f„Zvwî½K Rwic (Geological Survey)  ˆKvb f„LGíi c«¬wZMZ f„Zvwî½K gvbwPòvqY| f„Zvwî½K gvbwPò moK I ˆijcG^i ˆkÉYxwebÅvm, ˆmZz, myoãc^ I febvw`, kni iÞv KvhÆò×g ‰es f„wgKGÁ·i gGZv welGq AaÅqb I MGelYvi cÉGqvRbxq Z^Åvw` cÉ`vb KGi| mvaviYZ ˆKvb msMVb ev msÕ©vi gvaÅGg ‰B f„Zvwî½K Rwic PvjvGbv nq| evsjvG`k f„Zvwî½K Rwic Awa`µ¦i (wR‰mwe) cÉavbZ evsjvG`Gki f„-c†GÓ¤i DcwifvM I f„MGfÆ wkjv, gwYK, RxevkÄ I RjR mÁ·G`i c«¬wZMZ f„Zvwî½K gvbwPòvqY I Rwic KvR cwiPvjbvq wbGqvwRZ| wR‰mwe A^Æ‹bwZK mÁ·G`i Dci mweGkl ài‚Z½ AvGivc KGi ‰es mvaviYZ A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe AwaKZi jvfRbK LwbR DGîvjGbi wbwgGî f„Zvwî½K gvbwPò cÉYqb KGi| wR‰mwe 1:50,000 ˆÕ•Gj ˆ`Gki 60 nvRvi eMÆ wKwg ‰jvKvi f„Zvwî½K gvbwPòvâb mÁ·®² KGiGQ|  [‰g. Avey eKi]

BwZnvm  BwZnvGm ˆ`Lv hvq gvbyl gvbwPGòi AvKvGi Z^Å wjwce«¬, weGkÏlY I Av`vb-cÉ`vb KGiGQ| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 3000 eQi AvGMi c†w^exi cÉvPxbZg gvbwPòwU eÅvwejbxq K`Æg wjwcdjGK ˆLvw`Z AvGQ| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ cçg kZvõxi w`GK wMÉK`kÆb c†w^exi gvbwPò ŠZwii eÅvcvGi Dóxcbv hywMGqwQj| AvaywbK gvbwPò ŠZwii BwZnvm ÷i‚ nq ˆlvok kZvõxi w`GK (1512-94)| mgZj Rwic (plane surveying) ÷i‚ nq cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GK ‰es ‰wU meGPGq D®²Z wQj wgkGi| gvwKÆb hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi BwZnvGm emwZi mxgvbv wbaÆviGY mgZj Rwic LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| AvGgwiKvGZ Rwic KvR D®²ZgvGbi ˆckv wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv nq| mvGeK `yB gvwKÆb ivÓ¡ËcÉavb IqvwksUb ‰es ˆRdvimb ‰K`v RwicKvix (surveyor) wnGmGe Rxeb ÷i‚ KGiwQGjb| wegvb Rwic c«¬wZ D®²qGbi mGã mGã Rwic msò×v¯¦ KvGRi eÅvcvGi Af„ZcƒeÆ cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq| eZÆgvGb ˆKvb eo ‰jvKvi DcMÉn A^ev wegvb wPGòi mGã H ‰KB ‰jvKvi f„wg Rwic ZG^Åi cviÕ·wiK mÁ·GKÆi wfwîGZ mwVKfvGe gvbwPò ŠZwi Kiv nq| eZÆgvb hyGM c†w^exi Afů¦Gii gvbwPò ŠZwii RbÅ f„-c`v^ÆMZ Rwic c«¬wZ eÅen…Z nq| evsjvG`Gk (ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb) f„Zvwî½K Rwic KvR cÉ^g ÷i‚ nq cçvk `kGKi cÉviGÁ¿|

ewniãY f„Zî½ (Field Geology)  mviv wek¼ RyGoB gvV Rwic f„Zî½ weævb MGelYvi ‰KwU AweGœQ`Å Ask| f„Zî½ weævGbi Zî½xq w`K mÁ·GKÆ mgÅK aviYv jvf KiGZ ewniãY f„Zˆî½i cÉGqvRb| wdΣIqvGKÆi mGã Zvwî½K f„ZGî½i cÉGqvM mKj ˆckvRxex f„weævbxi RbÅB AZÅvekÅKxq| gvV chÆvGqi f„weævbxi ˆgŒwjK mvRmiévGgi gGaÅ iGqGQ ‰KwU nvZzwo, evUvwj, ˆj´Ö, cwieaÆK KuvP, KÁ·vm, KÑvBGbvwgUvi, gvcvi wdZv, ‰wmW ˆevZj I bgybv msMÉGni eÅvm| f„msÕ©vwbK I f„Zvwî½K gvbwPòI ZvG`i ivLv DwPZ|

Dîi-cƒeÆvçjxq I `wÞY-cƒeÆvçjxq cÉv¯¦ Qvov evsjvG`Gki AewkÓ¡vsk ˆgvUvgywUfvGe ‰K wekvj cjjgq mgf„wg| evsjvG`k f„Zvwî½K Rwic Awa`µ¦i, ˆcGUÇvevsjv, evGcÝ, evsjvG`k cigvYy kwî× Kwgkb ‰es evsjvG`k cvwb D®²qb ˆevGWÆ KgÆiZ ˆckv`vix f„weævbxiv cjjgq mgZjf„wg I cvnvo AçGj wbqwgZ gvV chÆvGq KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbv KiGQb| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi f„Zî½ wefvGMi QvòQvòxiv ZvG`i we‰mwm (Õ²vZK) I ‰g‰mwm ˆKvGmÆi h^vh^ cwimgvwµ¦i DGóGkÅ eQGi ‰Kevi ‰K ˆ^GK `yB mµ¦vGni RbÅ wdΣIqvGKÆ hvq| ˆmLvGb Zviv mvaviYZ MGelYv Õ©vGbi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ AeÕ©vb wbYÆq, wkjvi Ici MGelYv I eÅvLÅv, Õ¦imgƒGni cÉwZbÅvm cwigvc, wkjvi ˆfŒZ ŠewkÓ¡Åvw`, f„MVb cÉwò×qv, wkjvjÞY, Õ¦iwe`Åv, f„Zvwî½K BwZnvm I A^Æ‹bwZK f„ZGî½i Ici MGelYv ‰es meÆGkGl wewf®² Z^Å cÉ`vbKvix f„Zvwî½K gvbwPò cÉYqb KGi ^vGK|

QvòQvòxG`i cÉwkÞYgƒjK wdΣIqvKÆ PëMÉvg, cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg, wmGjU I KzwgÍÏv ˆRjvq mxgve«¬| ‰me ˆRjvq KGqKwU Dîjfã ^vKGjI ‰G`i meàGjv mnGR cÉGekGhvMÅ bq| dGj ˆKejgvò KGqKwU Dîjfã wbqwgZ Rwicvaxb, ˆhgb, KzwgÍÏv ˆRjvi jvjgvB cvnvoGkÉYx, nviviMé Dîjfã, cv^vwiqv Dîjfã, wmGjU ˆRjvi Rvdjs-Zvgvwej-jvjvLvj Açj, PëMÉvg ˆRjvi mxZvKzí Dîjfã, gGnkLvjx Dîjfã, Bbvbx Dîjfã, IjvUs Dîjfã, KÝevRvi ˆRjvi `wÞY bxjv Dîjfã, mxZvcvnvo Dîjfã, ev±`ievb Dîjfã, gvZvgyüix Dîjfã BZÅvw`| ‰me DîjfGã cvjwjK wkjv cÉKwUZ nGq AvGQ| ZvB ‰me Õ©vGb eÅvcKfvGe f„Zvwî½K MGelYv PvjvGbv nq| KÝevRvi ˆRjvi ˆm´Ÿ gvwUÆb «¼xcI gvV-f„Zî½ MGelYvi AwZ Dîg Õ©vb| `xNÆw`b aGi f„Zvwî½K Rwic msò×v¯¦ eÅvcK wdΣIqvGKÆi dGj evsjvG`Gki wbÁ²wjwLZ f„Zvwî½K gvbwPòmgƒn cÉYqb mÁ¿e nGqGQ: Geological Map of Pakistan (inset East Pakistan) by M. Abu Bakr & RO Jackson (1964) and Geological Map of Bangladesh, 1:1000,000.

wegvb Rwic  wegvb ˆ^GK f„-c†GÓ¤i g†wîKv, K‡wl, ˆfŒGMvwjK ‰es f„Zvwî½K ŠewkÓ¡Åvw`i mƒßfvGe Qwe ˆZvjvi weævb| wegvb gvidZ ˆZvjv ‰ aiGbi QweàGjvGK wegvb wPò ejv nGq ^vGK| evsjvG`Gki gGZv ‰KUv ˆ`Gk ˆhLvGb ivÕ¦vNvU Lye Kg, hvZvqvZ eÅeÕ©v AcÉZzj ‰es f„Zvwî½K ŠewkÓ¡Åvw` wegvb ˆ^GK Lye mnGR ˆ`Lv mÁ¿e, ˆmLvGb wegvb wPò ˆ^GK `Ë‚Z cixÞY LwbR mÁ·` DGîvjGbi wbwgGî f„-c†GÓ¤i ˆKvb ‰jvKv wbeÆvPbGK mnR KGi ˆ`q| dGj ÷Ó•, Av`ËÆ I kxZ ˆgŒmyGgi wegvb wPòmgƒn cÉGKŒkj, f„-MvVwbK, ˆcGUÇvwjqvg, cvwb weævb ‰es ˆKvqvUvibvix f„Zvwî½K mgmÅvw`i mgvavGbi KvGR eÅenvi Kiv nq| evsjvG`Gk wegvb wPòmgƒn cÉwZiÞv g¯¨YvjGqi ˆndvRGZ ^vGK|

`ƒi Abyaveb cÉhywî×  `ƒi ˆ^GK M†nxZ cwigvGci gvaÅGg ˆfŒZ c`v^Æ mÁ·GKÆ Z^Å msMÉn| gnvKvk DcMÉn ˆbcPzGbi gGZv `ƒieZÆx MÉn ˆ^GKI Qwe I Z^Å cvwVGqGQ| jÅv´£mÅvU DcMÉn c†w^ex c†Ó¤GK c†w^exi KÞcG^i Pviw`K ˆ^GK Rwic KGiGQ| gnvKvk MGelYv I `ƒi Abyaveb cÉhywî× cÉwZÓ¤vb cÉwZÓ¤vi ci mîi `kK ˆ^GKB evsjvG`Gk DcMÉn Z^Å eÅenvi ÷i‚ nGqGQ| ZLb evsjvG`k webvgƒGjÅ wbqwgZ Av^Æ wiGmvGmÆm ˆUKGbvjwR DcMÉn Z^Å MÉnY KiGZv, hv cieZÆxGZ jÅv´£mÅvU bvGg cwiwPZ nq| ZvQvov BwRAvB‰m ivÕ¡vi wRAvB‰m eÅenvGii gvaÅGg `ƒi Abyaveb cÉhywî×i Ici KvR KiGZv|  [wmdvZzj KvG`i ˆPŒayix]

f„-c`v^Æxq Rwic (Geophysical Survey)  f„MfÆÕ© f„-MVbmgƒn ‰es f„Z½Kxq c`v^Æmgƒn mÁ·GKÆ mgÅK ævb ARÆGbi RbÅ Abym†Z f„cÉvK‡wZK gvcGhvL I eÅvLÅv c«¬wZ| mwò×q ˆfŒZaGgÆi wfwîGZ wbÁ²wjwLZ f„-c`v^Æxq Rwic c«¬wZ Pvjy iGqGQ: AwfKlÆ c«¬wZ, ˆPŒÁ¼K c«¬wZ, f„-KÁ·bxq c«¬wZ ‰es Še`yÅwZK c«¬wZ|

gnvKlÆ c«¬wZ (Gravity method)  ‰B c«¬wZGZ gvaÅvKlÆY gvcK hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb Õ©vGbi gnvKGlÆi kwî× wbYÆqcƒeÆK wkjvmgƒGni AvGcwÞK ài‚Z½ wbYÆq Kiv nq| cÉGqvRbxq msGkvabxi ci mvaviYZ Bouguer eÅZÅq gvbwPò AvKvGi gnvKlÆ Dcvî cÉ`wkÆZ nq| f„Z½GKi Mfxi MVbvw`, weÕ¦xYÆ AçGji f„-MvVwbK I wkjvexÞwYK Açj wefwî×KiY, AævZ f„LGíi f„Zvwî½K gvbwPòvqY, nvBGWÈvKveÆb mÁ¿vebvgq ˆewmGb DGîvjb, Kqjv, AvKwiK avZzi gRyZ BZÅvw`i gGZv LwbRmÁ·G`i Abym®¬vb welqK MGelYvq gnvKlÆ c«¬wZ cÉGqvM Kiv nq| ‰B c«¬wZ cÉGKŒkj f„ZGî½I eÅenvi Kiv nq|

1950 I 60-‰i `kGK ZrKvjxb cvwKÕ¦vGbi RvZxq ˆZj I MÅvm D®²qb ˆKvÁ·vwb I.wR.wW.wm ‰es ˆkj I Õ¡vbfÅvGKi gGZv wKQy weLÅvZ weG`kx ˆZj ˆKvÁ·vwb I cvwKÕ¦vb ˆcGëvwjqvg wjwgGUW (wc.wc.‰j) evsjvG`Gki DcK„jxq AçGj cÉv^wgK cixÞv wnGmGe gnvKlÆ Rwic cwiPvjbv KGiwQj| evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZvi ci ˆcGUÇvevsjv ˆ`Gki Afů¦Gi cÉavbZ 1:50,000 ˆÕ•Gj gnvKlÆ Rwic AeÅvnZ ivGL ‰es 1981 mvGj ˆ`Gki cÉvµ¦ gnvKlÆ Dcvî msGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg 1:10,00,000 ˆÕ•Gj evsjvG`Gki ‰KwU AvçwjK Bouguer gnvKlÆ eÅZÅq gvbwPò cÉYqb KGi| cGi 1990 mvGj evsjvG`k f„Zvwî½K Rwic Awa`µ¦i 1981 mvGji nvGZ AuvKv AvçwjK Bouguer gnvKlÆ eÅZÅq gvbwPGòi wWwRUvj msÕ•iY ŠZwi KGi|

ˆPŒÁ¼K c«¬wZ (Magnetic method)  dwjZ f„-c`v^Æwe`Åvi ‰KwU ˆUKwbK| c†w^exi ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆÞGòi cwigvcK‡Z eÅZÅGqi wfwîGZ f„MfÆÕ© f„Zî½ cixÞv KiGZ ‰B c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰me cwigvcK‡Z eÅZÅq A¯¦wbÆwnZ wkjv I AvKwiK gRyGZi ˆPŒÁ¼K àGYi KviGY nq| hw`I AwaKvsk wkjv MVbKvix gwYKmgƒn KvhÆKifvGe AGPŒÁ¼K, wKQy wKQy cÉKvGii wkjv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ˆPŒÁ¼K eÅZÅq Drcv`Gb mÞg hG^Ó¡ ˆPŒÁ¼K gwYK aviY KGi| ‰KBfvGe gvbyGli ŠZwi ˆjŒnRvZ mvgMÉxI ˆPŒÁ¼K eÅZÅq m†wÓ¡ KGi| ˆPŒÁ¼K Rwic Õ©j, mgy`Ë I evZvm wZb ˆÞGòB Kiv hvq| dGj ‰B c«¬wZ eüj eÅen…Z ‰es evqyevwnZ Rwic cwiPvjbvi `Ë‚Z MwZ ‰B c«¬wZGK LyeB AvKlÆYxq KGi ZzGjGQ|

evsjvG`Gk ˆPŒÁ¼K Rwic KvGRi ÷i‚ 1950-‰i `kGK| I.wR.wW.wm ‰es AbÅvbÅ bvgKiv ˆZj ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆhgb ˆkj, Õ¡vbfÅvK I wc.wc.‰j 1960-‰i `kGKI KvR AeÅvnZ ivGL| cÉ^g w`GK fzj wegvb MwZcG^i KviGY evqy ˆPŒÁ¼K Rwic ögvñK eÅZÅq Dcvî mieivn KGi| mviv ˆ`k Dîi-cƒeÆ I Dîi-cwøg w`K eivei 35 wKGjvwgUvi wMÉGWi Dovj jvBGbi AvIZvq Avmvi ci 1979-80 mvGj ˆcGUÇvevsjvi Rwic PjvKvGj nvw´Ÿs ‰B me ò×wU `ƒi KGib| 1990 mvGj nvw´Ÿs cÉYxZ Avgƒj ZxeËZvmÁ·®² evqy ˆPŒÁ¼K gÅvc wWwRUvj c«¬wZGZ cwiewZÆZ KGi wR‰mwe evsjvG`Gki evqy ˆPŒÁ¼K eÅZÅq gvbwPò cÉYqb KGi|

f„-KÁ·bxq c«¬wZ (Seismic method)  K‡wòg DcvGq m†Ó¡ f„-KÁ·bxq Ziã, A^Æ‹bwZK gRyZ, ˆhgb: jeY, ˆZj I MÅvm Abym®¬vGb A^ev gƒj wkjvÕ¦Gii MfxiZv ev KvhÆKifvGe mwò×q PzÅwZ wbYÆGq eÅen…Z nq| evsjvG`k f„LGí Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ fÅvwKDg AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb (‰m.wf.I.wm) 1950 mvGj cÉ^g ˆ`Gki DîicwøgvçGj f„-KÁ·bxq Rwic cÉeZÆb KGi| 1950 ˆ^GK 1964 mvj chƯ¦ ‰m.wf.I.wm-i wVKv`vi wnGmGe wRIjwRKÅvj mvGfÆ Ae Bw´£qv, wc.wc.‰j ‰es cvwKÕ¦vb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvG`Gki Dîicwøgvçj, gaÅvçj I cƒeÆvçGji wbeÆvwPZ ‰jvKvq f„-KÁ·bxq Rwic cwiPvjbv KGi| 1963 mvj ˆ^GK ˆcGUÇvevsjv ˆ`Gki wewf®² AçGj f„-KÁ·bxq Rwic PvwjGq AvmGQ| 1950 ˆ^GK 1978 mvj chƯ¦ msM†nxZ ‰KK-fã DcvGîi (single fold data) cwigvY cÉvq 20,000 jvBb wKGjvwgUvi| 1978 mvGji ci ˆ^GK wewf®² Rwic ˆKvÁ·vwb Dcvî bw^fzî× KiGZ eüfã (multifold) I wWwRUvj c«¬wZ eÅenvi KiGQ|

Õ©jfvGM ‰KK I eüfã Rwic PvjvGZ wWbvgvBU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| DcK„jfvGM f„-KÁ·bxq RwiGci AwaKvsk mîi `kGKi gaÅfvGM mÁ·vw`Z nGqGQ| DcK„jfvGMi me DcvîB eüfã I wWwRUvj c«¬wZGZ msiwÞZ| f„-KÁ·bxq RwiGci djvdj ˆ^GK cÉm®¬vb (exploration) jÞÅ msò×v¯¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ bZzb Z^Å cvIqv ˆMGQ| mÁ·ÉwZ 1997-99 ˆgqv`KvGj MÉv´Ÿm wRIwdwRKÅvj BbKGcÆvGikb PëMÉvg ˆRjvi Õ©jfvM I DcK„j fvGM cÉwZdjb I cÉwZmiY Dfq aiGbi Rwic cwiPvjbv KGi|

Še`yÅwZK c«¬wZ (Electrical method)  f„-c`v^Æ welqK Abym®¬vGbi ‰KwU c«¬wZ, hv wkjvi Še`yÅwZK ev Zwor ivmvqwbK àYvàGYi Ici wbfÆi KGi| evsjvG`Gk cÉ^g f„-Še`yÅwZK ˆivavâ (resistivity) Rwic PvjvGbv nq ˆ`Gki Dîicwøg AsGk 1967-68 mvGj| RvgÆvb ˆdWvGij cÉRvZG¯¨i KvwiMwi mnvqZv KgÆmƒwPi AaxGb ‰KwU RvgÆvb `j ‰wU cwiPvjbv KGi| H RwicKvGhÆi DGókÅ wQj ivRkvnx, eàov, w`bvRcyi I iscyi ˆRjvi Rjf„Zvwî½K AeÕ©vi gƒjÅvqb Kiv| mÁ·ÉwZ cÉKG͸i Ask wnGmGe wewf®² DcG`Ó¡v dvgÆ Rj mieivn I cqtwbÓ•vkGbi DGóGkÅ Dchyî× Rjevnx wkjvÕ¦i wPwn×Z KiGZ ˆ`Gki KGqKwU knGi ˆivavâ Rwic cwiPvjbv KGiGQ|  [Av.m.g DevB` DÍÏvn]

AviI ˆ`Lyb  evsjvG`k f„Zvwî½K Rwic Awa`µ¦i ; wRIjwRKÅvj mvGfÆ Ae Bw´£qv |