f„Zvwî½K MVb (Geological Structure)  wkjvi ˆh ˆKvb aiGbi cÉvK‡wZK MVb (ˆhgb, ‰KwU Ea»ÆfuvR A^ev Škjwkiv), ˆhLvGb ˆZj ev MÅvGmi mçq ^vKGZ cvGi| evsjvG`Gk ˆek wKQymsLÅK mÁ¿vebvcƒYÆ f„Zvwî½K MVb iGqGQ, ˆhgb:

iwk`cyi f„Zvwî½K MVb  nweMé ˆRjvq AewÕ©Z ‰KwU Ea»ÆfvuR| ‰wU Dîi-`wÞGY webÅÕ¦ ‰es 35 wKwg j¯¼v I 7 wKwg PIov| ‰wU Amg hvi cƒeÆcvk¼Æ AGcÞvK‡Z AwaK Xvjy (22°-25°) ‰es cwøgcvk¼Æ AvjGZv (8° ˆ^GK 12°)| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi AÞ wòcyivi ˆZwjqvgyiv c†Ó¤ Ea»ÆfuvGRi mGã MvVwbKfvGe mgv¯¦ivj| iwk`cyi f„Zvwî½K MVGb cÉKwUZ WzwcwUjv Õ¦imgwÓ¡i cvk¼Æxq IjUcvjU (flank reversal) ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰wU mÁ¿eZ AÞxq weÕZ‡wZ wbG`Æk KGi|

Ea»ÆfuvRwUi cƒeÆcvk¼Æ ‰KwU eo aiGbi Dîi-`wÞY webÅÕ¦ PzÅwZ «¼viv ˆewÓ¡Z| PzÅwZi dGj Ea»ÆfuvRwUi (anticline) wbGÁ²i AskwU (down thrown block) ‰i cƒeÆcvGk¼Æ AewÕ©Z| wKQy AvovAvwo PzÅwZI AvGQ ‰es ZvG`i gGaÅ ‰KwU f„Zvwî½K MVGbi gvS eivei PGj ˆMGQ|

iwk`cyi f„Zvwî½K MVGb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb Abym®¬vbgƒjK K„c Lbb KGi ‰es 1960 mvGj MÅvmGÞò AvweÓ•vi KGi| ‰wU wQj lvGUi `kGKi w`GK ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb KZƇK AvweÓ•‡Z cuvPwU eo MÅvmGÞGòi gGaÅ cÉ^gwU| iwk`cyi MÅvmGÞGò MÅvGmi ˆgvU cÉgvwYZ I mÁ¿veÅ gRyZ 2,242 wewjqb NbdzU, hvi gGaÅ 1,309 wewjqb NbdzU DGîvjbGhvMÅ| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVGb cÉvq 1,380 wgUvi ˆ^GK 2,787 wgUvi MfxiZvi gGaÅ ˆgvU 2wU MÅvm ˆRvb iGqGQ| MÅvm ˆRvbmgƒn gvGqvwmb-µÏvGqvwmb mgGqi AMfxi mvgyw`ËK cwiGeGk m†Ó¡ ˆeGjcv^Gii AvavGi MwVZ| ˆeGjcv^i AvavGii duvKv Õ©vb I cÉGekÅZv Lye fvj| Lbb KvR PjvKvGj iwk`cyi MÅvmGÞGòi AGbK MfxGi AwaPvc (overpressure) Açj aiv cGoGQ|

wmGjU MÅvm wdΣ ˆKvÁ·vbx wjwgGUW (ˆcGUÇvevsjvi ‰KwU mÁ·ƒiK cÉwZÓ¤vb) iwk`cyi MÅvmGÞò cwiPvjbv KGi| 2001 mvj ˆ^GK ‰B MÅvmGÞò cÉwZw`b 90 wgwjqb wKDweK wdU MÅvm DGîvjb KiGQ|

ˆdçzMé f„Zvwî½K MVb  wmGjU ˆRjvi ˆdçzMé DcGRjvi ‰KwU Ea»ÆfvuR| wmGjU kni ˆ^GK 40 wKwg `wÞYcƒGeÆ AewÕ©Z| ‰wU 91°-92° cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsk ‰es 24°30Æ- 24°37Æ Dîi AÞvsk chƯ¦ weÕ¦†Z| f„MvVwbKfvGe ‰wU gaÅ-myigv AeevwnKv ‰es cƒGeÆi ewjZ ejGqi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| ˆdçzMé f„MVbwU mÁcÉmvwiZ ‰es 30 wKwg j¯¼v I 8 wKwg PIov| ‰wU ‰KwU IjUcvjU PzÅwZGewÓ¡Z Amg Dîi-DîicƒeÆ I `wÞY-`wÞYcwøg webÅÕ¦ Ea»ÆfvuR| cwøgcvk¼Æ AGcÞv cƒeÆcvk¼Æ AwaK Xvjy| cƒeÆcvGk¼Æi bwZ 30° ˆ^GK 35°, Aciw`GK cwøgcvGk¼Æ bwZ cwieZÆb gvòv 20° ˆ^GK 25°| ˆdçzMé Ea»ÆfvuRwU gvGqvwmb mgGqi ‘Avcvi ˆgwib ˆkGji’ gvb`Gí Rvjvjvev`, ŠKjvm wUjv I weqvbxevRvi Ea»ÆfvuRmgƒGni Zzjbvq ‘f„MvVwbKfvGe EGa»Æ’ AewÕ©Z| AekÅ ‰wU ‘Avcvi ˆgwib ˆkGji’ gvb`Gí AvUMÉvg Ea»ÆfvuGRi Zzjbvq ‘f„MvVwbKfvGe wbGÁ²’ AewÕ©Z| ‰B Ea»ÆfvuGR µÏvGqv-µÏvBmGUvwmb mgGqi WzwcwUjv Õ¦imgwÓ¡ cÉKwUZ|

f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi ˆKÑvRvi bwZgvòv I PzÅwZGewÓ¡Z| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi eÅvwµ¦ cÉvq 200 wgUvi| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU bexb gvGqvwmb mgGqi ‘Avcvi ˆgwib ˆkj’ AeGÞGci cGi MwVZ nGqGQ|

ˆdçzMé MÅvmGÞòwU ‰KwU gvSvwi AvK‡wZi MÅvmGÞò ‰es ˆcGUÇvevsjv 1988 mvGj ‰wU AvweÓ•vi KGi| ZGe ‰wU nGjv evsjvG`Gki MfxiZg K„c, hvi ˆgvU MfxiZv 4,977 wgUvi| ‰B MÅvmGÞGò wKQy AevwYwRÅK ˆZjI cvIqv hvq| eZÆgvGb ‰B ˆÞòwUi Drcv`b e®¬ iGqGQ|

ŠKjvm wUjv f„Zvwî½K MVb  wmGjU kni ˆ^GK 20 wKwg `wÞYcƒGeÆ ˆMvjvcMé DcGRjvq AewÕ©Z| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwU eãxq cyitLvGZi ewjZ ejGqi cvGk¼Æ A^Ævr wmGjU LvG`i cƒeÆ cvGk¼Æ AeÕ©vb KGi| ‰wU DîGi wmGjU f„Zvwî½K MVb, cƒGeÆ weqvbxevRvi ‰es `wÞGY ˆdçzMé DcGRjv «¼viv ˆewÓ¡Z| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwUGK wMwiwkivi gvSLvGbi mvgvbÅ Pvcv Ask ˆdçzMé Ea»ÆfuvRwU ˆ^GK wewœQ®² KGiGQ| ‰B Ea»ÆfuvRwU WzwcwUjv Õ¦imgwÓ¡ mGgZ f„-c†GÓ¤ cÉKwUZ| ‰wU ‰KwU Dîi-DîicƒeÆ I `wÞY-`wÞYcwøg w`GK webÅÕ¦ Amg Ea»ÆfuvR| ‰KwU NvZ PzÅwZ Dîi w`GK wmGjU f„Zvwî½K MVb ˆ^GK ŠKjvm wUjv f„Zvwî½K MVbGK c†^K KGiGQ| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU 6 wKwg j¯¼v ‰es 3 wKwg PIov| cƒeÆ cvk¼Æ AGcÞv cwøg cvk¼Æ Lvov|

‰B Ea»ÆfuvGR ŠKjvm wUjv MÅvmGÞòwU AewÕ©Z| ‰wU cvwKÕ¦vb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb 1962 mvGj AvweÓ•vi KGi| ‰wU evsjvG`Gki AbÅZg e†nîg MÅvmGÞò| ‰LvGb cÉgvwYZ I mÁ¿veÅ MÅvm gRyZ 3.65 wUÇwjqb NbdzU ‰es DGîvjbGhvMÅ gRyZ 2.52 wUÇwjqb NbdzU| MÅvGmi mGã ‰LvGb cÉPzi cwigvGY KbGWbGmUI cvIqv hvq| 1983 mvj ˆ^GK A`Åvewa ‰B ˆÞò ˆ^GK MÅvm DGîvjb Kiv nGœQ| AevwYwRÅKfvGe ‰B ˆÞGòi MfxGi LwbR ˆZjI cvIqv hvq|

wZZvm f„Zvwî½K MVb  eËvþYevwoqv ˆRjvi wZZvm b`xi ZxGi AewÕ©Z| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU f„MGfÆ Dîi-`wÞGY webÅÕ¦ M¯¼yR mg Ea»ÆfuvR| f„-c†GÓ¤i wbGP cÉvq 960 wgUvi MfxiZvq ‰B KvVvGgvwUi ewnÕ© ˆKÑvRvi ‰jvKv 14 wKwg × 19 wKwg| ‰B Ea»ÆfuvR Amg, hvi cƒeÆcvk¼Æ AGcÞvK‡Z AwaK Xvjy| Ea»ÆfuvRwUGZ ˆKvGbv PzÅwZ jÞÅ Kiv hvq bv|

wZZvm MÅvmGÞGò cÉvq 2600 wgUvi ˆ^GK 3100 wgUvi MfxiZvi gGaÅ ˆgvU 10wU MÅvm ˆRvb iGqGQ| MÅvm ˆRvbmgƒn fzeb I ˆevKvwej Õ¦imgwÓ¡i ˆeGjcv^Gii AvavGi AewÕ©Z| MÅvm ˆRvbmgƒGni ‰GKKwUi ˆbU cyi‚Z½ 25 wgUvi ˆ^GK cÉvq 65 wgUvi chƯ¦ ‰es mwÁÃwjZ ev ˆgvU ˆbU cyi‚Z½ cÉvq 130 wgUvi| ˆeGjcv^Gii MÅvm AvavimgƒGni duvKv Õ©vb gvb cÉvq 17% ˆ^GK 24% ‰es ‰GZ MÅvm mÁ·†î×Zv 55% ˆ^GK 70%|

1962 mGb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb MÅvmGÞòwU AvweÓ•vi KGi| 1968 mGb ‰B MÅvmGÞò ˆ^GK MÅvm Drcv`b ÷i‚ nq ‰es eZÆgvGb ‰B MÅvmGÞò evsjvG`Gk MÅvm Pvwn`vi meÆe†nr Ask mieivn KGi ^vGK| 1994 mGbi Ryb gvm chƯ¦ ‰B MÅvmGÞò ˆ^GK 1107 wewjqb NbdzU MÅvm Drcvw`Z nq| wZZvm MÅvmGÞGò eZÆgvGb 11wU Drcv`b K„Gci gvaÅGg cÉwZw`b cÉvq 280 wgwjqb NbdzU MÅvm ‰es 350 eÅvGij KbGWbGmU Drcvw`Z nq|  [e`i‚j Bgvg]

weqvbxevRvi f„Zvwî½K MVb  myigv AeevwnKvi DîicƒeÆvsGk AewÕ©Z| 1980-81 mvGj weqvbxevRvi-1 K„cwU LbGbi gvaÅGg MÅvm AvweÓ•‡Z nq| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU mgEa»ÆfvuR, hvi mi‚ P„ov, Lvov cvk¼Æ ‰es RwUj Õ¡ËvBK PzÅwZ AvGQ| myigv AeevwnKvi AbÅvbÅ f„KvVvGgvi cvjwjK AeGÞGci gGZvB weqvbxevRvi f„Zvwî½K MVbwUI e«¼xcxq, b`xR I mvgyw`ËK evjyivwk, cwjKYv I K`Æg wkjv «¼viv MwVZ|

f„MvVwbKfvGe weqvbxevRvi f„KvVvGgvwU `ywU e†nr kwî×i «¼viv m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj, hvi ‰KwU cwøg w`K ˆ^GK msGKvPbkxj kwî×i gvaÅGg BG±`v-evgÆv fuvR Açj MVb KGi ‰es AciwU DîivsGki kwî×i Dcv`vbmgƒGni gvaÅGg wkjs gÅvwmGdi mGã WvDwK PzÅwZ eivei ‰KwòZ nGqwQj|

1960 mvGj ‰KK fuvR mÁ·®² f„-KÁ·b DcvGîi «¼viv cvwKÕ¦vb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb meÆcÉ^g ‰B weqvbxevRvi f„KvVvGgvwUGK wPwn×Z KGi ‰es cieZÆxGZ 1979-80 mvGj cÉvKjv f„-KÁ·b DcvGîi «¼viv ‰wU mÁ·GKÆ AviI AwaK wbwøZ nIqv hvq| weqvbxevRvi Ea»ÆfvuRGK cÉv^wgKfvGe gvgv-fvG™² Ea»ÆfvuR wnGmGeI MYÅ Kiv nq, hvi Dîi`wÞGY 35 wKwg Š`GNÆÅi ˆKÑvRvGi 213 wgUvi f„MGfÆ ‰KwU Avcvi MÅvm ˆRvb AvGQ|

weweqvbv f„Zvwî½K MVb  myigv AeevwnKvi 12 bÁ¼i eÐGKi A¯¦fÆyî×| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi AvK‡wZ weqvbxevRvi f„Zvwî½K MVGbi Abyi…c| iwk`cyi Ea»ÆfvuGRi cÉvq 35 wKwg DîGi Dîi`wÞY eivei weweqvbv f„KvVvGgvwU Pvwiw`GK weÕ¦†Z ‰KwU duv` i…Gc AeÕ©vb KiGQ| gvGqvwmb myigv wkjv`j gRyZ wkjvi Ask, ˆhLvGb nvBGWÈvKveÆbmgƒn 6wU evjyKYv Õ¦Gi wefî× ‰es cÉGZÅKwU Õ¦iB K`Æg wkjv «¼viv c†^KxK‡Z| QqwU evjyKYv Õ¦iB cÉexY f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡GZ AeÕ©vb KGi| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi ˆKÑvRvGii aib UÇv´ÖGMÉmbvj| mshywî× wmqvi PzÅwZi mGã Aby‹`NÆÅ PzÅwZi mswgkÉGYi KviGY weweqvbv f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi ˆK±`Ê mÁ¿eZ ˆek RwUj|  [‰g jyrdvi ingvb ˆPŒayix]

nweMé f„Zvwî½K MVb  eãxq cyitLvGZi DîicƒeÆvsk ‰es myigv AeevwnKvi `wÞY-gaÅvçGj AewÕ©Z| ‰wU wòcyivi evivgyiv Ea»ÆfuvGRi Dîivçjxq kxlÆwe±`y| gƒjZ nweMé f„Zvwî½K MVb I evivgyiv Ea»ÆfuvGRi gvSLvGb ‰KwU mvgvbÅ Pvcv Ask iGqGQ| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU mggvwòK ‰es `wÞY-`wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦|

nweMé f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi f„-KÁ·b Z^Å I K„c Z^Å cÉgvY KGi ˆh, ‰wUi ˆKÑvRvi mÁ·ƒYÆ Avjv`v| evivgyiv Ea»ÆfvuRmn f„Zvwî½K MVbwU weivU, cÉvq 130 wKwg jÁ¼v| ‰LvGb WzwcwUjv Õ¦imgwÓ¡i wkjvmgƒn cÉKwUZ ‰es AçjwU Mo mgy`Ë mxgv ˆ^GK cÉvq 20 wgUvi DuPz| f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi ˆKvb cvGk¼ÆB PzÅwZi DcwÕ©wZ jÞÅ Kiv hvq bv|

‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwUGZ evsjvG`Gki AbÅZg e†nîg Drcv`bkxj MÅvmGÞòwU AewÕ©Z| cvwKÕ¦vb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb 1963 mvGj ‰wU AvweÓ•vi KGi| MÅvmGÞòwU 11 wKwg jÁ¼v ‰es 4.5 wKwg PIov| ˆeGjcv^i AvavGii 30% duvKv Õ©vb I cÉGekÅZv Lye fvj| ‰Lb chƯ¦ ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVGb 10wU K„c Lbb Kiv nGqGQ| ‘Avcvi MÅvm mÅv´£’ Õ¦i f„-c†Ó¤ ˆ^GK 1,255 wgUvi ˆ^GK 1,585 wgUvi MfxiZvq AewÕ©Z| ‰B Õ¦iwU wgwn `vbv wewkÓ¡, cwiÓ•vi, AmsnZ ‰es fvjfvGe evQvBK‡Z| ‘Avcvi MÅvm mÅv´£’ Õ¦Gi Kv`v gwYGKi AchÆvµ¦Zv ‰es ™ÏyGKvbvBU gwYGKi DcwÕ©wZ wbG`Æk KGi ˆh, ‰wU DœP kwî×mÁ·®² DcK„jxq ev DcK„Gji KvQvKvwQ AçGj AeGÞwcZ nGqwQj| evwji Õ¦i ŠmKZ evwji ŠewkÓ¡Å wbG`Æk KGi| ‘Avcvi ˆgwib ˆkj’ ‘Avcvi MÅvm mÅv´£’ Õ¦Gii mxj wnGmGe KvR KGi|

nviviMé f„Zvwî½K MVb  ˆfŒGMvwjKfvGe ˆgŒjfxevRvi ˆRjvi cƒeÆcvGk¼Æ ‰es f„MvVwbKfvGe wmGjU LvG`i `wÞGY AewÕ©Z| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi Dîi Ask evsjvG`Gk ‰es `wÞY Ask fviGZi wòcyiv ivGRÅ cGoGQ| ‰wU 70 wKwg jÁ¼v, hvi gGaÅ 30 wKwg evsjvG`Gk| mGeÆvœP DœPZv 335.89 wgUvi| f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi fuvR mÁcÉmvwiZ ‰es `yB w`GK ˆKÑvRvi AvGQ, P„ov mi‚ ‰es ˆ`LGZ evGÝi gGZv| ‰wU Amg ‰es cwøgcvk¼Æ AGcÞv cƒeÆcvk¼Æ Lvov| ˆK±`ÊwU Avfů¦ixY kwî×i djÕ¼i…c Pviw`K ˆ^GK ˆcwlZ nGqGQ| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi Õ¦imgƒn Lvov nIqvi dGj ‰wUi gGaÅi Ask f„KÁ·bxqfvGe eÐvB´£| nviviMé cvnvoGkÉYx AmsLÅ cvnvwoqv Qovi KviGY eÅeGœQw`Z nGqGQ| cvnvwoqv QovmgƒGni bKkv gƒjZ cÉkvLx ‰es ˆUÇwjm aiGbi|

Ea»ÆfuvRwUi ˆKG±`Ê bexb f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡ meGPGq cÉexYZg wkjv wnGmGe cÉKwUZ| ‰wU ˆeGjcv^i mg†«¬ ‰es AvovAvwo Õ¦ivqY, ˆdÑmvi Õ¦ivqY, DwÆgÆgvjv ‰es PÅvGbj AeGÞGc ŠewkÓ¡ÅcƒYÆ| K`Ægwkjvàwj evwj ev wmΟ cƒYÆ ‰es AMfxi mvgyw`ËK cwiGeGk AeGÞwcZ nGqwQj|

ˆevKvwej Õ¦imgwÓ¡ msMZfvGe bexb f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡i Dci kvwqZ ‰es wbGPi I DcGii Õ¦i AGcÞv AwaK ‰uGUj| nviviMGéi P„ovq ‰KwU ˆZj I KGqKwU MÅvmÞiY AvGQ| ˆZj ‰es MÅvmÞiYàwj mvMibvj Qovi kvLvb`x awj Qovq cvIqv ˆMGQ|

nvwZqv f„Zvwî½K MVb  ‰wU evsjvG`Gki `wÞYcƒeÆ AsGk e†nîi ˆbvqvLvjx I eGãvcmvMGii wekvj ‰jvKv RyGo weivR KiGQ| f„MvVwbKfvGe ‰wU eãxq cyitLvGZi cwøgvçjxq µÏÅvUdgÆ AsGk AewÕ©Z| ‰wU eãxq cyitLvGZi meGPGq AebwgZ I MfxiZg Ask| ‰LvGb cvjwjK wkjvi cyi‚Z½ 20 wKwgi ˆewk| ‰wU ‰KwU Amg EaeÆfuvR ‰es ‰i cwøg cvk¼Æ ˆek AvjGZv| cƒeÆ cvk¼ÆwU Lvov ‰es mÁ¿eZ PzÅwZ mÁ¼wjZ| ‰B Ea»ÆfuvGRi kvnevRcyi ‰es ˆeMgMGé AwaPvc AçGji DcGi evwYwRÅKfvGe MÅvm cvIqv ˆMGQ| kvnevRcyGi ‘Avcvi MÅvm mÅv´£’ Õ¦iwU ˆevKvwej Õ¦imgwÓ¡GZ ‰es ‘ˆjvqvi MÅvm mÅv´£’ Õ¦iwU bexb f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡GZ cvIqv ˆMGQ|

nvRxcyi f„Zvwî½K MVb  ‰wU e†nîi gqgbwmsn ˆRjvi gaycyGi Z^vKw^Z ‘wné ˆRvGbi’ DcGi AewÕ©Z| Õ¡ÅvbfÅvK AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwbi Z`viwKGZ 1959-60 mvGj nvRxcyi ‰jvKvwU ‰KK fuvR f„KÁ·bxq RwiGci (single fold sysmic survey) AvIZvq AvGm| cieZÆxGZ cÉvKjv mvBmGgvR KZ‡ÆK Mãv-eËþcyò bG`i `wÞYcwøgvGaÆ 12 fuvR wewkÓ¡ f„KÁ·bxq Rwic KvhÆ mgvav Kiv nq|

f„KÁ·bxq Rwic bexb IwjGMvwmb Õ¦i I gaÅ Uviwkqvix Õ¦Gii gGaÅ AmsMwZ wbG`Æk KGi| eivBj wkjv`j mywÕ©Z ˆmvcvb AçGj AeGÞwcZ bv nGq eiç ‘wné ˆRvGbi’ KvQvKvwQ I AeevwnKv AçGj AeGÞwcZ nGqwQj| Õ¡ÅvbfÅvK AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwbi ‰KK fuvR f„KÁ·bxq RwiGci Ici wfwî KGi 1960 mvGj nvRxcyi K„c-1wU 3,816 wgUvi MfxiZv chƯ¦ Lbb Kiv nGqwQj| ZGe ‰wU ÷Ó• K„c nIqvGZ cGi cwiZÅî× nq|  [ˆkL Avwgbyj Bmjvg]

`wÞY wbjv f„Zvwî½K MVb  KÝevRvi ˆRjvi ˆUKbvd DcGRjvi 20°52´ ˆ^GK 21°07´ Dîi AÞvsk ‰es 92°08´ ˆ^GK 92°18´ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsk ‰es evsjvG`k gƒj f„LGíi `wÞYcƒGeÆi ˆkl cÉvG¯¦ AewÕ©Z| Dîi 17° cwøg I `wÞY 17° cƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦ cvnvo I DcZÅKv Ea»ÆfuvRwUi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi| mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK mGeÆvœP DœPZv 266 wgUvi| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi Dîi cvGk¼Æ f„wgi e®¬ziZv Lye Kg ‰es `wÞY cvk¼ÆwU AvPgKv mgf„wgi mvG^ wgGk ˆMGQ|

Ea»ÆfuvRwU mÁcÉmvwiZ, Amg ‰es evGÝi gGZv| Aby‹`NÆÅ I AbycÉÕ© eivei PÅywZ ^vKvi KviGY f„MVbwU ˆek RwUj| cÉKwUZ cÉexYZg wkjv nGjv bexb f„eb, hv cÉvq 545 wgUvi cyi‚| cÉexY ˆ^GK bexb wkjv Õ¦iò×gmgƒn nGjv bexb f„eb, ˆevKvwej, wUcvg ‰es WzwcwUjv Õ¦imgwÓ¡mgƒn| gƒjZ K`Æg wkjv ‰es mvgvbÅ ˆeGjcv^i wkjv Ea»ÆfuvRwUGK ŠewkÓ¡ÅcƒYÆ KGi ZzGjGQ| ‰i AÞ Dîi-Dîicwøg I `wÞY-`wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦| eGãvcmvMi Ea»ÆfuvRwUi cwøg cvGk¼Æi wKQy Ask I `wÞY cvGk¼Æi Þq KGiGQ|

‰B f„MVbwU ò×v¯¦xq Rjevqyi AvIZvfzî× ‰es elÆvKvGj cÉPzi e†wÓ¡cvGZi gyGLvgywL nq| ‰jvKvwU Nb RãGj Ave†Z ‰es Mvgv, wPUvMvs wUK, euvk I ˆSvGc cƒYÆ| ebÅ cÉvYxi gGaÅ nvwZ I evbi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ, ZGe nwiY I kƒKiI cvIqv hvq| ‰jvKvwUGZ KÝevRvi-ˆUKbvd gnvmoGKi gvaÅGg A^ev fvUvi mgq mgy`Ë ŠmKGZi Dci w`Gq wRc PvwjGq ˆcuŒQvGbv hvq|

ˆdbx f„Zvwî½K MVb  ˆdbx ˆRjvi ˆdbx cywjk ˆÕ¡kGbi KvGQ ‰KwU f„MfÆÕ¦ Ea»ÆfuvR| ˆdbx kni ˆ^GK Ea»ÆfuvRwU 8 wKwg `wÞGY AewÕ©Z| ‰wU 20°50´-23°00´ Dîi AÞvsk I 91°20´-91°29´ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsGk AewÕ©Z| ‰B EaeÆfuvRwU f„KÁ·bxq RwiGci gvaÅGg aiv cGoGQ| ‰wU ‰KwU wWGgi AvK‡wZi PzÅwZewRÆZ mggvwòK EaeÆfuvR| f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi fuvGRi eÅvwµ¦ 200 wgUvi| `wÞY w`GKi Zzjbvq Dîi w`K ˆewk AvjGZv| ‰wU cÉvq 12 wKwg jÁ¼v I 5 wKwg PIov|

f„MvVwbKfvGe Ea»ÆfuvRwU eãxq cyitLvGZi ewjZ ejq A^Ævr nvwZqv Lv` ‰es wòcyiv cvnvGoi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| f„MVbwUi cƒeÆ I cwøg cvk¼Æ mxZvKzí I ˆeMgMé Ea»ÆfuvGRi gaÅeZÆx wbÁ²fã (syncline) «¼viv wewœQ®²| MvVwbKfvGe ‰wU ˆeMgMé Ea»ÆfuvR ˆ^GK cÉvq 150 wgUvi DGœP AewÕ©Z| ‰B Ea»ÆfuvRwU ˆeMgMé Ea»ÆfuvGRi mgv¯¦ivj|

Ea»ÆfuvRwUGZ `ywU K„c Lbb Kiv nGqGQ| 1981 mvGj 3,200 wgUvi MfxiZvq ˆcGUÇvevsjv cÉ^g K„cwU Lbb KGi| cieZÆxGZ 1998 mvGj ‰B K„cwU e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq|

KvgZv f„Zvwî½K MVb  XvKv knGii 20 wKwg Dîi-DîicƒGeÆ MvRxcyi ˆRjvq AewÕ©Z ‰KwU f„MfÆÕ© Ea»ÆfuvR| ‰wU ŠKjvm wUjv Ea»ÆfuvGRi gGZv ‰Z eo bq| ‰wU evLivev` Ea»ÆfuvR ˆ^GK cÉvq 45 wKwg cwøGg AewÕ©Z| f„MvVwbKfvGe ‰wU gaycyi MGoi `wÞGY AewÕ©Z| ‰jvKvwU mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK 5-10 wgUvi DGœP AewÕ©Z| µÏvBmGUvwmb mgGqi gaycyi K`Æg Õ¦imgwÓ¡ ‰jvKvwUGZ cÉKwUZ| ‰LvGb c†Ó¤ fuvGRi ˆKvb AvjvgZ ˆbB| f„-Afů¦Gi Ea»ÆfuvRwUi AwÕ¦Z½ f„KÁ·bxq RwiGci gvaÅGg cÉgvwYZ nGqGQ|

f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi AvK‡wZ c`wPGn×i Abyi…c| ‰wU ‰KwU Dfq cvGk¼Æ AvjGZv bwZgvòvmÁ·®² cÉkvLx Ea»ÆfuvR| ‰wU 13 wKwg jÁ¼v, 4 wKwg PIov I eÅvwµ¦ 28 wgUvi| f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi AÞ DîicƒeÆ ˆ^GK `wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦|

ˆcGUÇvevsjv 1981 mvGj K„cwU Lbb KGi| AwZwiî× cvwb cÉevGni KviGY ‰B ˆQvU MÅvmGÞòwU ˆ^GK Drcv`b 1991 mvGj Õ©wMZ nGq hvq|  [‰g.‰ evKx]

gGnkLvjx f„Zvwî½K MVb  KÝevRvi ˆRjvi 21°28´- 21°45´ Dîi AÞvsk ‰es 91°05´- 92°01´ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsGk AewÕ©Z| «¼xcwUi cƒeÆ cvGk¼Æ cvnvoGkÉwY ‰KwU mvg¯¦wiK ˆÞò ŠZwi KGi| cvnvoGkÉwYwU Dîi-Dîicwøg ‰es `wÞY-`wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦| mGeÆvœP DœPZv mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK 86.26 wgUvi|

f„MvVwbKfvGe Ea»ÆfuvRwU eãxq cyitLvGZi ewjZ ejGqi cwøg cvGk¼Æi A¯¦MÆZ| ‰wU ‰KwU mvaviY Amg Ea»ÆfuvR| ‰i cƒeÆ cvk¼Æ DîicƒeÆ w`GK 7°-10° bwZgvòvq kvwqZ| Aciw`GK Ea»ÆfuvRwUi cwøg cvk¼Æ mivmwi cwøgw`GK 30°-40° bwZgvòvq kvwqZ; DfGq wgwjZfvGe ‰KwU AmgZv wbG`Æk KGi|  [ˆgvt Lyiwk` Avjg]

evLivev` f„Zvwî½K MVb  KzwgÍÏv ˆRjvq AewÕ©Z| XvKv kni ˆ^GK cƒeÆw`GK ‰i `ƒiZ½ cÉvq 40 wKGjvwgUvi| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU f„MGfÆ Dîi-`wÞGY weÕ¦‡Z cÉvq 65 wKGjvwgUvi jÁ¼v Ea»ÆfuvGRi ‰K Ask RyGo AewÕ©Z| ‰B Ea»ÆfuvGR wZbwU P„ov ev KvjwgGbkb iGqGQ ‰es evLivev` f„MVbwU meÆ`wÞGY AewÕ©Z KvjwgGbkb ‘‰’ ˆZ AewÕ©Z| cieZÆxGZ DîGii `ywU KvjwgGbkb ‘we’ ‰es ‘wm’-ˆZ K„c Lbb Kiv nGj Dfq ˆÞGòB MÅvGmi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq| BGZvgGaÅ weÕ¦vwiZ f„MvVwbK PwiGòi weGkÏlGY Rvbv hvq ˆh, evLivev` Ea»ÆfuvGRi DîGii `ywU KvjwgGbkb (we ‰es wm) cÉK‡ZcGÞ `ywU c†^K KvVvGgvi mvÞÅ enb KGi| ˆm wnGmGe ‰B `yB Õ©vGb MÅvm cÉvwµ¦i KviGY `ywU c†^K MÅvmGÞò wnGmGe, h^v ˆgNbv ‰es ˆejvGev eGj MYÅ Kiv nq|

evLivev` MÅvmGÞòwU 1968 mGb ˆkj AGqj ˆKvÁ·vwb KZƆK AvweÓ•‡Z nq ‰es 1984 mb ˆ^GK ‰B ˆÞò ˆ^GK MÅvm Drcv`b ÷i‚ nq| f„-c†GÓ¤i wbGP MÅvmGÞòwUi cÉvq 1820 wgUvi ˆ^GK 2150 wgUvi MfxiZvi gGaÅ PviwU MÅvm ˆRvb iGqGQ| ‰B MÅvmGRvbmgƒn ˆevKvwej Õ¦imgwÓ¡i ˆeGjcv^Gii AvavGi AewÕ©Z, hvGZ duvKv Õ©vb ev ˆcvGivwmwU gvb cÉvq 12% ˆ^GK 24% (MGo 22%) ‰es MÅvm mÁ·†î×Zv gvb 40% ˆ^GK 80% (MGo 65%)|

1994 mGbi Ryb gvm chƯ¦ ‰B ˆÞò ˆ^GK 375 wewjqb NbdzU MÅvm Drcvw`Z nq| eZÆgvGb evLivev` MÅvmGÞGò 8wU Drcv`b K„Gci gvaÅGg cÉwZw`b cÉvq 140 wgwjqb NbdzU MÅvm ‰es 165 eÅvGij KbGWbGmU Drcvw`Z nq|

cv^vwiqv f„Zvwî½K MVb  wmGjU Lv` AçGji ‰GKevGi cƒGeÆi Ea»ÆfuvR, fviGZi Avmvg ivGRÅi mxgvbvi KvQvKvwQ AewÕ©Z| ‰B cv^vwiqv cvnvo mvwii c†GÓ¤ RvqMvq RvqMvq ˆZj I MÅvmÞiY nq| ‰LvGb cuvPwU Abym®¬vbgƒjK K„c Lbb Kiv nGqGQ| ZGe ‰LGbv ˆZj ev MÅvGmi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq wb| f„MVbwU ‰KwU mÁcÉmvwiZ Amg Ea»ÆfuvR| ‰wU Dîi ˆ^GK Dîi `wÞY w`GK  cÉvq 50 wKwg j¯¼v|

Ea»ÆfuvRwUi cƒeÆ cvGk¼Æi wKQy Ask ‰es Dîi I `wÞGYi e®¬ nGq hvIqv Ask fviGZ AewÕ©Z| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi AvjGZv AÞxq P„ov cÉvq 1 wKwg cÉkÕ¦ ‰es Õ¦imgƒGni bwZgvòv 200 chƯ¦| wK¯¦ Ea»ÆfuvRwUi cƒeÆ I cwøg cvk¼Æ Lye Lvov I DÍÏÁ¼| myigv LvG`i gGaÅ cv^vwiqv nGjv MvVwbKfvGe D®²xZ f„Zvwî½K MVb| gaÅ f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡i AeÕ©vGbi cwiGcÉwÞGZ weqvbxevRvi, ˆdçzMé ‰es AvUMÉvg Ea»ÆfuvGRi PvBGZ cv^vwiqv Ea»ÆfuvRwU h^vò×Gg 3,900, 2,400 I 1,900 wgUvi f„MvVwbKfvGe DGœP AewÕ©Z (cÉGZÅKwU 300±30 wgUvi)| ‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, gaÅ f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡ cv^vwiqv Ea»ÆfuvGRi P„ovq ‰es AbÅvbÅ f„MVbàwji f„Afů¦Gi AeÕ©vb KiGQ| gƒjZ cv^vwiqv Ea»ÆfuvGR wbIwRb mgGqi cyi‚ wkjvÕ¦i cÉKwUZ| Õ¦imgwÓ¡àwj bexb ˆ^GK cÉexYò×Gg ‰B iKg: Wzwc wUjv, wMi‚Rvb ˆKÑ, ˆevKvwej I f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡mgƒn|

cv^wiqv f„Zvwî½K MVb, wmGjU

bexbZg Wzwc wUjv Õ¦imgwÓ¡ Ea»ÆfuvRwUi DfqcvGk¼Æ ˆQvU ˆQvU wUjvi m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ, wK¯¦ Ea»ÆfuvRwUi ˆKG±`Ê gaÅ f„eb Õ¦imgwÓ¡ cÉKwUZ| cv^vwiqv 5 K„cwU RvgKvw±` bvgK RvqMvq AewÕ©Z cv^vwiqv 1,2,3,4 bÁ¼i K„c ˆ^GK cÉvq 7 wKwg `wÞGY Ea»ÆfuvRwUi P„ovq AewÕ©Z| cÉvq 5,000 wgUvi MfxGi AewÕ©Z IwjGMvwmb eovBj wkjv`j chƯ¦ ˆcuŒQvGbvi RbÅ 1989 mvGj ‰B K„cwU Lbb Kiv nGqwQj| wK¯¦ K„cwU 3,434 wgUvi MfxGi ˆcuŒQvGbvi ci meÆGgvU 340 w`KöÓ¡ nIqvi dGj cieZÆxGZ ‰wU e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq| Pxbv weGklæiv cybivq K„cwUGK ˆmvRv KiGZ eÅ^Æ nIqvi ci 1992 mvGji ‰wcÉj gvGm K„cwUGK AeGkGl cwiZÅî× ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| cv^vwiqv 5 K„cwU gvò 480 wgUvi MfxGiB AwaPvc ejGqi mÁÃyLxb nGqwQj|

ŠR¯¦vcyi f„Zvwî½K MVb  `ywU wf®²agÆx f„Zvwî½K MVb- DîGii DwïZ wkjs gvjf„wg ‰es `wÞGYi AebwgZ myigv AeevwnKvi gvSLvGb AewÕ©Z| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU DîGi Lvwmqv-ŠR¯¦v ‰es wkjs gvjf„wg, `wÞGY ˆMvqvBb Lv`, cƒGeÆ AvUMÉvg Ea»ÆfuvR ‰es cwøGg ˆMvqvBb Lv` I Lvwmqv-ŠR¯¦v cvnvGoi cv`G`k «¼viv ˆewÓ¡Z| ‰jvKvwU msKxYÆ cƒeÆ-cwøGg mÁcÉmvwiZ ‰es cvnvGoi gvGS gvGS Rjvf„wg «¼viv ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ| f„MvVwbKfvGe ‰jvKvwUGK wZb fvGM fvM Kiv hvq, h^v: Açj 1- cwøGgi WvDwK b`x ‰es cƒGeÆi bvjRywi evRvGii gaÅeZÆx ‰jvKv; Açj 2- cƒGeÆi bvjRywi I Avmvgcvivi gaÅeZÆx Õ©vb; ‰es Açj 3- cwøGgi ŠR¯¦vcyi I cƒGeÆi WzwcMuvI mn mvwi b`xi gaÅeZÆx ‰jvKv|

ŠR¯¦vcyi f„Zvwî½K MVGbi cÉexY ˆ^GK bexbò×Gg cÉKwUZ wkjvmgƒn nGjv: wmGjU Pzbvcv^i, ˆKvwcwj ˆkj, eivBj, f„eb, ˆevKvwej, wUcvg ˆeGjcv^i, wMi‚Rvb ˆKÑ, WzwcwUjv ‰es wWwns Õ¦imgwÓ¡mgƒn|

wRwéiv f„Zvwî½K MVb  ˆm´Ÿ gvwUÆ´Ö «¼xGci f„Zvwî½K MVb| f„Zvwî½K MVbwU mvaviY ‰es ‰KwU Ea»ÆfuvR «¼viv wbG`ÆwkZ| «¼xcwU Ea»ÆfuvGRi cƒeÆcvGk¼Æ AewÕ©Z| `wÞY cvovi cwøg DcK„Gj Ea»ÆfuvRwUi AGÞi mvgvbÅ AsGki wPn× cvIqv hvq| AGÞi cÉKwUZ AskwU Dîi-Dîicwøg I `wÞY-`wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦ ‰es «¼xcwUi mGã cÉvq mgv¯¦ivj| «¼xcwUi Dîicwøg DcK„Gj ‰KwU PzÅwZ AvGQ, hvi AÞ «¼xcwUi AGÞi mvG^ cÉvq mgv¯¦ivj| PzÅwZwU wifvmÆ aiGbi, hvi cƒeÆ cvk¼ÆwU DGîvwjZ (up thrown block) Ask|

Ea»ÆfuvRwU Amg| cƒeÆ cvGk¼Æi AGÞi KvGQ wkjvÕ¦i mgƒGni bwZgvòv cƒeÆw`GK Lye AvjGZv (3°-5°), ZGe AviI cƒGeÆ bwZgvòv ò×gv¯¼Gq evoGQ (10°-12°)| wmivw`qvi (ˆQivw`qv) KvGQ bwZgvòv 30° ev AviI ˆewk| cwøg cvGk¼Æi Lye mvgvbÅ AskB mgyG`Ëi DcGi cÉKwUZ, hvi bwZgvòv cøgw`GK 60| ‰KbwZK (monoclinal swing) ˆ`vjb Ea»ÆfuvRwUGK ‰KwU evGÝi gGZv i…c w`GqGQ|

Bbvbx f„Zvwî½K MVb  KÝevRvi ˆRjvi m`i DcGRjvq AewÕ©Z| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwU KÝevRvi kni ˆ^GK 5 wKwg `wÞGY 21°5´-21°25´ Dîi AÞvsk ‰es 92°0´-92°10´ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsGki gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| ‰wU Dîi-Dîicwøg I `wÞY-`wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK webÅÕ¦ ˆQvU ˆQvU cvnvo w`Gq MwVZ| mGeÆvœP DœPZv cÉvq 54.86 wgUvi| f„-MvVwbKfvGe Bbvbx Ea»ÆfuvRwU eãxq cyitLvGZi PëMÉvg ewjZ ejGqi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| f„MVbwU eGãvcmvMGii DcK„jGiLv eivei weÕ¦†Z| Dfqw`GK Ea»ÆfuvRwU ˆiRyLvGji gvaÅGg `yBfvGM wefî× nGqGQ| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi `wÞYw`K wbPz e®¬ziZv mÁ·®²| ‰LvGb Bbvbx f„Zvwî½K MVb `wÞY wbjv f„Zvwî½K MVb ˆ^GK wewœQ®² nGqGQ|

Bbvbx ‰KwU msKxYÆ I mÁcÉmvwiZ f„Zvwî½K MVb, ˆhLvGb Ea»ÆfuvRwUi DfqcvGk¼Æ wUcvg ˆeGjcv^i Õ¦imgwÓ¡ LyeB Lvov Açj MVb KGi| Lvov AçGj meÆvwaK 70° chƯ¦ bwZgvòv wjwce«¬ Kiv nGqGQ| ZGe P„ov AçGj (crest) 3° ˆ^GK 12° chƯ¦ cwiewZÆZ nq| ‰LvGb ˆevKvwej Õ¦imgwÓ¡ nGjv mePvBGZ cÉexY cÉKwUZ wkjvÕ¦i|

mxZvcvnvo f„Zvwî½K MVb  cwUqv f„Zvwî½K MVGbi cƒeÆw`GK ‰es ˆejvmwi I wMjvmwi f„Zvwî½K MVGbi cwøgw`GK AewÕ©Z| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi DîGi PÅvsGMvUvs ‰es `wÞGY ev±`ievb Ea»ÆfuvRmgƒn AewÕ©Z| ‰wU DîGi 20° cwøg ˆ^GK `wÞGY 20° cƒeÆw`GK webÅÕ¦| Ea»ÆfuvRwU `wÞY 18° cƒGeÆ 6° bwZgvòvq ˆkl nGqGQ| ‰wU jÁ¼vq 40 wKwg ‰es ‰i Lvov cwøg cvk¼ÆwU RvqMvq RvqMvq IjUvb (overturn) AeÕ©vq AvGQ|

KYÆdzwj b`x ‰B ‰jvKvi cÉavb b`x| Ea»ÆfuvRwUi AGÞi Aby‹`NÆÅ eivei wkjQwo Qovi MwZ ‰B ‰jvKvi f„i…cZvwî½K ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ‰KwU cÉavb w`K| QovwU Ea»ÆfuvGRi DcZÅKv eivei cÉevwnZ nGœQ| mvaviYZ AGÞi Aby‹`NÆÅ eivei ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe big wkjv cÉKwUZ ^vKGj ‰B aiGbi DcZÅKvi m†wÓ¡ nq|

mxZvKzí f„Zvwî½K MVb  PëMÉvg I cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi meGPGq cwøg cÉvG¯¦i AbÅZg f„Zvwî½K MVb| PëMÉvg ˆRjvi Dîi cwøgvçGj 22°34´ - 22°43´ Dîi AÞvsGk ‰es 91°38´ - 91°41´ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsGk ‰i AeÕ©vb| ‰i DîGi ˆdbx b`x, `wÞGY KYÆdzjx b`x, cƒGeÆ nvj`v b`x I cwøGg m±«¼xc PÅvGbj| ‰B f„Zvwî½K MVbwUi Š`NÆÅ cÉvq 70 wKwg I cÉÕ© 90 wKwg|

mxZvKzí fuvR ‰KwU `ËvwNZ, AcÉwZmg, eÝRvZxq w«¼-fãvÞbZ Dîjfã| fuvRwUi AÞ ˆiLv Dîi-DîicƒeÆ I `wÞY-`wÞYcƒeÆ gyGL avegvb, hv AvçwjK AvqvGgi (strike) mvaviY cÉeYZvi mgv¯¦ivj| DîjfãwUi Dfq cvk¼ÆG`k ‰i w«¼-fãvÞbZ cÉK‡wZi KviGY DîGi ˆdbx b`x I `wÞGY KYÆdzjx b`xi cvjwjK mgf„wgGZ wMGq wgGkGQ|

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