ভারত মহাসাগর

fviZ gnvmvMi (Indian Ocean) c†w^exi Z‡Zxq e†nîg gnvmvMi| DîGi fviZ, cvwKÕ¦vb I Bivb; cwøGg Avei Dc«¼xc I AvwdÌKv; cƒGeÆ gvjq Dc«¼xc, BG±`vGbwkqvi my±`v «¼xc I AGÕ¡Ëwjqv ‰es `wÞGY AÅv´ŸvKÆwUKv «¼viv Ave«¬ ‰B gnvmvMGii AvqZb cÉvq 73,427,000 eMÆ wKwg| ‰B AvqZb c†w^exi ˆgvU gnvmvMixq AvqZGbi cÉvq 20 fvM| gvjq «¼xccyé I AGÕ¡Ëwjqv-AÅv´ŸvKÆwUKv gnvG`Gki gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGbi gvaÅGg fviZ gnvmvMiGK cÉkv¯¦ gnvmvMi ˆ^GK mvaviYfvGe c†^K Kiv hvq| AbÅw`GK, AvwdÌKv I AÅv´ŸvKÆwUKvi gaÅeZÆx weÕ¦†Z ‰jvKv ‰es myGqR LvGji gvaÅGg fviZ gnvmvMiGK AvUjvw´ŸK gnvmvMi ˆ^GK Avjv`v Kiv hvq| Avie mvMi (ˆjvwnZ mvMi, ‰GWb DcmvMi I cvimÅ DcmvMimn), eGãvcmvMi ‰es Av±`vgvb mvMi fviZ gnvmvMGii cÉavb wZbwU evü|

Dbwesk kZvõxi ˆklw`GK ‰BP‰g‰m (HMS)- ‘PÅvGjévi’ (Challenger) ‰es RvgÆvbxi ‘MÅvGRj’ (Gazelle) I ‘fjw`wfqv’ (Valdivia) bvgK RvnvRmgƒGni Awfhvb ˆ^GK fviZ gnvmvMGii ZjG`Gki f„msÕ©vb mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Åvw` cvIqv hvq| cieZÆxGZ ‘mxjvKÆ’ (Sealark) mn AviI AGbK weËwUk Še`yÅwZK Zvi mnGhvGM evZÆv ˆcÉiY myweavmn RvnvGRi (cable ships) Abym®¬vb ZrciZvi dGj cÉvµ¦ Z^Åvw` AviI mg†«¬ nq| 1929 mvGji ÷i‚i w`GK fviZ gnvmvMGii cwøgvsGk Discovery II eÅvcK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KGi| mgy`Ë Abym®¬vbKvGhÆ wbGqvwRZ AviI `ywU RvnvR Willebrord Snellius I Dana II gnvmvMGii D¯Ãyî× AsGk MGelYvKvhÆ cwiPvjbv KGi| gnvmvMGii Dîi-cwøgvsGk 1933-34 mvGj Awfhvb Pvjvq Mabahiss ‰es myBwWk RvnvR Albatross 1948 mvGj wbiÞxq Açj AsGk Abym®¬vb cwiPvjbv KGi| 1951 mvGj `wÞY AvwdÌKv ˆ^GK fviZ nGq BG±`vGbwkqv chÆ¯¦ fviZ gnvmvMGii MfxiZi Õ©vb wbeÆvPb KGi Abym®¬vbKgÆ cwiPvjbv KGi ˆWwbk RvnvR Galathea| fviZ gnvmvMi wbGq MGelYv I Abym®¬vbKvhÆ ‰LbI AeÅvnZ iGqGQ| eZÆgvGb KÅvwjGdvwbÆqv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wÕ˜cm BbwÕ¡wUDkb Ae IGkGbvMÉvdx ‰es hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi DWmGnvj IGkGbvMÉvwdK BbwÕ¡wUDkb mwò×qfvGe fviZ gnvmvMGii Ici MGelYvKvR PvwjGq hvGœQ|

ˆgGmvGRvwqK I ˆmGbvGRvwqK gnvKvGj hLb MG´£vqvbvjÅv´£ ˆfGO ˆhGZ ÷i‚ KGi ZLb ˆ^GKB fviZ gnvmvMGii m†wÓ¡| ZGe eZÆgvbKvGj fviZ gnvmvMGii gnvG`kxq ˆmvcvb Ask msKxYÆ| gaÅ fviZxq Škjwkiv (mid-Indian ridge) bvGg ‰KwU Aby‹`NÆÅ gaÅ gnvmvMixq Škjwkiv cÉvq ‰KUvbv 3,048 wgUvi MfxiZv chÆ¯¦ weÕ¦†Z| fviZ ˆ^GK AÅv´ŸvKÆwUKv chÆ¯¦ weÕ¦†Z ‰B ŠkjwkivwU cwøg fviZxq ‰es cƒeÆ fviZxq Lv`«¼qGK (troughs) c†^K KGi ˆiGLGQ| ‰B Škjwkiv AvUjvw´ŸK gnvmvMixq Škjwkivi gZB mgi…c ZGe ‰wU AwaKZi cÉkÕ¦ ‰es Rjivwki DcwiZGji Lye KvQvKvwQ chÆ¯¦ ˆcuŒQvq bv| fviZ gnvmvMGii mGeÆvœP MfxiZv (7,725 wg) BG±`vGbwkqvi Rvfv «¼xGci `wÞGY AewÕ©Z Rvfv LvGZ (trench)| c†w^exi KGqKwU weLÅvZ ‰es e†nr b`xcÉevn fviZ gnvmvMGi ‰Gm cwZZ nGqGQ| RvGÁ¼mx b`x, UvBMÉxm I BDGdÌwZGmi wgwjZ cÉevn kvZ-‰j-Avie, wm®¬z b`x, Mãv b`x, eËþcyò b` ‰es BiveZx b`x ‰G`i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

gv`vMvÕ•vi I kÉxjâv fviZ gnvmvMGi AewÕ©Z `ywU e†nîg «¼xc hviv f„-MVbMZ w`K ˆ^GK gnvG`GkiB AskweGkl| jÞÅv«¼xc, gvj«¼xc I PÅvGMvm «¼xcmgƒn fviZxq Škjwkivi ˆK±`ÊfvM ˆ^GK D`xqgvb ‰es «¼xc wZbwU eZÆgvGb cÉevj «¼xGc cwiYZ nGqGQ| wmwmwj ˆ^GK gwikvm chÆ¯¦ weÕ¦†Z fviZ gnvmvMixq «¼xcmgƒn fviZxq Škjwkivi cwøggyLx mÁcÉmviYGKB wbG`Æk KiGQ| Av±`vgvb «¼xccyé, wbGKvevi «¼xccyé, wmwmwj «¼xc I ˆKiàGqGjb «¼xccyémgƒn wbgwäZ Škjwkivi D¯Ãyî× P„ov| gwikvm I ˆm´Ÿ cj «¼xc`ywU mvgyw`ËK A™²yrcvZ ˆ^GK m†Ó¡| gnvmvMGii ò×v¯¦xq AsGk iGqGQ cÉevj cÉvPxGii DcwÕ©wZ|

500 `wÞY AÞvsGki DîifvGM AewÕ©Z fviZ gnvmvMGii ˆewkifvM Ask RyGo cÉvavbÅ weÕ¦vi KGi iGqGQ ˆ™ÏvweGRwibv DR (Globigerina ooze)| AbÅw`GK, 4877 wgUvGii AwaK MfxiZvq mvMGii ZjG`Gk wewQGq iGqGQ ˆjvwnZ eGYÆi K`Æg| wKQy wKQy MfxiZi AeevwnKvq ˆiwWIjvwiqvb DR (radiolarian ooze)-‰i DcwÕ©wZ ‰KwU mvaviY NUbv| Avevi DœPZi `wÞY AÞvskxq gnvmvMi Ask RyGo WvqvUg DGRi DcwÕ©wZI iGqGQ| cvimÅ DcmvMGii Pvicvk RyGo ‰es ò×v¯¦xq AÞvskxq AçGj Pzbhyî× cjGji cÉvavbÅ iGqGQ| ZGe AvwdÌKvb DcK„Gj iGqGQ ™ÏyGKvbvBU mg†«¬ cjGji cÉvPzhÆ|

fviZ gnvmvMGii iGqGQ `yB cÉKvi cvwb cÉevn eÅeÕ©v - Nwoi KuvUvi wecixGZ NƒYÆvqgvb ‰KwU wbqZ `wÞYgyLx cÉevn eÅeÕ©v (`wÞY wbiÞxq ˆmËvZ, ˆgvRvwÁ¼K ˆmËvZ, cwøggyLx cÉevn, cwøg AGÕ¡Ëjxq ˆmËvZ) ‰es ˆgŒmywg evqyZvwoZ DîigyLx cÉevn eÅeÕ©v| gnvmvMGii DîivsGk c†Ó¤ ˆmËvZ ˆgŒmywg evqycÉevn cwieZÆGbi mGã mGã cwiewZÆZ nq| `wÞY-cwøg ˆgŒmywg evqy fviZ gnvmvMi ˆ^GK cÉPzi cwigvGY Rjxq evÓ· enb KGi AvGb ‰es ‰B Rjxq evÓ·cƒYÆ evqyi cÉfvGe fviZxq DcgnvG`k I `wÞY-cƒeÆ ‰wkqvq fvwi e†wÓ¡cvZ msNwUZ nGq ^vGK| fviZ gnvmvMGi c†Ó¤cvwb wbÓ•vkGbi dGj ˆKvb eo aiGbi Mfxi cvwbi m†wÓ¡ nq bv| wK¯§ Mfxi AeevwnKvi cvwb mvaviYZ AvwdÌKvi `wÞY w`K ˆ^GK AvGm|

fviZ gnvmvMGi DcwifvGM cvwbi Mo Zvcgvòv gnvmvMGii wewf®² AsGk wewf®² nGq ^vGK| mPivPi `wÞGYi ò×v¯¦xq AsGki DîGi 20° ˆm, wbiÞxq AÞvskmgƒGn 25° ˆm, cƒeÆ AaÆfvGM 27.5° ˆm, ˆjvwnZ mvMi-cvimÅ DcmvMi AsGk 30° ˆm ‰es ‰GKevGi `wÞGY ˆKiàGqGjb «¼xccyGéi KvQvKvwQ 2°ˆm Zvcgvòv weivR KGi|

Avie mvMi I `wÞY-cwøg AGÕ¡Ëwjqv ˆ^GK `wÞY AvwdÌKv chÆ¯¦ weÕ¦†Z ‰KwU ejq eivei fviZ gnvmvMGii DcwifvGMi cvwb meGPGq jeYvî×| ‰B Dfq AçGj jeYvî×Zv 36 per mille gvbGKI AwZò×g KGi hvq| ˆgŒmywg FZzGZ mygvòvi cwøGg ‰es eGãvcmvMGii meÆò jeYvî×Zv nËvm ˆcGq 34 per mille ‰ ˆcuŒGQ| ‰B FZzGZ msNwUZ cÉPzi e†wÓ¡cvZ ‰es b`b`xàGjv ˆ^GK AvMZ wgVvcvwbi cÉPzi cÉevn jeYvî×Zvi ‰B nËvm NwUGq ^vGK| AbÅw`GK, ˆjvwnZ mvMGii DîivsGk ‰es cvimÅ DcmvMGi jeYvî×Zvi gvòv 40 per mille ‰ ˆcuŒGQ| ˆKiàGqGjGbi `wÞYfvM A^Ævr AÅv´ŸvKÆwUK ˆmvcvb chÆ¯¦ AÅv´ŸvKÆwUK cvwbi jeYvî×Zv 33.7 per mille.

fviZ gnvmvMGii ‰GKevGi `wÞYvsGk AÅv´ŸvKÆwUK ˆ^GK AvMZ eid P„ov I wng‹kj mviv eQi RyGo weivRgvb ^vGK| [wmdvZzj KvG`i ˆPŒayix]