fvG^Ægv, jyWwfGKv wW  ˆevGjvMbvi Awaevmx ‰es mÁ¿eZ ‰KRb wPwKrmGKi m¯¦vb| wZwb 1502 wLËÓ¡vGõi ˆklw`GK Õ©jcG^ fviGZi DGóGkÅ hvòv KGib| cZÆywMR miKvi KZƆK bvBU Dcvwa cÉvµ¦ jyWwfGKv wW fvG^Ægv ˆKvwPGb cZÆywMR evwYGRÅi `vjvj wnGmGe KvR KGib ‰es fviGZ cZÆywMR AvwacZÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi ˆÞGò ZvG`i cÉGPÓ¡v ‰es ˆmB mvG^ fviGZ emevmiZ RbMGYi ˆiIqvR-ixwZ mÁ·GKÆ ‰K weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY ˆiGL ˆMGQb|

fvG^Ægv fviGZ Avmvi cG^ KvqGiv, Šei‚Z, `vGgÕ• I gØv ögY KGib| gØvGZ wZwb wLËÓ¡vb ൦Pi wnGmGe ew±` nb| Aviwe fvlvq cvi`wkÆZv I gymwjg PvjPjb cÉ`kÆb KGi fvG^Ægv AvwdÌKvi Dîi-cwøg DcK„Gji w`GK cvwjGq ˆhGZ mÞg nb| ˆmLvb ˆ^GK wZwb w`DMvgx ‰K RvnvGR DGV cGob| cG^ wZwb nigyGR hvòv weiwZ KGib ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK RvnvRGhvGM KÅvGÁ¼i DGóGkÅ iIbv nb| 1504 wLËÓ¡vGõi 10 AGÙvei wZwb KÅvGÁ¼ ˆcuŒGQb| ˆmLvGb wZwb mywZ ‰es ˆmB mvG^ ˆikg-mywZ wgÝW eGÕ¨i wekvj Drcv`b jÞÅ KGib| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK ‰B mgÕ¦ eÕ¨ wewf®² ˆ`Gk iµ¦vwb nGZv| wZwb ˆek AevK nGq DGÍÏL KGiGQb ˆh, myjZvb gynÁÃ` ˆeMviv LvGbi ‰Z eo ˆMuvd wQj ˆh, wZwb ˆmwU gv^vi wcQGb ˆeuGa ivLGZb| Awaevmxiv KLbI cÉvYx nZÅv KiZ bv ‰es Zviv bv wQj wn±`y bv gymjgvb|

fvG^Ægv ‰ici ˆPvj, `Gfvj, ˆMvqv I weRvcyi hvb| weRvcyGi wZwb ‰KwU my±`i cÉvmv` cÉZÅÞ KGib| ˆmLvGb wZwb ‰KRb D`vi ivRviI mvÞvr cvb, whwb ZLb weRqbMGii mvG^ hyG«¬ wjµ¦| ‰ici wZwb weRqbMGii ‰KwU e±`i m`vwkeMo hvb ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK Aéw`e «¼xGc hvb| 1504 wLËÓ¡vGõi 18 bGfÁ¼Gii w`GK wZwb ZrKvjxb weRqbMGii Aaxb e±`i ˆnvbvfvi ˆcuŒGQb| wZwb gÅvãvGjvi e±`Gii K^vI DGÍÏL KGib, ˆhLvb ˆ^GK 50/60wU RvnvGR Pvj ˆevSvB Kiv nGZv| cZÆywMRG`i wbwgÆZ KÅvbvGbvi e±`Gii cÉwZ Zvi fvGjvjvMvi K^vI wZwb eGjGQb| ‰B e±`Gi cZÆywMRiv ˆNvov AvbZ weRqbMGi wewò× Kivi RbÅ| ‰B knGi wZwb eü gymwjg ewYK ˆ`GLb|

fvG^Ægv 6 wWGmÁ¼i weRqbMGi ˆcuŒGQb| weRqbMi mÁ·GKÆ wZwb ˆh eYÆbv w`GqGQb Zv ˆek PgKcÉ`| knGii cwiwa wQj mvZ gvBj ‰es wZbwU cÉvPxi «¼viv kniwU ˆewÓ¡Z wQj| ‘cvMvb’ wQGjb AZů¦ kwî×kvjx ‰es wZwb memgGq PwÍÏknvRvi Ak¼vGivnx ŠmbÅ cÉÕ§Z ivLGZb| weRqbMGi ˆNvov wewò× nGZv, ‰gbwK gvò ‰K Õ¼YÆ gy`Ëvq (800 cvi`vB)| fvG^Ægvi KvGQ weRqbMiGK gGb nGqGQ wgjvb knGii gGZv| ‰LvGb ivRvGK ivRÕ¼ w`GZ nGZv cÉGZÅKw`b 12,000 cvi`vB|

‰ici wZwb agÆcZbg hvb| ‰B e±`iwU gƒjZ gymjgvb ewYGKivB eÅenvi KiZ| 1505 wLËÓ¡vGõi 1 Rvbyqvwi wZwb KvwjKU ˆcuŒGQb| Zuvi weeiGY KvwjKGUi eYÆbvB wQj `xNÆZg| ‰LvGb ‘mgyG`Ëi ˆXD NGii cÉvPxGi wnGÍÏvj ˆZvGj’| e±`iwU wQj knGii ‰K gvBj `wÞGY| ‰KwU ˆQvU b`x KvwjKGUi gvSLvb w`Gq eGq ˆMGQ| knGii ˆKvb cÉwZiÞv cÉvPxi wQj bv ‰es Ni-evwo ‰K gvBj chƯ¦ weÕ¦†Z wQj| mgMÉ Açj Qq gvBGji ˆewk nGe bv| Mwie RbMGYi evwo-Ni ejGZ wQj LGoi QvIqv KuyGoNi| fvG^Ægv KvwjKGUi eËvþYG`i agÆxq KvhÆKjvc ‰es RvnvR wbgÆvGYi eYÆbv ˆ`b| cZÆywMRG`i AvMgGbi mgqKvGj ˆ`kxqG`i ‰ aiGbi DG`ÅvGMi Ici ‰ eYÆbv wQj weij| Avav gvBj cwiwai Dci Õ©vwcZ nGjI ivRvi cÉvmv`wU fvG^ÆgvGK AvKlÆY KiGZ cvGi wb| cÉvmvG`i ˆgGSàwjGZ wQj ˆMveGii cÉGjc| ivRvi bvg wQj RvGgvwib| wZwb wQGjb fviGZi abxG`i ‰KRb| ‰LvbKvi cÉavb Drc®² `ËeÅ nGjv ˆMvjgwiP I Av`v| Drcvw`Z dGji gGaÅ wQj KuvVvj, Avg, bviGKj I Kjv| ‰LvGb D®²ZgvGbi ˆZj I g` Drc®² nGZv| gwnjviv ‰KvwaK Õ¼vgx MÉnY KiGZ cviGZb| ewYKG`i gGaÅ eüÕ¨x ivLvB wQj cÉPwjZ ixwZ| ˆewkifvM ewYKB wQGjb wn±`y|

KvwjKGU euva w`Gq AvUKvGbv b`xi gaÅ w`Gq ögY KGi fvG^Ægv ˆbGÕ¡vwiqvb wLËÓ¡vb AayÅwlZ KjÅvYKzjvg knGi ˆcuŒGQb| ˆmLvb ˆ^GK wZwb ˆZbvGmwig (eZÆgvGb gviàB) nGq ˆbMvcUbg I wmsnj ˆcuŒGQb| ˆm mgGq ˆZbvGmwiGgi wn±`y ivRv weRqbMi I evsjvi mvG^ hyG«¬ wjµ¦ wQGjb| ˆmLvGb ˆek wKQy msLÅK gymwjg ewYK Avjv`v ‰KwU ‰jvKvq emevm KiZ| gviàB ˆ^GK ‰MvGiv w`Gbi hvòv ˆkGl 13 gvPÆ 1505 wLËÓ¡vGõ fvG^Ægv ˆeãvjv ˆcuŒGQb| mvaviYfvGe ‰B ˆeãvjvGK mµ¦MÉvGgi mvG^ kbvî× Kiv nq| ‰LvGb myjZvb (AekÅB AvjvDóxb ˆnvGmb kvn ) gymwjg c`vwZK evwnbx cÉÕ§Z ˆiGLwQGjb| wZwb ZLb weRqbMGii mvG^ hyG«¬ wjµ¦ wQGjb| ‰LvbKvi abx ewYKMY eQGi cçvkwUi gGZv RvnvR mywZ I ˆikg eGÕ¨ ˆevSvB KiZ| ‰B mgÕ¦ gvjvgvj, hvi gGaÅ wKQy wQj gmwjb, ZziÕ•, wmwiqv, cvimÅ, Avie, Bw^Iwcqv I mgMÉ fviGZ iµ¦vwb nGZv| Avg`vwb `ËGeÅi gGaÅ wQj wewf®² ið| fvG^Ægv jÞÅ KGiGQb ˆh, ˆbmGUvwiqvb wLËÓ¡vbiv ‰B ið eÅemvq RwoZ wQGjb| Zviv RyZv coGZb bv| fvG^Ægvi eî×eÅ AbymvGi mµ¦MÉvg nGjv emevGmi RbÅ `ywbqvi ˆkÉÓ¤ Õ©vb| ‰Lvb ˆ^GKB wZwb ˆcài DGóGkÅ RvnvGR DGVb|

1505 wLËÓ¡vGõi 1 ‰wcÉj ˆcà ˆcuŒGQ fvG^Ægv gvjvØv, mygvòv, e´£, ˆgvjyKvm «¼xccyé, Rvfv NyGo cybivq 1506 wLËÓ¡vGõi 16 gvPÆ KvwjKU ˆcuŒGQb| ‰mgq KvwjKU I cZÆywMRG`i gGaÅ ˆbŒhy«¬ PjwQj| fvG^Ægv ‰ hyG«¬i weeiY ˆ`b| wZwb 1507 wLËÓ¡vGõi 6 wWGmÁ¼i ˆKvwPb ZÅvM KGib ‰es ˆgvRvwÁ¼K I wjmeb nGq 1508 wLËÓ¡vGõi wWGmÁ¼i gvGm ˆivGg cÉZÅveZÆb KGib|

1510 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆivg ˆ^GK BUvwjqvb fvlvq Zuvi Mɯ©wU cÉ^g cÉKvwkZ nq ‰es A͸w`Gbi gGaÅB ˆek KGqKevi cybgyÆ`Ëb Kivi cÉGqvRb nGq cGo| jÅvwUb I RvgÆvb fvlvq ‰B eB cÉ^g cÉKvwkZ nq h^vò×Gg 1511 I 1515 wLËÓ¡vGõ| ˆÕ·bxk, ˆdÌç I IGjv±`vR fvlvq ‰wU cÉ^g gyw`ËZ nq h^vò×Gg 1520, 1556 I 1563 wLËÓ¡vGõ| 1577 wLËÓ¡vGõ wiPvWÆ BGWb ‰wU BsGiwRGZ Abyev` KGib| 1863 wLËÓ¡vGõ Rb DBbUvi ˆRvbm 1510 wLËÓ¡vGõi BUvwjqvb gy`ËY ˆ^GK ‰ BsGiwR Abyev` KGib| ‰ mgGqi gGaÅ AviI AGbK fvlvq ‰i gy`ËY mÁ·®² nGqwQj| fvG^Ægvi weeiGYi mZÅZv cÉ^gevGii gGZv weZGKÆi gvGS AvGm MvwmÆqv `Å IiUv-i aviYvq ‰es Zuvi eî×eÅGK mg^Æb ˆ`b ˆnbix BDj I AbÅvbÅ AviI KGqKRb cwíZ| mewKQy wePvi weGePbv KGi ˆgvUvgywUfvGe fvG^Ægvi weeiYGK AvcvZ `†wÓ¡GZ bÅvqmãZ gGb Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi, hw`I fvG^Ægv Zuvi AwfhvbGK cÉvq mgGqB M͸ AvKvGi eYÆbv Kivi cGÞ Zuvi cÉeYZv cÉKvk KGiGQb|

fvG^Ægvi weeiGYi ài‚Z½ ‰LvGb ˆh, wZwb ‰G`Gki gvbyGli AvPvi-eÅenvi, ixwZ-bxwZ, ‰LvbKvi Drcvw`Z cYÅ`ËeÅ ‰es fviGZ cZÆywMRG`i cÉvavbÅ Õ©vcGbi cy›Lvbycy›L eYÆbv ˆ`b| wZwb ˆh weeiGY ˆiGL ˆMGQb Zv ˆ^GK ˆek wKQy msLÅK ˆbGÕ¡vwiqvb wLËÓ¡vGbi DcwÕ©wZ I gymjgvb ewYGKi ewjÓ¤ evwYwRÅK ZrciZv mÁ·GKÆ wbfÆiGhvMÅ cÉgvY cvIqv hvq| H AvgGji RvnvR I ˆbŒKv mÁ·GKÆ ˆh mKj weeiY iGqGQ ˆmàwji gGaÅ Zuvi cÉ`î weeiY meÆGkÉÓ¤|  [Awbi‚«¬ ivq]

Mɯ©cwé  JH Jones (tr.), The Itinerary of Ludvico Di Varthema of Bologna, with a discourse by RC Temple, AES, 1997 (Indian ed, reprint of 1863 ed.); EF Oaten, European Travellers in India, Indian ed, Lucknow, 1973, reprinted from 1909 ed.