fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm  KwZcq RvZxq ˆbZvi DG`ÅvGM 1885 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ò×Gg ‰wU mÁcÉmvwiZ nGq wek kZGKi ˆMvovi w`K ˆ^GK ‰KwU RvZxqZvev`x cÉwZÓ¤vGb cwiYZ nq| eojvU wicGbi AvgGj BjevUÆ weGji wei‚G«¬ AÅvsGjv-Bw´£qvbG`i AvG±`vjbKvGj cÉZxqgvb nq ˆh, weËwUk kvmKG`i mGã cÉwZwbwaZ½kxj AvGjvPbvi RbÅ BsGiwR wkÞvq wkwÞZ fviZxq ivRbxwZwe`G`i cÉGqvRb ‰KwU meÆfviZxq ivR‹bwZK msMVGbi| ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb m†wÓ¡i DG`ÅvM ˆbb ‰KRb AemicÉvµ¦ weËwUk AvB.wm.‰m Awdmvi ‰.I wnDg| Zuvi DGókÅ wQj ‰gb ‰KwU `vwqZ½kxj cÉwZÓ¤vb MGo ˆZvjv, hvi gvaÅGg cvøvZÅ wkÞvq wkwÞZ DœPGkÉYxi fviZxqiv weËwUk kvmb mÁ·GKÆ ZvG`i ò×geaÆgvb AmG¯¦vl cÉKvk KiGZ cvGi| ‰ DG`ÅvMGK Õ¼vMZ Rvbvb myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆx , whwb 1876 mvGj Bw´£qvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb ‰es 1883 mvGj bÅvkbvj KbdvGi´Ö MVb KGiwQGjb| wnDGgi DG`ÅvGMi ˆcQGb eojvU WvdwiGbi mg^Æb wQj, KviY wZwb ˆPGqwQGjb ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb hv weËwUGki ‘AbyMZ weGivax `j’ wnGmGe KvR KiGZ cvGi| ‰KRb cÉwZ wÓ¤Z eÅvwiÕ¡vi ‰es weËwUk kvmGbi Drmvnx mg^ÆK WweÐD.wm.evbvRÆxGK 1885 mvGji wWGmÁ¼i gvGm ˆevÁ¼vBGZ AbyGÓ¤q fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi DG«¼vabx mGÁÃjGbi cÉ^g mfvcwZ wnGmGe gGbvbxZ Kiv nq| myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆxGK weËwUk kvmKiv RvbGZb ‰KRb DMÉc¯©x ivRbxwZK wnGmGe| ZvB wZwb cÉ^g mGÁÃjGb ˆhvM`vb KGib wb, cvGQ Zvi DcwÕ©wZ bZzb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ ˆKvb AÕ¼wÕ¦Ki cwiwÕ©wZi m†wÓ¡ KGi| ZGe wZwb 1886 mvGj KjKvZvq AbywÓ¤Z msMVGbi w«¼Zxq mGÁÃjGb ˆhvM`vb KGib|

KsGMÉm ZLbI ‰KwU ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe cwiwPwZ jvf KGi wb; ‰i ˆKvb msævwqZ gZev`, cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK i…c I A^ÆvbyK„jÅ wQj bv ‰es m`mÅfzwî×iI wQj bv ˆKvb wbqgKvbyb| ‰wU wQj cÉvG`wkK ivRbxwZGZ cÉfvekvjx wKQy eÅwî×i ‰KwU mwÁÃjb ‰es ZvG`i DGókÅ wQj ‰KwU RvZxq gç m†wÓ¡ Kiv| ˆhmKj ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq eÅwî× ‰B msMVGb ˆhvM`vb KGib ZuvG`i gGaÅ wQGjb `v`vfvB bIGivRx, wdGivR kvn ˆgnZv, e`i‚wób ŠZqeRx ‰es ˆK.wU ˆZjs| ZLb msMVbwUi DGókÅ wQj wkwÞZ fviZxqG`i gGaÅ ivR‹bwZK ˆPZbvi m†wÓ¡ ‰es wbqw¯¨Z chÆvGq weÉwUkG`i wei‚G«¬ AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvjv|

cÉ^g w`GK fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi ermi eÅvcx ˆKvb KvhÆò×g wQj bv| ˆbZviv ÷ay evwlÆK mGÁÃjGb ˆhvM`vb KGi wewf®² welGq AvGjvPbv I wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KiGZb| KwZcq Rwg`vi ‰es ˆ`kxq ivRv ‰B cÉwZÓ¤vGbi eÅqfvi enb KiGZb| ˆhme cÉwZwbwa mGÁÃjGb AvmGZb Zuviv cÉvq mevB wQGjb DGkÉYxi wn±`y ‰es cÉavbZ AvBbRxex| Zuviv wQGjb weËwUk kvmGbi cÉwZ Abyiî× ‰es Zuviv eo aiGbi ˆKvb ivR‹bwZK ev mvgvwRK cwieZÆGbi cÞcvwZ wQGjb bv| Zuviv miKvGii kvmbeÅeÕ©vq ‰es ivR‹bwZK AãGb K^v ejvi wKQy myGhvM ˆPGqwQGjb| 1905 mvj chƯ¦ ‰me bigc¯©x ˆbZv ˆh ivR‹bwZK AvG±`vjGbi aviv Pvjy KGiwQGjb, Zv wQj gƒjZ ‘AvGe`b-wbGe`b-cÉwZev`’-‰i Abykxjb|

ˆMvovi w`GK gymjgvbiv Lye ˆewk msLÅvq KsGMÉGmi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nq wb| gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ ‰KvZÄZv e†w«¬i jGÞÅ mÅvi Šmq` Avng` ZvG`i KsGMÉm ˆ^GK `ƒGi ^vKvi civgkÆ ˆ`b| wdGivR kvn ˆgnZv KsGMÉmGK mvaviY RbMGYi msMVb gGb KGib wb| ewikvGji RbGbZv Awk¼bx `î KsGMÉGmi evwlÆK mGÁÃjbGK ‘wZb w`Gbi AGciv’ eGj AvLÅvwqZ KGib| KsGMÉGmi gaÅc¯©x ˆbZviv cÉwZwò×qvkxj wQGjb bv; ZGe Zuviv `†pfvGe wek¼vm KiGZb ˆh, fviGZi RbÅ weËwUk kvmb ‰KwU myeÅeÕ©v ‰es Avjvc-AvGjvPbvi gvaÅGg ‰i D®²wZ mÁ¿e| Zuviv evsjv, cvéve I ˆevÁ¼vBGqi wKQymsLÅK ˆjvGKi m¯¨vmev`x I weµÏex KvhÆò×g ˆ^GK wbGRG`i `ƒGi ivGLb|

1905 mvGj eojvU KvRÆGbi eãfGãi dGj evsjvi wn±`y ˆbZvG`i gGaÅ ò×z«¬ cÉwZwò×qvi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es ‰i dGj Aiwe±` ˆNvl , wewcb P±`Ê cvj, evj Mãvai wZjK ‰es jvjv jvRcZ ivGqi hy«¬sG`nx ivRbxwZi myòcvZ nq| Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb ‰es weËwUk cYÅ eRÆGbi KvhÆò×Ggi dGj KsGMÉGmi gGaÅI ‰KwU DMÉc¯©x ˆMvÓ¤xi m†wÓ¡ nq| 1907 mvGj KsGMÉGmi myivU AwaGekGb gaÅc¯©x I DMÉc¯©x ˆbZviv cÉKvGkÅ msNvGZ wjµ¦ nb ‰es ‰i dGj KsGMÉm w«¼avwefî× nGq cGo| KsGMÉm ˆbZvG`i gGaÅ eÅwî×MZ AvGò×vGki dGj RvZxq, cÉvG`wkK I Õ©vbxq chÆvGq `jv`wj m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰w`GK 1906 mvGj gymjgvbG`i Õ¼v^ÆiÞvi jGÞÅ XvKvq AbywÓ¤Z ‰K mGÁÃjGb gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq| 1914 mvGj cÉ^g gnvhyG«¬ weËwUk miKvi fviZxqG`i mGã civgkÆ bv KGiB fviZGK hyG«¬ mÁ·†î× KGi| ‰i cÉwZevG` KsGMÉm I gymwjg jxM ˆbZviv ‰KvZÄZv ˆeva KGib ‰es 1916 mvGj Õ¼vqîkvmGbi `vweGK ˆRvi`vi Kivi RbÅ jGÞ°Œ Pzwî× mÁ·v`b KGib| AÅvwb ˆemv¯¦ ‰es we. wR wZjK cwiPvwjZ ˆnvg i‚j jxGMi ò×geaÆgvb RbwcÉqZv ‰es jGÞ°Œ Pzwî×i dGj weËwUk miKvi 1917 mvGj fviGZ ò×gv¯¼Gq Õ¼vqîkvmb cÉeZÆGbi AãxKvi KGi| wK¯§ 1919 mvGj Ag†Zmi knGii RvwjqvbIqvjv evGM kZ kZ ˆjvKGK àwj KGi nZÅvi dGj nVvr KGiB ivRbxwZ KwVb msKGUi w`GK ˆgvo ˆbq|

wek kZGKi weGki `kK bvMv` weËwUkG`i m`yGóGkÅi Dci fviZxqG`i AvÕ©v DGe hvq| ZLb ˆ^GK MYwfwîK ivRbxwZi D«¿e nq ‰es ‰KRb bZzb ˆbZv ˆgvnb`vm KigPvu` Mv®¬x ˆ`Gk wdGi RvZxqZvev`x AvG±`vjGbi ˆbZ‡Z½ w`GZ ÷i‚ KGib| `wÞY AvwdÌKvq wZwb Awnsm ‘mZÅvMÉn’ AvG±`vjb KGi ˆek mdj nGqwQGjb ‰es ‰Lb wZwb ˆmB c¯©vq fviGZ weËwUk weGivax AvG±`vjb PvjvGZ cÉÕ¦yZ nb| wZwb KsGMÉm ˆbZ‡e†±` ‰es weµÏexG`i mg^Æb jvf KGib, KviY wZwb cÉwZkÉ‚wZ ˆ`b ˆh, ‰K eQGii gGaÅB ‘Õ¼ivR’ nvwmj KiGZ cviGeb| ZziGÕ•i wLjvdZ cZGb Þzº¬ gymjgvbG`i wZwb weËwUk mvgËvRÅev` weGivax AvG±`vjGb wn±`yG`i mGã ‰K KvZvGi ˆUGb AvGbb|

1920 mvGj Mv®¬x Zuvi AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGib| cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰wUB wQj weËwUk kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ cÉ^g RvZxq I MYwfwîK ivR‹bwZK AvG±`vjb| ‰Zw`b KsGMÉm I gymwjg jxM cyiGbv auvGP ˆh AvG±`vjb KGi AvmwQj, ‰wU wQj Zvi ˆ^GK mÁ·ƒYÆ Avjv`v ‰es ‰ AvG±`vjGb mKj AçGji meÆÕ¦Gii gvbyl AskMÉnY KGi| Mv®¬xi ‰ AvG±`vjGbi dGj fviZxq ivRbxwZGZ KsGMÉGmi AeÕ©vGbi D®²wZ nq ‰es ‰i dGj weGki `kGK KsGMÉm RvZxqZvev` wfwîK ‰KwU AMÉMvgx `j wnGmGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| Mv®¬x Qvov KsGMÉGmi Acivci ˆbZv wQGjb gwZjvj ˆbGni‚, g`b ˆgvnb gvjeÅ ‰es wPîiéb `vk| cieZÆx chÆvGq ˆhme bZzb ivR‹bwZK ˆbZvi AvwefÆve NGU, ZuvG`i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQGjb ivRv ˆMvcvjvPvix, ivGR±`Ê cÉmv`, RInijvj ˆbni‚, Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` I mi`vi eÍÏffvB cÅvGUj| myfvlP±`Ê emy cÉ^Gg ‰ MÉ‚GcB wQGjb, wK¯§ cGi Mv®¬xi ˆbZ‡Z½ gvbGZ Abxnv cÉKvk KGib| 1929 mvGj KsGMÉm fviGZi RbÅ cƒYÆ Õ¼vaxbZvi jÞÅ wÕ©i KGi, wK¯§ ‰i cÉavb DGókÅ wQj weËwUkG`i KvQ ˆ^GK AviI AwaK Õ¼vqîkvmb jvf Kiv| AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb (1920-22) ‰es AvBb AgvbÅ AvG±`vjGbi (1930-34) gvaÅGg Mv®¬x ˆKvwU ˆKvwU gvbyGli n…`q Rq KiGZ mÞg nb ‰es KsGMÉmGK ‰KwU mwZÅKvi MYwfwîK ivR‹bwZK `j wnGmGe cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|

‰mgq weËwUk miKvi fviZxq ivR‹bwZK ˆbZvG`i wbGq j´£Gb wZbwU ˆMvjGUwej ŠeVGKi AvGqvRb KGi ‰es ˆmLvGb ‘mvÁ·Ë`vwqK ˆivGq`v`’-‰i gvaÅGg ˆ`Gki cÉvG`wkK weavbmfvàwjGZ wewf®² mÁcÉ`vq ‰es Zdwkwj mÁcÉ`vGqi RbÅ Avmb msiÞGYi cÉÕ¦ve ˆ`Iqv nq| Mv®¬x ‰i cÉwZevG` Avg†ZzÅ Abkb ÷i‚ KGib| wK¯§ PZzi ivR‹bwZK AvGjvPbv ‰es mvÁcÉ`vwqK weGfG`i myGhvM wbGq weËwUk miKvi Mv®¬x ‰es KsGMÉmGK civf„Z KGi| 1935 mvGji fviZ kvmb AvBGb cÉvG`wkK chÆvGq `vwqZ½kxj Õ¼vqîkvmGbi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq| ˆ`kxq ivRÅàwjGK mshyî× KGi ˆKG±`Ê ‰KwU ˆdWvGikb MVGbi ‰es MfbÆi ˆRbvGiGji nvGZ Amxg ÞgZv AcÆGYi cÉÕ¦vGei wei‚G«¬ KsGMÉm Kov cÉwZev` KGi|

1934 mvGj KsGMÉGmi Afů¦Gi evgc¯©x ‰es mgvRev`x ‰KwU MÉ‚c KsGMÉm ˆmvkÅvwjÕ¡ cvwUÆ MVb KGi| AvPvhÅÆ bGi±`Ê ˆ`e nb ‰i mfvcwZ ‰es RqcÉKvk bvivqY nb mvaviY mÁ·v`K| mgvRZG¯¨i cÉwZ RInijvj ˆbGni‚ ‰es myfvl ˆevGmi mnvbyf„wZ wQj, ZGe Zuviv ‰ `Gj cÉKvGkÅ ˆhvM`vb KGib wb| fviGZ ZLb KwgDwbÕ¡ cvwUÆ wbwl«¬ wQj| ZvB ‰i ˆbZv-KgÆxiv ‰B bZzb `Gji gvaÅGg KvR KiGZ ^vGKb| gvbGe±`Êbv^ ivq ‰es K‡lK mfvi ‰KwU MÉ‚c KsGMÉm I ˆmvkÅvwjÕ¡ cvwUÆi mGã NwbÓ¤ ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv KiGZ ^vGK| KsGMÉGmi Afů¦Gi evgc¯©xG`i kwî× e†w«¬GZ Mv®¬x ‰es `wÞYc¯©x ˆbZ‡e†±` m¯¨Õ¦ nGq cGob|

1935 mvGji fviZ kvmb AvBGbi AaxGb 1937 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z wbeÆvPGb KsGMÉm wecyj ˆfvGU mvaviY AvmbàwjGZ Rqx nq ‰es 6wU wn±`ycÉavb cÉG`Gk `jxq miKvi MVb KGi| wm®¬z ‰es cvévGe `Gji civRq NGU; ZGe Avmvg, evsjv ‰es Dîi-cwøg mxgv¯¦ cÉG`Gk ‰KK msLÅvMwiÓ¤Zv jvf KGi| evsjvq KsGMÉm dRjyj nGKi K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆi mGã ˆhŒ^fvGe miKvi MVGb AÕ¼xKvi Kivq gymwjg jxM ‰es K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ ˆKvqvwjkb miKvi MVb KGi| Dîi cÉG`Gk gymwjg jxM KsGMÉGmi mGã miKvi MVGb ivRx nGjI RInijvj ˆbni‚ gymwjg jxMGK KsGMÉGmi bxwZ MÉnGY Pvc ˆ`Iqvq Zv mÁ¿e nq wb| evgc¯©xG`i cÉfve LeÆ Kivi DGóGkÅ 1938 mvGj nwicyivq KsGMÉGmi evwlÆK AwaGekGbi RbÅ Mv®¬x evgc¯©x ˆbZv myfvlP±`Ê emyGK mfvcwZ gGbvbxZ KGib| wK¯§ myfvl emy ZvGZ AÕ¼xK‡wZ Rvbvb ‰es mvgËvRÅevG`i wei‚G«¬ KGVvi AvG±`vjGbi w`M&wbG`Ækbv w`Gq fviGZi A^Æ‹bwZK D®²wZi cwiK͸bvi K^v eGjb| cGii eQGii evwlÆK AwaGekGbi RbÅ Mv®¬x ‰es `wÞYc¯©x ˆbZviv myfvl emyGK mfvcwZ wbeÆvwPZ KiGZ AÕ¼xKvi KGib; ZGe evgc¯©xG`i mnvqZvq myfvl emy ZuvG`i gGbvbxZ cÉv^ÆxGK civwRZ KiGZ mÞg nb| ‰ msNGlÆi dGj myfvl emyGK KsGMÉm QvoGZ nq| ‰w`GK gymwjg jxM gymjgvbG`i RbÅ ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb ivÓ¡Ë cÉwZÓ¤vi jGÞÅ 1940 mvGj jvGnvGi gymwjg jxM AwaGekGb jvGnvi cÉÕ¦ve MÉnY KGi| 1941 mvGj myfvl emy fviZ ZÅvM KGi BDGivc PGj hvb ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK `wÞY-cƒeÆ ‰wkqvq wMGq weËwUk mvgËvRÅevG`i wei‚G«¬ mkÕ¨ AvG±`vjGbi cÉÕ§wZ ˆbb|

1942 mvGji AvMÕ¡ gvGm Mv®¬x fviZ Qvo AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGib| wK¯§ ‰ AvG±`vjb mwnsmZvi chÆvGq PGj ˆMGj weËwUk miKvi AwPGiB ‰wU `gb KGi| ‰i cGiB weËwUk miKvGii ÞgZv nÕ¦v¯¦Gii RbÅ KsGMÉm ‰es gymwjg jxGMi mGã AvGjvPbv ÷i‚ nq| eojvU IqvGfj 1945 mvGji Ryb-RyjvBGZ wmgjvq mKj ivR‹bwZK `Gji ‰KwU mGÁÃjb WvGKb, wK¯§ ‰B AvGjvPbvq evÕ¦e ˆKvb djvdj cvIqv hvq wb| KsGMÉm ‰es gymwjg jxGMi ˆbZvG`i gGaÅ ‰KwU g‹ZKÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉGPÓ¡v eÅ^Æ nq|

1945 mvGji wWGmÁ¼i ˆ^GK 1946 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi chƯ¦ ˆ`Gk bZzb wbeÆvPb AbywÓ¤Z nq ‰es ‰GZ ˆ`Lv hvq fviZxqiv Õ·Ó¡Z KsGMÉm ev gymwjg jxGMi cÉwZ ZvG`i AvbyMGZÅ wefî×| ‰w`GK BsGiR miKvi myfvlP±`Ê emyi Bw´£qvb bÅvkbvj AvwgÆi AwdmviG`i ˆ`kG`ËvwnZvi AwfGhvGM wePvi ÷i‚ KiGj Pviw`GK cÉwZevG`i So IGV| 1946 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvGm ivRKxq fviZxq ˆbŒevwnbxGZ weG`ËvGni mƒòcvZ nq ‰es ‰KB mGã ˆmbvevwnbx cywjk I cÉkvmwbK KgÆKZÆvG`i gGaÅI weG`Ëvnx gGbvfvGei m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰ chÆvGq weËwUk cÉavbg¯¨x AÅvUwj fviZxq ˆbZvG`i mGã Avjvc-AvGjvPbvi RbÅ ‰KwU DœP ÞgZvmÁ·®² ˆKweGbU wgkb ˆcÉiY KGib| wgkb AwejGÁ¼ ‰KwU MYcwil` MVb ‰es fviZxqG`i wbGq ‰KwU A¯¦eÆZÆxKvjxb ˆK±`Êxq miKvi MVGbi mycvwik KGi| gymwjg jxGMi cvwKÕ¦vb cÉÕ¦ve mivmwi MÉnY Kiv nq wb, ZGe mvÁcÉ`vwqK wfwîGZ cÉG`kàwji MÉ‚wcsGqi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv nq| KsGMÉm ‰es gymwjg jxM ZvG`i Avcwî mGî½I mycvwikàwj gvbGZ ivRx nq| wK¯§ cyGiv cwiK͸bvUvB evbPvj nGq hvq, KviY ˆbGni‚ ˆR` aGib ˆh KsGMÉm ˆKvb cƒeÆkZÆ QvovB msweavb ŠZwi KiGe| ‰i dGj gymwjg jxM ˆbGni‚i A¯¦eÆZÆx gw¯¨mfv evbPvj Kivi cuvqZviv KGi ‰es ˆ`k wefwî×i RbÅ 1947 mvGji ˆMvov ˆ^GK mwnsm AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGi| AÅvUwj ZLb gvD´ŸeÅvGUbGK fviGZi eojvU wbGqvM KGib ‰es 1948 mvGji Ryb gvGmi gGaÅ fviGZ weËwUk kvmGbi AemvGbi mgqmxgv wbaÆviY KGib| ‰i cGiB NUbvewj `Ë‚ZMwZGZ ‰àGZ ^vGK| 1947 mvGji 14 AvMÕ¡ fviZ wefwî× KvhÆKi nq|  [AGkvK Kzgvi gyGLvcvaÅvq]