wZb-PZz^Ævsk ‰jvKv µÏvBmGUvwmb b`xR I nGjvwmb cwjR AeGÞc «¼viv cƒYÆ| evsjvG`Gki Dci w`Gq eZÆgvb Mãv b`xi MwZc^ f„Zvwî½KfvGe ‰KwU mvÁcÉwZK NUbv ‰es ˆ`kwUi AwaKvsk Açj ˆKvqvUvibvix hyGM Zvi eZÆgvb AvK‡wZ jvf KGi ‰es b`x cÉfvweZ ‰i f„-cÉvK‡wZK eÅeÕ©v ˆm mgGqB MGo IGV| 
[e`i‚j Bgvg ‰es wmdvZzj KvG`i ˆPxayix]