ˆeŒ«¬agÆ  weGk¼i cÉvPxbZg agÆmgƒGni AbÅZg| wm«¬v^Æ ˆMŒZg ‰i cÉeZÆK| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ lÓ¤ kZGK Zuvi wkÞv I DcG`kGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ‰ aGgÆi D«¿e NGU| wm«¬vG^Æi R¯Ã 563 wLËÓ¡cƒeÆvGõ| Zuvi wcZv ÷G«¬v`b wQGjb eZÆgvb ˆbcvGji mxgv¯¦eZÆx ivRÅ KwcjveÕ§i ivRv| gvò Dbwòk eQi eqGm wm«¬v^Æ RxeGb `ytGLi KviY ‰es Zv ˆ^GK gywî×i Dcvq Abym®¬vGbi RbÅ mgÕ¦ ivRKxq gwngv I myLGfvM cwiZÅvMcƒeÆK KGVvi mvabvq AvñwbGqvM KGib| AeGkGl cuqwòk eQi eqGm Mqvi wbiébv b`xi ZxGi ‰KwU e†GÞi wbGP eGm wZwb ˆmB ˆevwa ev weGkl ævb (mÁÃv mGÁ¼vwa) ARÆb KGib| ‰ NUbvi ci ˆ^GKB ˆjvGK ZuvGK mÁÃvbmƒPK ‘ey«¬’ bvGg AvLÅvwqZ KGi ‰es Dî× e†ÞwU cwiwPZ nq ‘ˆevwae†Þ’ bvGg| wZwb kvKÅgywb (kvKÅeskxq Fwl), Z^vMZ (mÁ¼y«¬) ‰es ˆevwamî½ (ey«¬Z½jvGf AvMÉnx) bvGgI AvLÅvZ nb|

ey«¬ ˆKvb Ck¼i wQGjb bv wKsev ˆKvb bex ev Ck¼Gii AeZviI wQGjb bv| ivRKzgvi nIqv mGî½I wZwb wQGjb ‰KRb mvaviY gvbyl ‰es wbGRi ˆPÓ¡vq wZwb RxeGbi Pig mZÅGK ˆRGbwQGjb| ey«¬ gvbe RvwZi ˆKvb òvYKZÆv wQGjb bv| wZwb eis Zuvi AbyMvgxG`i Õ¼wbfÆi nGZ ‰es wbGRG`i gywî×i RbÅ AaÅemvGqi mGã KvR KiGZ D«¼y«¬ KiGZb| Zuvi eî×eÅB wQj wbGRGK ˆPÓ¡v KiGZ nGe|

eyG«¬i agÆ (aÁÃ) ev wkÞv ÷ay ciGgk¼Gi Awek¼vmB bq, eis m†wÓ¡Zî½, Avñvi AgiZ½, ˆkl wePvi BZÅvw` welGqi cÉwZI AvÕ©vnxbZv| ‰me QvovI eyG«¬i gZev` ‰LbI weGk¼i AbÅZg cÉavb agÆ wnGmGe weGewPZ nq, KviY ‰wU ‰KwU DœPgvMÆxq AvaÅvwñK k†›Ljv I gnr RxebeÅeÕ©v, hv mƒß bxwZGevGai Ici cÉwZwÓ¤Z| wek¼vmGK ey«¬ Zuvi agÆ MÉnGYi wfwî wnGmGe cwicƒYÆi…Gc eRÆb KGiGQb| ZvB ˆeŒ«¬agÆ nGœQ ‰Kv¯¦B hywî×wbfÆi (wefäev`)| ey«¬ eGjGQb: ‘Avgvi K^v ˆZvgiv MÉnY KiGe ˆKej hywî× w`Gq wePvi KGi, ˆKej Avgvi cÉwZ ˆZvgvG`i kÉ«¬vi KviGYB bq|’ wZwb eGjGQb: ‘Avm ‰es ˆ`L (‰wncm&wmGKv)’ ‰es ‰fvGeB wZwb Zuvi gZevG`i ˆhŒwî×KZv ZzGj aGiGQb|

eyG«¬i wP¯¦v-fvebv gvbyGli `ytLGK ˆK±`Ê KGiB AvewZÆZ nGqGQ| wZwb gvbe RxeGbi ‰B meÆvGcÞv evÕ¦e I ˆgŒwjK welGq ˆh mZÅ AvweÓ•vi I cÉPvi KGiGQb Zv mvaviYZ ‘PZzivhÆ mZÅ’ bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆmàwj nGjv: `ytL (`yK&L), `ytGLi Drcwî (`yK&L-mgy`q), `ytGLi wbGiva (`yK&L-wbGiva) ‰es `ytL wbGivGai Dcvq (`yK&L-wbGiva-Mgwb-cwZcv`)| ZGe ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ŠbivkÅev`x bq, KviY Zv RxeGbi cÉwZ gvbylGK wbi‚rmvwnZ KGi bv| ey«¬ `ytGLi wek¼RbxbZv mÁ·GKÆ evÕ¦e AwfæZv ARÆb KGiwQGjb, ZvB wbeÆvY jvGfi gvaÅGg gvbyGli ‰B Šewk¼K `ytL wbGivGai DcG`k w`GqwQGjb| wbeÆvY nGœQ wPi¯¦b myL hv `ytGLi KviY KvgbvGK ˆiva KGi| ‰B wbeÆvY AeÕ©v jvf nq PZz^Æ AvhÆmZÅ Dcjwº¬i gvaÅGg hv AÓ¡vwãK gvMÆ bvGg cwiwPZ| AÓ¡vwãK gvMÆ nGœQ: mgÅK `†wÓ¡fwã (mÁÃv w`U&wV), mgÅK msK͸ (mÁÃv msKc&c), mgÅK ePb (mÁÃv evPv), mgÅK KgÆ (mÁÃv KÁÃ), mgÅK Rxeb (mÁÃv AwRe), mgÅK cÉGPÓ¡v (mÁÃv eqg), mgÅK gbb (mÁÃv mwZ) I mgÅK mgvwa (mÁÃv mgvwa)| ‰B AÓ¡gvMÆ Avevi wZbwU fvGM wefî×: cÉ^g `ywUGK ejv nq cÉæv, cGii wZbwU kxj ‰es ˆkGli wZbwU mgvwa| wbeÆvY jvGfi RbÅ ‰àwji mgw¯¼Z PPÆv ‰Kv¯¦ AvekÅK|

ey«¬GK `†wÓ¡fwãi w`K ˆ^GK ‰KRb cÉK‡wZev`x eGj gGb Kiv nq| ‰i KviY, Zuvi wkÞv ev wP¯¦vaviv ÷ay ˆh Ck¼iev`x AwZRvMwZK aviYvgyî× Zv bq, wZwb ˆh `ytLgq RMGZi K^v eGjb Zv AvgvG`i AwZ cwiwPZ wbZÅw`Gbi ‰B RMr| Zuvi gGZ RxeGbi cigv^Æ ‰es meÆ cÉKvi `ytL ˆ^GK gywî×i Dcvq ˆh wbeÆvY Zv ‰B RMGZB jvf Kiv hvq, AGjŒwKK ˆKvb RMGZ bq| ey«¬ Ck¼iGK mZÅ eGj aGi wbGq `ytGLi KviY I Drcwî eÅvLÅv KGib wb, eis wZwb eÅLÅv KGiGQb Zuvi weLÅvZ wbfÆikxj Drcwî Zî½ (cwZœPmgyrcv`) bvgK gZevG`i «¼viv| ‰ gZvbymvGi weGk¼i me wKQy ciÕ·i mÁ·wKÆZ, mvGcÞ ‰es wKQy ‰KUv «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z| ‰B Zî½wfwîK ey«¬wbG`ÆwkZ AbÅ wZbwU gZev` nGjv: AwbZÅZvev` (Awbî), Abvñev` (Añvb) ‰es KgÆev` (KgÆ)| ˆeŒ«¬agÆgGZ me wKQyB Aweivg Pjgvb, me wKQyB cwieZÆbkxj ‰es a»smGhvMÅ| AZ‰e Avñv ejGZ Õ©vqx wKQy ˆbB| KgÆev` nGœQ weGk¼i KvhÆKviY Zî½, hvi gƒj K^v KgÆvbyhvqx djjvf| myZivs `ytL gvbyGli wbGRG`i ŠZwi ‰es ˆKD PvBGj Õ¼xq cÉGPÓ¡v I KGgÆi «¼viv Zv wbgƃj KiGZ cvGi|

eyG«¬i gZev` cvwj fvlvq iwPZ wZbwU e†nr MÉG¯© msiwÞZ nGqGQ, hv wòwcUK bvGg cwiwPZ| ‘wòwcUK’ kGõi AvwfavwbK A^Æ ‘wZbwU Szwo’| ‰àwj nGœQ: webqwcUK ‰GZ wfÞzRxeGbi wbqg-Kvbyb ewYÆZ nGqGQ, myîwcUK ‰GZ eyG«¬i DcG`k, KG^vcK^b, AwffvlY BZÅvw` ‰es PZzivhÆ mGZÅi AvKvGi Zuvi gZev` msiwÞZ nGqGQ ‰es AwfaÁÃwcUK ‰GZ myîwcUGKi wkÞYxq welGqi `vkÆwbK eÅvLÅv Õ©vb ˆcGqGQ| wòwcUK nGœQ ˆ^iev`x ev nxbhvbxG`i cweò Mɯ©, Avi gnvhvbxG`i cweò Mɯ©àwji gGaÅ meGPGq cÉvPxb nGœQ gnvhvbmƒò ev ŠecyjÅmƒò| ejv nGq ^vGK ˆh, gnvhvb mƒò ey«¬ Õ¼qs cÉPvi KGiGQb| mÁ¿eZ ‰wUB meÆvGcÞv cÉvPxb, ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰es ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ˆgŒwjK agÆMɯ©| ‰GZ iGqGQ ævGbi (cÉæv) cƒYÆZv msò×v¯¦ eyG«¬i DcG`kgƒjK cÉævcviwgZvmƒòmgƒn|

eyG«¬i cwiwbeÆvY jvGfi ci Zuvi DcG`kmgƒGni eÅvLÅv cÉmGã AbymvixG`i gGaÅ weZGKÆi m†wÓ¡ nq| ivRM†Gn AbywÓ¤Z cÉvq cuvPk ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq wfÞzi cÉ^g mãxwZGZ ˆm weZGKÆi Aemvb nGjI eyG«¬i g†ZzÅi cÉvq ‰Kk eQi cGi ŠekvjxGZ AbywÓ¤Z w«¼Zxq mãxwZGZ bZzb KGi weZKÆ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q, hvi dGj ˆeŒ«¬ msGN wefvRGbi m†wÓ¡ nq| msGNi cÉexY m`mÅiv eyG«¬i iÞYkxj Avw` gZev` msiÞY I mg^Æb KGib eGj ZuvG`i ejv nq ˆ^iev`x, Avi AGcÞvK‡Z bexbiv cÉMwZkxj wf®² gZ ˆcvlY Kivq Zuviv cwiwPZ nb gnvmvswNK bvGg| ˆeŒ«¬msGNi ‰ `ywU wefvM ˆ^GK cieZÆxKvGj AvVvGivwU ˆeŒ«¬ mÁ·É`vGqi D«¿e NGU eGj Rvbv hvq| ˆmàwji gGaÅ nxbhvb I gnvhvbB cÉavb| gnvhvbxG`i gGZ ZvG`i agÆ Õ¼qs ey«¬ KZƆK wbG`ÆwkZ ‰es Zv meÆ gvbGei RbÅ; cÞv¯¦Gi nxbhvbxG`i gGZ ˆevwajvf mKGji RbÅ bq| nxbhvb I gnvhvbGK KLbI KLbI ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi h^vò×Gg `wÞYv ˆMvÓ¤x I Dîix ˆMvÓ¤xI ejv nq| ‰i KviY nxbhvb ˆeŒ«¬agÆ weÕ¦vi jvf KGi kÉxjâv, evgÆv, ^vBjÅv´£, KGÁ¼vwWqv I jvIGm ‰es gnvhvb ˆeŒ«¬agÆ weÕ¦vi jvf KGi fviGZi DîGi wZe»Z, wPb, Rvcvb, ˆKvwiqv I gGãvwjqvq| fviGZi `wÞGY wfGqZbvg, Rvfv I mygvòvqI ‰ agÆ Abym†Z nq| cƒeÆ fviGZ gnvhvb ˆeŒ«¬agÆ Zvw¯¨K i…c jvf KGi ‰es «¼v`k kZK chƯ¦ Zv evsjvq cÉmvi jvf KGi| gnvhvb ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ˆ^GK Kvjò×Gg ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi AviI KGqKwU bZzb i…Gci D«¿e NGU, ˆhàwji gGaÅ meÆvwaK cwiwPZ wZe»Z, ˆbcvj, wmwKg I fzUvGbi wZe»Zx ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ‰es RvcvGbi ˆRb ˆeŒ«¬agÆ|

evsjvG`Gk ˆeŒ«¬agÆ  fviZxq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi BwZnvGm eã ev evsjvG`k `ywU KviGY weGkl ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Õ©vb `Lj KGi AvGQ| cÉ^gZ, eãG`k wQj Þwqúz fviZxq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ˆkl AvkÉqÕ©j, ˆhLvGb «¼v`k kZK chƯ¦ Zv ‰KwU mvgvwRK-mvsÕ•‡wZK kwî× wnGmGe wUGK wQj, hw`I IB mgGq DcgnvG`Gki Avi ˆKv^vI ‰i AwÕ¦Z½ wQj bv| w«¼ZxqZ, ejv nGq ^vGK ˆh, eãG`k wQj Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬agÆ bvGg ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰K AatcwZZ i…Gci AvevmÕ©j| Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬agÆ nGœQ evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ˆkl cwiYwZ| we÷«¬ ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰B Zvw¯¨KZvq i…cv¯¦Gii cøvGZ KwZcq mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KviY wQj ‰es evsjvG`Gk ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰B inmÅgq I Mƒp PPÆvi aviv ‰Kv¯¦B evsjvG`Gki|

ˆeŒ«¬gƒwZÆ, agÆivwRK ˆeŒ«¬wenvi, Kgjvcyi, XvKv

fviZxq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi BwZnvGm ˆ`Lv hvq ‰i cÉwZ wewf®² mgGq wewf®² mgËvU I ivRvi mg^Æb I mnvbyf„wZ wQj ‰es evsjvG`Gk ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi weKvGki ˆÞGòI ‰KB K^v cÉGhvRÅ| eyG«¬i Rxeókvq ‰es Zuvi g†ZzÅi cGiI Zuvi aGgÆi cÉPvi ‰es agÆ I mfÅZv wnGmGe fviGZi wewf®² AçGj ‰i mg†w«¬ NGUGQ gƒjZ KwZcq gnvbyfe eÅwî×i c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq| Zuviv nGjb gMGai wewÁ¼mvi I ARvZkò‚, ˆKvkGji cÉGmbwRr, ˆgŒhÆivR AGkvK, KzlvYivR KwbÓ• cÉgyL| ‰ aviv evsjvq cÉPwjZ wQj cvj I P±`Ê ivRvG`i gaÅ w`Gq «¼v`k kZK chƯ¦| hw`I AbÅvbÅ ivResGki ivRvG`i AGbGKB ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib wb, ‰gbwK ˆKD ˆKD ‰i weKvGk euvavI w`GqGQb, Z^vwc evsjvq cieZÆx AviI cÉvq AvUk eQi aGi ˆeŒ«¬GgÆi D®²qb aviv AeÅvnZ wQj|

HwZnvwmK mƒò ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, ˆeŒ«¬agÆ evsjvq cÉGek KGi mgËvU AGkvGKi ivRZ½KvGj wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ Z‡Zxq kZGK| wK¯§ ZviI AvGM ˆeŒ«¬agÆ evsjvq ‰GmGQ wK-bv Zv wePvhÆ welq| webqwcUK AbymvGi AvhÆveGZÆi cƒeÆ mxgv cyíËeaÆb (Dîi eã) chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj| webqwcUK msKwjZ nGqwQj AGkvGKiI AvGM| myZivs ejv hvq, ˆeŒ«¬agÆ mÁ¿eZ evsjvi wKQy wKQy AçGj, ‰gb wK eZÆgvb evsjvG`GkI, AGkvGKi AvGMB cÉGek KGiwQj|

wm«¬v^Æ ˆevwa jvGfi ci cÉ^Gg mvibv^ ‰es Zvici gMa, ˆKvkj, Šekvjx, gaÅG`k cÉf‡wZ Õ©vGb Zuvi agÆ cÉPvi KGib| webqwcUK AbymvGi gaÅG`Gki cƒeÆcÉvG¯¦ wQj KRãjv bMi ‰es Zvi evBGi gnvmvjv| wK¯§ w`eÅve`vb  AbymvGi ‰i cƒeÆmxgv weÕ¦‡Z wQj cyíËeaÆb chƯ¦| agÆ cÉPvGii mgq ˆMŒZg ey«¬ gMaivR wewÁ¼mvGii mnvqZv ˆcGqwQGjb| wewÁ¼mvi ˆeŒ«¬ wfÞzG`i emevGmi RbÅ ˆeYyeb wenvi wbgÆvY KwiGq w`GqwQGjb ‰es AvRxeb wZwb agÆ cÉPvGii ˆÞGò eyG«¬i ‰KRb NwbÓ¤ e®¬z I c†Ó¤GcvlK wQGjb| evsjv ˆhGnZz gMa mxgvG¯¦i cvGkB wQj ˆmGnZz ‰i…c Abygvb wfwînxb bq ˆh, ey«¬ evsjvi ˆKv^vI ˆKv^vI c`wPn× ˆiGLwQGjb| wnDGqb-mvs DGÍÏL KGiGQb ˆh, ey«¬ evsjv I wenvGii eü RvqMv ögY KGiGQb ‰es mgËvU AGkvK ˆmB ÕÆwZ aGi ivLvi RbÅ ˆmme Õ©vGb Õ¦„c wbgÆvY KwiGqGQb|

AGkvGKi ivRZ½ ‰es ˆgŒhÆcieZÆx hyM  wkjvwjwc I AbÅvbÅ Drm ˆ^GK ‰Uv Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, AGkvGKi mgGq ˆeŒ«¬agÆ evsjvq `†pfvGeB cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj| eàov ˆRjvi gnvÕ©vGb eËvþx AÞGi ˆjLv ‰KwU AwfGjL cvIqv ˆMGQ, hvGZ ‘cyWbMj’ (cyíËbMi) K^vwU ˆjLv AvGQ| ˆmLvb ˆ^GK wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 4^Æ-3q kZGKi wKQy ˆgŒhÆ gy`Ëv I AÕ¨-kÕ¨I cvIqv ˆMGQ| ‰me ˆ^GK cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, ‰B MvGãq e-«¼xc ZLb ˆgŒhÆ mvgËvGRÅi A¯¦fÆyî× wQj| ŠPwbK cwieËvRK Br-wms cwøgeGãi ZvgËwjwµ¦ (ZgjyK) I KYÆmyeGYÆi (eZÆgvb eaÆgvb I gywkÆ`vev`) wbKU ‰es cyíËeaÆb (Dîi eã) I mgZGU (evsjvG`k) AvGkvGKi Õ¦„c ˆ`GLwQGjb eGj ejv nq| AvGkvGKi mgGq fvMxi^x-üMwj b`xi cwøg cvGo ZvgËwjwµ¦ e±`i ˆbŒ-ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KiZ| gnvesk ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, AGkvGKi ivRavbx cvUwjcyò ˆ^GK ‰KwU ˆeŒ«¬agÆxq ˆMvÓ¤x ‰B e±`i ˆ^GKB kÉxjâvq msN Õ©vcGbi DGóGkÅ hvòv KGiwQj|

ˆgŒhÆ ivResGki cZGbi dGj ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ivRKxq c†Ó¤GcvlKZv nvivq| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ w«¼Zxq kZGK cylÅwgò Zuvi cÉfz e†n`Ë^GK nZÅv KGi gMGai wmsnvmb AwaKvi KGib ‰es kƒãesGki cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| kƒãesGki AfzÅ`Gq ˆeŒ«¬agÆ cÉ^gevGii gGZv evavMÉÕ¦ nq| ‰K mgGqi mg†«¬kvjx ‰B agÆ ÷ay ivRKxq c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi AfvGeB wbwøn× nGq hvq wb; ‰i cøvGZ AviI ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KviY wQj ‰es Zv nGjv ˆeŒ«¬agÆ I msGNi cÉwZ kƒãivRvG`i wei…c gGbvfve|

ZGe KwZcq fviZxq cwíGZi AwfgZ ‰B ˆh, kƒãivRviv ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉwZ Amwnúz wQGjb bv ‰es ˆm KviGY ZuvG`i mgGq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉmviI NGUwQj| ZvgËwjwµ¦GZ cÉvµ¦ ‰KwU ˆUivGKvUv djK ˆ^GK AbywgZ nq ˆh, kƒãivRGZ½ evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi AwÕ¦Z½ wQj| Dî× djKwU KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Av÷GZvl Rv`yNGi msiwÞZ AvGQ|

wLËÓ¡xq cÉ^g kZGK KzlvYivRG`i mgq ˆeŒ«¬agÆ Avevi bZzb kwî× jvf KGi| ivRv KwbÓ• ˆeŒ«¬agÆGK ivÓ¡Ëxq aGgÆ D®²xZ KGib ‰es AGkvGKi gGZv Õ¦„c, ŠPZÅ I wenvi wbgÆvY KGib| wZwb weG`Gk agÆcÉPviKG`iI ˆcÉiY KGib| ‰ mgGqi cÉvµ¦ wewf®² ey«¬gƒwZÆ, ZvgË I Õ¼YÆgy`Ëv ‰es cÉðwjwc ˆ^GKI KwbGÓ•i AvgGj ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi mg†w«¬ ARÆGbi Õ·Ó¡ cÉgvY cvIqv hvq|

൦hyM  ൦ mgËvUiv wQGjb eËvþYÅaGgÆi ‰KwbÓ¤ Abymvix (cig fvMeZ)| Zuviv ‰ agÆGK cybi‚äxweZ KGi ˆZvGjb| cvkvcvwk Zuviv ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ‰es AbÅvbÅ aGgÆi cÉwZI DGÍÏLGhvMÅ mwnúzZv I mnvbyf„wZ cÉ`kÆb KGib| ZuvG`i D`vi agÆxq `†wÓ¡fwã eËvþYÅaGgÆi cvkvcvwk ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉmvGiI mnvqZv KGi| Ške I Šeúe ‰ `ywU kwî×kvjx gZevG`i KvGQ ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ‰KwU cÉwZGhvMx gZev` wnGmGe ˆ`Lv bv w`Gq eis wn±`yaGgÆi AviI KvQvKvwQ ‰GmwQj| AvaÅvwñK bvwÕ¦KÅev` cwinvi KGi ˆeŒ«¬agÆ fwî× AvG±`vjGbi ‰ZB KvQvKvwQ PGj ‰GmwQj ˆh, lÓ¤ kZGKi gvSvgvwS mgGq ey«¬G`e weúzi ‰KRb AeZvi wnGmGe M†nxZ nb|

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P±`ÊesGki ivRZ½KvGj nwiGKGj (cƒeÆ-`wÞY eã) ˆeŒ«¬agÆ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉmvi jvf KGi| KzwgÍÏv ˆ^GK Pvi gvBj cwøGg gqbvgwZ cvnvGo cÉvµ¦ P±`Ê ivRvG`i mgGqi wekvj ey«¬Õ¦„c ‰es kvjeb wenvi ˆ^GK ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰B D®²wZi cÉgvY cvIqv hvq| wZe»wZ cÉgvY AbymvGi P±`ÊhyGMB Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi weKvk NGUwQj| weò×gcyGii weLÅvZ ˆeŒ«¬ cwíZ AZxk `xcâi P±`ÊesGki mGã mswkÏÓ¡ wQGjb eGj Abygvb Kiv nq|

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AaÅvcK Trevor Ling gGb KGib ˆh, evsjvq AGkvGKi mgq ˆ^GK cvjhyM chƯ¦ Zvw¯¨K bq, eis nxbhvb I gnvhvb ‰B Dfq gZevG`iB PPÆv nGZv| wZwb Avw` ‰es Av`kÆ ˆeŒ«¬agÆGK msN, ivRv I RbMY ‰B wòwea ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wfwîGZ eÅvLÅv KGib ‰es ˆRvi w`Gq eGjb ˆh, cvjhyGMi ˆeŒ«¬agÆB wQj ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰B i…Gci cÉK‡Ó¡ D`vniY| Trevor Ling ‰es AviI AGbGK wek¼vm KGib ˆh, evsjvq cvj kvmb msÕ•‡wZ, agÆ, wkÞv, mvwnZÅ, Kjv ‰es Õ©vcZÅwe`Åvi ‰K D®²qGbi hyGMi mƒPbv KGi| Ling cvj ivRvG`i AbÅvbÅ Ae`vGbi gGaÅ weGklfvGe evsjv fvlv I mvwnGZÅi cÉwZ ZuvG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi K^v DGÍÏL KGib| evsjv fvlv ZLb wQj cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq ‰es ‰KwU bZzb I RbwcÉq fvlv| ‰ fvlvqB ˆeŒ«¬ Kweiv cÉ^g KweZv iPbv KGib, hv eZÆgvGb PhÆvc` bvGg LÅvZ| ‰wU ‰KwU Zvw¯¨K Mɯ© ‰es ‰i iPwqZviv wQGjb ˆZBkRb Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬, huviv mvaviYfvGe wm«¬ ev wm«¬vPvhÆ bvGg LÅvZ|

Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬agÆ  ‰GZ g¯¨ , h¯¨, gíj , gy`Ëv, aviwY BZÅvw`i PPÆv Kiv nq| ‰i mGã AviI ^vGK Šg^yb, ˆhvM, ˆ`evjq, cƒRv I AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vb, Rv`ywe`Åv, mGÁÃvnb, ˆcÉZvjvc, ˆRÅvwZl, cÉZxKxZ½, avZzwe`Åv, cÉK‡Z A‹«¼GZi gGaÅ AvcvZ Š«¼GZi aviYv, bvixmãxi mnGhvwMZv ‰es bvix-cyi‚Gli wgjGb gnvmyL| Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi `ywU cÉvPxb Mɯ© nGœQ ànÅmgvRZ¯¨ ‰es géykÉxgƒjK͸| cÉ^gwUGZ ˆhvM I AbyîiGhvM (Z¯¨gGZ aÅvb) ‰es w«¼ZxqwUGZ g¯¨, gy`Ëv, gíj BZÅvw` AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ| géykÉxgƒjKG͸ AviI AvGQ Zvw¯¨K ˆ`evjGq wewf®² ˆ`eG`exi wPòvâGbi wbG`Æk| AbÅvbÅ Zvw¯¨K MÉG¯©i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjv ˆneRÊZ¯¨, mÁ¼iZ¯¨, KvjPò×Z¯¨, ævbwmw«¬, KiíeƒÅnmƒò, bxjK¥¤aviwY ‰es gnvcÉZÅwãivaviwY|

evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰B ànÅ i…c cÉmvi jvf KGi cvjhyGM ‰es ‰i cÉej cÉfve ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi MwZ I BwZnvmGK cwiewZÆZ KGi ˆ`q| gaÅhyMxq ˆeŒ«¬agÆxq AvG±`vjb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq wm«¬ bvgK Zvw¯¨K AvPvhÆG`i «¼viv| ‰B AvPvhÆiv AvaÅvwñK I AwZcÉvK‡wZK kwî×GZ kwî×gvb wQGjb eGj gGb Kiv nq| ˆeŒ«¬ HwZnÅ AbymvGi ‰B wm«¬G`i msLÅv Pzivwk| ZuvG`i gGaÅ cÉavb KGqKRb nGjb mincv, bvMvRÆyb, wZGjvcv, bvGivcv, A«¼qeRÊ, Kvn×cv , meicv, jyBcv, fzmyKzcv, KzØzwicv, ˆWvwÁ¼ ‰es B±`Êf„wZ|

Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉv^wgK i…cwU mvaviYZ g¯¨hvb bvGg cwiwPZ| ‘g¯¨’ kõ ˆ^GKB ‰i ‰i…c bvg nGqGQ| g¯¨ nGœQ KZàwj inmÅgq kõmgwÓ¡ hv agÆxq AbyÓ¤vGb DœPvwiZ nGZv ‰es gGb Kiv nGZv, ‰àwji cybtcyb DœPviGY Kvw›ÞZ dj jvf nGe, ‰gbwK gywî×I| ‰B agÆxq ixwZ ‰K mgq Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi AbÅvbÅ i…c eRÊhvb , mnRhvb ‰es KvjPò×hvb «¼viv Ae`wgZ nq| eRÊhvb I mnRhvb DfqB wf®² wf®²fvGe Zvw¯¨KZviB PPÆv KGi| ZGe eRÊhvGb ˆhgb AvbyÓ¤vwbKZvi Ici ˆRvi ˆ`Iqv nq, mnRhvGb Zvi ˆKvb Õ©vb ˆbB| eRÊhvb ˆ`eG`exi cƒRvi mgq g¯¨, gy`Ëv ‰es gíGji Ici ài‚Z½ ˆ`q| ZGe Dfq gZevG`i PPÆvqB ˆhvM AcwinvhÆ, hv ˆKvb ài‚ ev wkÞGKi mvnvGhÅ mÁ·®² KiGZ nq| ài‚ Zuvi wkGlÅi RbÅ mvabvi mwVK cG^i m®¬vb ˆ`b ‰es wklÅGK gnvmyL jvGfi cG^ PvwjZ KGib|

AeÞq I cybi‚ïvb  wm«¬G`i nvGZ Zvw¯¨K giwgqvev` wnGmGe ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ‰gb ‰K AeÕ©vq ˆcuŒGQ ˆh Zv kvî×gZevG`i mGã mnGRB ‰Kxf„Z nGq hvq| kvî×gZev` ‰es ˆeŒ«¬ giwgqvevG`i ‰B wgjGb kvî×gZevG`i KGqKwU bZzb aviv ‰es AviI KGqKwU RbwcÉq agÆxq gZevG`i D«¿e NGU ‰es eËvþYÅevG`i cÉfvGe wejyµ¦ nIqv mGî½I ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ‰àwji gGaÅB ˆeuGP ^vGK eGj wek¼vm Kiv nq| kvî×gZevG`i ‰gb ‰KwU aviv nGjv ˆKŒj, hvi bvgKiY Kiv nGqGQ ‘Kzj’ kõvbymvGi| ‘Kzj’ kGõi A^Æ ‘kwî×’| ‰B avivi AbymvixG`i ejv nq ˆKŒj, Kzjcyò ev Kzjxb| AbÅ ˆh avivàwj ˆeŒ«¬agÆGK A¯¦fÆyî× KGiGQ eGj wek¼vm Kiv nq, ˆmàwji gGaÅ weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjv bv^agÆ , AeaƒZ, mnwRqv ‰es evDj | bv^aGgÆi ài‚G`i ejv nq ‘bv^’| Zuviv ‘ˆhvMx’ bvGgI cwiwPZ, ˆhGnZz Zuviv ey«¬ wKsev cZéwj eÅen…Z ˆhvM wf®² AbÅ ‰K cÉKvGii ˆhvM PPÆv KGib| Zuviv gywî× jvGfi DGóGkÅ ‰KwU we±`yGZ gbwÕ©i Kivi cwieGZÆ Av¯¦i evqy msnZ KGi ‘wmw«¬’ jvGfi ˆPÓ¡v KGib ‰es ‰RbÅ Zuviv evqyGK D`Gii wbÁ² ˆ^GK IcGii w`GK PvwjZ KGib| bv^G`i gGaÅ meÆvGcÞv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGœQb grGmű`Êbv^ , ˆMviÞbv^, gxbbv^ ‰es ˆPŒiãbv^| ‰uG`i gGaÅ grGmű`Êbv^ nGœQb bv^aGgÆi cÉwZÓ¤vZv|

AeaƒZ mÁ·É`vqI ˆeŒ«¬ ˆhvM PPÆv KiZ| ZGe Zviv ˆhvGMi kvixiZî½ mÁ·GKÆ mÁ·ƒYÆ ævb jvGfi Ici ài‚Z½ w`Z| kvixiZGî½i gGaÅ iGqGQ AmsLÅ bvwo, hvi cÉavb wZbwU nGœQ jjbv, imbv ‰es AeaƒwZ| AeaƒZ mÁ·É`vqGK gGb Kiv nq cÉvPxb ˆKvb agÆxq gZevG`i be msÕ•iY| cÉvPxb ˆeŒ«¬MɯƒGn ‰i DGÍÏL AvGQ, ZGe avwgÆK ˆeŒ«¬iv KLbB ‰i PPÆv KiGZb bv| AeaƒZ mÁ·É`vGqi wbqg wQj wfÞv Kiv, RbemwZ ˆ^GK AGbK `ƒGi evm Kiv, wQ®² eÕ¨ cwiavb Kiv BZÅvw`| ŠPZGbÅi mnGhvMx wbZÅvb±`GK ejv nGZv ‰B mÁ·É`vGqi ‰KRb eo mg^ÆK| mnwRqv gGZi cÉwZÓ¤v nGqGQ gGb Kiv nq AbÅZg wm«¬ mincvi «¼viv ‰es ‰i Aci `yB cÉeî×v wQGjb Kvn×cv I jyBcv| mnwRqviv wQj ˆ`eG`exi cƒRv ‰es AbÅvbÅ AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vGbi weGivax; Zviv eis KvgGmevi gGZv mnR cG^ gywî× ARÆGbi cÉwZ ài‚Z½ w`Z| ˆZGiv kZGK cÉvµ¦ gqbvgwZ wjwcGK mnwRqv gGZi cÉvPxbZg cÉgvY eGj gGb Kiv nq| ˆPŒó kZGKi evOvwj Kwe Píx`vGmi KveÅ ‰es MvGb mnwRqv gGZi cÉKvk ˆ`Lv hvq| Kvjò×Gg mnRhvb ŠeúeaGgÆi mGã ‰Kxf„Z nGq hvq ‰es Zvi AGbK cyivZb ŠewkÓ¡Å cwiZÅî× nq| evDjiv mnwRqvG`i ˆPGq AwaK cwigvGY Õ¼Kxq ŠewkÓ¡Å eRvq ˆiGLGQ eGj gGb Kiv nq, ˆhGnZz ZvG`i Ici ŠeúeaGgÆi cÉfve cGo wb|

cvjG`i cGi ˆmbiv ÞgZvq AvGmb| Zuviv wQGjb Ške ev ŠeúeaGgÆi ˆMuvov Abymvix| ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cÉwZ ZuvG`i mnvbyf„wZ wQj bv ejGjB PGj| dGj ivRKxq c†Ó¤GcvlKZv nvwiGq ˆeŒ«¬agÆ AwPGiB ÞxqgvY I bvbv fvGM wefî× nGZ ^vGK| ˆeŒ«¬ cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj a»smcÉvµ¦ nq ‰es ˆhàwjI ev wUGK hvq ˆmàwjI gynÁÃ` eLwZqvi LjwRi Avò×gY ˆ^GK iÞv cvq wb| gymwjg Avò×gYKvixG`i nvZ ˆ^GK ˆhme ˆeŒ«¬ wfÞz ˆeuGP hvb Zuviv cvwjGq ˆbcvj, wZe»Z ‰es fzUvGb PGj hvb| Avi mvaviY ˆeŒ«¬ RbMY nq Bmjvg agÆ MÉnY KGi, bv nq eËvþYÅaGgÆi mGã wgGk hvq| ‰fvGe ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ‰K iKg wejyµ¦ nGq hvq; ‰i Avi c†^K ˆKvb AwÕ¦Z½ ^vGK bv| ZGe ˆKv^vI ˆKv^vI agÆVvKzi cƒRv, RM®²v^ cƒRv BZÅvw` weK‡Z AvKvGi ‰i AwÕ¦Z½ jÞÅ Kiv hvq|

ZGe ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi ‰B AeÞq mGî½I R¯Ãf„wg ˆ^GK Zvi AwÕ¦Z½ ‰GKevGiB gyGQ hvq wb| AvaywbK fviGZ ‰i cybi‚ïvGbi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ RbwcÉq wKQy cƒRv-cveÆGYi gaÅ w`Gq Zv wUGK ^vGK| gvZ‡f„wgGZ Zvi cybRÆvMiGYi dGj ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi HwZnÅevnx wb`kÆbmgƒn ‰Lb ài‚GZ½i mGã Õ¼xK‡wZ cvGœQ| ˆhgb AGkvKÕ¦Á¿, agÆPò× ‰es mvibvG^i wmsnbv` ‰Lb fviGZi RvZxq Rxeb I HwZGnÅi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Aã wnGmGe weGewPZ| fviGZ ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cybRÆvMiGYi K‡wZZ½ we.Avi AvGÁ¼`KGii, whwb fviZxq msweavGbi i…cKvi wnGmGe LÅvZ| wZwb 1956 mvGj jÞ jÞ wbÁ²eGYÆi AÕ·†kÅ ˆjvKG`i ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆ agÆv¯¦wiZ KwiGqGQb| ZGe fviGZi gnvivÓ¡Ë ‰es AbÅvbÅ AçGj AvGÁ¼`KGii be ˆeŒ«¬agÆ AvG±`vjGbi kZkZ eQi cƒGeÆB evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi cybi‚äxeb ÷i‚ nGqwQj| evsjvG`Gki `wÞY-cƒeÆvçj PëMÉvg I cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGg Þz`Ë ‰KwU ˆeŒ«¬ RbGMvÓ¤x evsjvq gyMj I weËwUk Avmvi eü cƒGeÆB ˆ^iev` ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi PPÆv KiZ| Kvjò×Gg Zviv ZvG`i msN cybMÆwVZ KGi ‰es 1887 mvGj ‘PëMÉvg ˆeŒ«¬ mwgwZ’ MVb KGi| ‰UvB fviZxq DcgnvG`Gk MwVZ cÉ^g ˆeŒ«¬ mwgwZ|  [bxi‚ Kzgvi PvKgv]

Mɯ©cwé  GEORGE GRIMM, The Doctrine of the Buddha, Berlin, 1958; RC MAJUMDAR ed, The History of Bengal, Vol. I, University of Dacca, 1963; BN CHAUDHURY, Buddhist Centres in Ancient India, Calcutta, 1969; LM JOSHI, Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India, Delhi, 1977; BT BHATTACHARYA, An Introduction to Buddhist Esoterism, Delhi, 1980; KL HAZRA, Buddhism in India as Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399-689, New Delhi, 1983.