ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ  evsjvG`Gki RbÅ ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ MÉnGYi cÉavb jÞÅ mçq I wewbGqvGMi gGaÅ weivRgvb duvK cƒiY Kiv ‰es Avg`vwb I iµ¦vwbi gGaÅ NvUwZ `ƒi Kiv| D®²qb KgÆKvGí A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi ‰KwU cÉavb Dcvq ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ| ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅGK mvaviYZ PviwU cÉavb aiGb fvM Kiv nq| cÉ^g, `xNÆGgqvw` FY hv mvaviYZ `k ev wek eQi aGi MÉnxZv ˆ`k KZƆK ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëvq cwiGkvaÅ| w«¼Zxq, bgbxq FY hv Õ©vbxq gy`Ëvq cwiGkvaÅ, hvi cwiGkvGai ˆgqv` `xNÆ, A^ev hv AZů¦ Kg myG` cwiGkvaGhvMÅ| meGPGq myweavRbK ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ nGœQ mivmwi Aby`vb| Õ©vbxq gy`Ëvq cÉG`q AG^Æi wewbgGq ˆKvb ‰KwU ˆ`Gki D«¼†î cGYÅi mieivn, h^v  wc‰j 480-‰i AaxGb AvGgwiKvi Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ nGjv Z‡Zxq aib; ‰es meGkGl, D®²qbkxj ˆ`kàwjGZ KvwiMwi mvnvhÅ `vb nGjv PZz^Æ aiGbi ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ| ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ gƒjZ miKvwi wfwîGZ ˆhvMvb ˆ`Iqv nq|

evsjvG`Gk cÉPwjZ gvbixwZ Abyhvqx ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ ejGZ ˆKej ˆiqvwZ kZÆvewjGZ cÉvµ¦ FY I `vb ˆevSvq| ‰àwj ˆ^GK ev` hvq mvgwiK mnvqZvi i…Gc gRyZ Znwej Õ©vbv¯¦i, weG`kx ˆemiKvwi msÕ©vàwj cÉ`î mvnvhÅ, A^Æ ˆhvMvb`vGii AwMÉg FY, iµ¦vwb FY, ŠeG`wkK jw™² wewbGqvM, ŠeG`wkK miKvwi wewbGqvM ‰es kZKiv 5% ev Z`ƒa»Æ myG`i nvGi KwVb kZÆvaxGb FY A^ev evGiv eQGii Kg mgGqi gGaÅ cwiGkvaÅ FY| evsjvG`Gk weG`kx FY`vZvG`i gGaÅ iGqGQ weGkl weGkl ˆ`k, eüRvwZK A^Æ msÕ©v ‰es Av¯¦RÆvwZK ‰GRw´Ö I cÉwZÓ¤vb| evsjvG`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi ˆkÉYxKiY nq mvnvGhÅi kZÆ, Drm I eÅenvi BZÅvw`i wfwîGZ| bvbv aiGbi ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ nGjv FY I Aby`vb, w«¼cvwÞK I eücvwÞK mvnvhÅ, A^ev Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ, cYÅmvnvhÅ, cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ ‰es KvwiMwi mvnvhÅ|

Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ nGjv `vZv ˆ`k I msÕ©vàwj ˆ^GK Lv`Å mieivn A^ev ZvG`i «¼viv evsjvG`Gk Lv`Å mieivnKvixG`i A^Æ cwiGkva| Lv`Å mieivGni cwienY, à`vg fvov, weZiY BZÅvw` ˆhhe LiP `vZv ˆ`kàwj wbeÆvn KGi ^vGK ZvI Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ wnGmGe weGewPZ nq| ‰KBfvGe, cYÅmvnvhÅ ejGZ ˆevSvq cYÅ msMÉGni ˆÞGò `vZv ˆ`kàwji A^ÆGhvMvb hvi gGaÅ ^vGK ˆfvMÅcYÅ, gvaÅwgK cYÅ ‰es wk͸ KviLvbvi KuvPvgvj| mvnvhÅ eÅeÕ©vi AaxGb Avg`vwbK‡Z Lv`Å I cYÅmvgMÉx miKvwi ˆKvlvMvGi cwicƒiK A^Æ Znwej MGo ˆZvGj ‰es ˆmB ZnweGji mvnvGhÅ cwiPvwjZ cÉK͸ ev KgÆKvímgƒn Lv`Å I cYÅmvnvhÅ KgÆmƒwPi AvIZvq cGo| cYÅmvnvhÅ KgÆmƒwPi AaxGb evsjvG`Gk Avg`vwbK‡Z cÉavb cÉavb mvgMÉxi gGaÅ iGqGQ ˆfvRÅGZj, exR, mvi I ivmvqwbK `ËeÅvw`| cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ nGjv cÉK͸ cwiPvjbvi eÅq wbeÆvGn A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi RbÅ `vb I FGYi myweav| evsjvG`Gk cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ AGbKvsGk evwlÆK D®²qb KgÆmƒwPGZ (‰wWwc) A¯¦fzÆî× cÉK͸mgƒGni A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi mGã mÁ·wKÆZ| ‰wU cÉK͸ mÁ·wKÆZ h¯¨cvwZ I cYÅ mvgMÉxi Avg`vwbGZ A^Ævqb KGi ^vGK| KvwiMwi mvnvhÅ hv cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi Ask wnGmGe ˆ`LvGbv nq mvaviYZ cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK mvgG^ÆÅi D®²qb, cÉhywî× nÕ¦v¯¦i ‰es weGklæG`i (weG`kx DcG`Ó¡v I KvwiMi) ˆmev, ˆdGjvwkcmn cÉwkÞY myweavw`i gvaÅGg gvbemÁ·` D®²qb BZÅvw`|

mswÞµ¦ BwZnvm  FY, avi BZÅvw` mÁ¼wjZ Av¯¦RÆvwZK gƒjaGbi cÉevn AGcÞvK‡Z AvaywbK NUbv| 1870-1913 eQiàwjGZ Av¯¦RÆvwZK ZnweGji eÅvcK Ask ˆKej D®²Z ˆ`kàwjGZ ˆemiKvwi gy`Ëv cÉevn wbGq MwVZ wQj ‰es 1920 mGb ‰me ˆ`Gki `xNÆGgqvw` FY 100 wgwjqb Wjvi aiv nGqwQj| mvnvhÅ KvhÆò×g bvGg ˆh wk͸wU ‰Lb cwiPvwjZ Zv cÉK‡ZcGÞ wek¼eÅvsK Av¯¦RÆvwZK gy`Ëv Znwej (AvB‰g‰d) «¼viv mƒwPZ nq| ‰ `ywU msÕ©v D®²Z ˆ`k ˆ^GK D®²qbkxj ˆ`Gk gƒjaGbi miKvwi cÉevGni cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK aviv m†wÓ¡ KGi| wek¼eÅvsK BDGivc I D®²qbkxj ˆ`kàwjGZ ˆemiKvwi wewbGqvGMi myweav m†wÓ¡ Kivi RbÅ cÉv^wgK KZƆZ½ jvf KGiwQj| Z‡Zxq weGk¼ weGkl D®²qb cÉKG͸i RbÅ ˆiqvwZ kGZÆ wek¼eÅvsGKi cÉ^g FY ˆ`Iqv nGqwQj 1948 I 1949 mGb wZbwU jÅvwUb AvGgwiKvb ˆ`Gk|

weËGUGbi mvg¯¦Zvw¯¨K w`bàwjGZ Zvi Aaxb DcwbGeGki KvR wQj Õ©vbxq ivRÕ¼ ˆ^GK miKvi cwiPvjbv ev D®²qGbi LiP wgUvGbv| ˆKvb DcwbGekGK KLbI Aby`vb mvnvhÅ ˆ`Iqv nGj Zv weËwUk ivRGKvl wbq¯¨Y KiZ| ‰fvGe mvgËvRÅev`x miKvi DcwbGekàwji D®²qb Pvwn`v `wgGq ivLZ|

fviZ DcgnvG`k ‰Kmgq weËGUGbi DcwbGek wQj| cÉ^g wek¼hyG«¬i cGi cÉavb DcwbGekàwjGZ msNwUZ ZxeË Õ¼vaxbZv msMÉvGgi cUf„wgGZ weËwUk kvmK 1929 mGb DcwbGek D®²qb AvBb Rvwi KGi| ‰i DGókÅ wQj cviÕ·wiK myweavi RbÅ DcwbGeGki ‰jvKvàwjGZ D®²qb KgÆKvGí wbqwgZ A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi gvaÅGg evBGii mvnvhÅ msÕ©vb Kiv| wK¯§ fviZ ‰es ZrKvjxb evsjv KLbI ‰B AvBGbi cÉGqvGMi AvIZvq AvGm wb| eÕ§Z DcwbGek D®²qb I KjÅvY AvBb «¼viv ˆKvbI DcKviI cvIqv hvq wb|

mgMÉ BDGivc I ‰wkqvi wKQy AçGji cybMÆVGb mnGhvwMZv `vGbi RbÅ hyî×ivÓ¡Ë 1948 mGb w«¼cvwÞK mvnvhÅ KgÆmƒwPi mƒPbv KGi| ‰B KgÆmƒwPi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Aã wQj 1948 mGb A^Æ‹bwZK mnGhvwMZv AvBb D«¿„Z ‰es A^Æ‹bwZK mnGhvwMZv cÉkvmb (Bwm‰) cwiPvwjZ ‘gvkÆvj cwiK͸bv’| 1950 mGb Av¯¦RÆvwZK D®²qb cÉweavb Rvwii gvaÅGg Bwm‰ iwnZ Kiv nq| ‰ici A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe Aby®²Z AçGji AwaevmxG`i mvnvhÅ Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ UÇygÅvGbi Avw^ÆK mnvqZv welqK PZz^Æ mƒò-cÉÕ¦veGK KvwiMwi mnGhvwMZv cwiPvjb eÅeÕ©vi i…c ˆ`Iqv nq| 1951 ˆ^GK 1958 mb chƯ¦ mgGq hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi mvnvhÅ bxwZGZ AGbK cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq ‰es 1954-GZ `†wÓ¡ wbe«¬ nq fviZ, cvwKÕ¦vb I wbKU cÉvGPÅi KGqKwU ˆ`Gk| bZzb D®²qb mvnvhÅ wkGivbvGg cÉvq 300 wgwjqb Wjvi ‰Bme ˆ`Gk weZiGYi RbÅ eÅeÕ©v ˆbIqv nq| eZÆgvGb hyî×ivÓ¡Ë ‰KK e†nîg mvnvhÅ`vZv ˆ`k ‰es BD‰m‰BW mviv c†w^ex RyGo ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ KgÆmƒwP KvhÆKi Kivi cÉwZÓ¤vb| D®²qbkxj ˆ`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ `vb I gƒjab ˆhvMvGbvi Aci ‰KwU e†nr msÕ© nGœQ 1960 mGb cÉwZwÓ¤Z A^Æ‹bwZK mnGhvwMZv I D®²qb cÉwZÓ¤vb (IBwmwW)| eücvwÞK ŠeG`wkK A^Æ mvnvhÅ ˆhvMvb`vi msÕ©vàwji gGaÅ mwò×q AvGQ AvBwW‰, BwWwe, Bwm, ‰dvW, ‰bwW‰d, BDwbGmd I BD‰b wmGÕ¡g|

wek kZGKi cçvGki `kGKi ˆkGli w`GK, hLb AvwdÌKvi AGbKàwj ˆ`k Õ¼vaxbZv jvf KGi ‰es weËwUk miKvi fviGZi w`GK AwaK gGbvGhvM w`GZ ÷i‚ KGi, ZLb 1958 mGb gw´ŸÈGj KgbIGqj^ evwYRÅ I A^Æ‹bwZK mGÁÃjGb ‰B gGgÆ ‰KwU ˆNvlYv ˆ`Iqv nq ˆh, KgbIGqjG^i Õ¼vaxb m`mÅG`i cÉwZ D®²qb mvnvhÅ cÉmvwiZ nGe| ZLb ˆ^GK ‰Bme ˆ`Gk weËwUk w«¼cvwÞK mvnvhÅ ˆhGZ ÷i‚ KGi| Dî× mvnvhÅ cÉqvGm A¯¦fÆyî× nGjv: K. evGRU cÉYqGbi RbÅ Aby`vb ‰es KvwiMwi mvnvhÅ Aby`vb, L. DcwbGek D®²qb ‰es KjÅvYgƒjK FY I Aby`vb, M. DcwbGek miKviGK FY`vb ‰es N. iµ¦vwb AãxKvi AvBGbi AvIZvq FY`vb| weËwUk mvnvGhÅi kZÆvewj wQj Drcv`bgyLx| mÁcÉmvwiZ ˆiqvwZ Kvj wbGq FY cwiGkvGai eÅvwµ¦ wQj `xNÆ ‰es myG`i nvi wQj Kg| weËwUk mvnvhÅ eÅeÕ©v ò×gk AbÅvbÅ D®²Z ˆ`kàwji KgÆ cwiK͸bvi mGã ‰Kxf„Z nGq hvq ‰es ‰BfvGe KgbIGqj^ mƒò ài‚Z½ nvwiGq ˆdGj|

1947-‰ Õ¼vaxb ivÓ¡Ë wnGmGe AfzÅ`Gqi cGi cvwKÕ¦vb, weGkl KGi ‰i cƒeÆ Ask cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb cÉvPxb K‡wlc«¬wZ wbfÆi wbÁ² Drcv`b ‰es jeYvî×Zv, Rjve«¬Zv, g†wîKv Þq I ebÅv «¼viv ÞwZMÉÕ¦ K‡wlRwg wbGq ‰K fãyi I `wi`Ë K‡wleÅeÕ©vi DîivwaKvi jvf KGi| ‰LvGb wk͸ KviLvbv wQj bv ejGjB PGj ‰es cƒeÆÕ©vwcZ ˆh KqwU KviLvbv bZzb ivGÓ¡Ëi mxgvbvq cGo ˆmàwj KuvPvgvGji DrGmi AfvGe wKsev Drc®² `ËGeÅi evRvi bv ^vKvq `yeÆj nGq hvq| cÉG`kwUGK cÉvq mewKQy ‰gbwK, ZzœQ ˆfvMÅ cYÅI Avg`vwb KiGZ nq| iµ¦vwb `ËGeÅi gGaÅ wQj wKQy K‡wlcYÅ ˆhàwji Pvwn`v wek¼evRvGi AwbwøZ wQj| wkÞvi gvb wQj wbÁ², mvÞiZv wQj bƒÅbZg, ‰es KvwiMwi wkÞvi AwÕ¦Z½ gƒjZ wQjB bv| Õ¼vÕ©Å I mgvRKjÅvY eÅeÕ©vI wQj AcÉZzj| cwienY I ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGò cÉGqvRb wQj Av÷ msÕ•vGii| ‰ AeÕ©vq ˆemvgwiK cÉkvmb, cÉwZiÞv ˆÞò, eÅvsK I evwYRÅwelqK Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vbmn ˆ`k cwiPvjbvi `†p cÉkvmb eÅeÕ©vi cÉwZÓ¤v ‰es ‰KwU AvaywbK I cÉMwZkxj ivGÓ¡Ëi gReyZ AeKvVvGgv m†wÓ¡ AvekÅK nGq cGo| dGj RvZxq bxwZ wbaÆviGYi welq wnGmGe A^Æ‹bwZK cwiK͸bv meÆvwaK ài‚Z½ ˆcGZ ^vGK|

1948-‰i w`GK, ˆ`Gki Dfq cÉG`Gk ‰es A^Æ‹bwZK KgÆKvGíi wewf®² kvLv KZ‡ÆK M†nxZ D®²qb KgÆmƒwP mg¯¼q Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU D®²qb ˆevWÆ Õ©vwcZ nq| miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi wk͸ KviLvbv I Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi D®²qb mvaGbi RbÅ 1950-‰ Qq eQi ˆgqvw` ‰KwU D®²qb KgÆmƒwP cÉYxZ nq| Õ©vbxq I weG`kx weGklæ ‰es ˆK±`Êxq I cÉvG`wkK miKvGii mGã AvGjvPbvi gvaÅGg Abycy›L chÆvGjvPbv ˆkGl 1953 mGb RvZxq cwiK͸bv ˆevWÆ MwVZ nq| ‰B ˆevWÆ RyjvB 1955 ˆ^GK Ryb 1960 chƯ¦ cÉ^g cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bv cÉYqb KGi| cwiK͸bvq mvgwMÉK D®²qb eÅq wnGmGe aiv nq 10.8 wewjqb UvKv, hvi gGaÅ 5.76 wewjqb UvKvi Drm aiv nq ˆ`kxq Avq, evwK 5.04 wewjqb UvKv ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ ˆ^GK cvIqv hvGe eGj cÉvØjb Kiv nq| w«¼Zxq cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bvq (1960-1965) D®²qb eÅq aiv nq 23 wewjqb UvKv hvi gGaÅ 12.05 wewjqb UvKv ˆ`kR Avq ˆ^GK ‰es 10.95 wewjqb UvKv D®²qb cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ I FY (6.85 wewjqb UvKv), cYÅ mvnvhÅ (3.5 wewjqb UvKv) I ˆeG`kx ˆemiKvwi wewbGqvM (600 wgwjqb UvKv) BZÅvw`i i…Gc ŠeG`wkK mÁ·` ˆ^GK msMÉGni wnmve Kiv nq| w«¼Zxq cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bvq A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi ˆÞGò ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi Ask wQj ˆgvU eÅGqi 38% fvM ‰es Z‡Zxq cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bvq ‰B AbycvZ 32% fvGM ˆbGg hvq|

cvwKÕ¦vGbi cÉ^g w`GKi eQiàwjGZ ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi mKj cÉwZkÉ‚wZ KvwiMwi I cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi gGaÅ mxgve«¬ wQj| cGi 1951 I 1953 mvGj K‡wli djb fvj bv nIqvq hyî×ivÓ¡Ë, KvbvWv I AGÕ¡Ëwjqv ˆ^GK MGgi mvnvhÅ Pvjvb cvIqv hvq| hyî×ivÓ¡Ë 1954-55 mGb cÉ^gevi cÉK͸ ewnf„ÆZ mvnvhÅ ˆ`q ‰es 1954 mvGji K‡wl evwYRÅ D®²qb I mvnvhÅ AvBGbi (wc‰j- 480) AvIZvq AwZwiî× K‡wlcYÅ mieivn KGi| mvnvGhÅi cuvPwU wf®² wf®² ˆkÉYx wQj KvwiMwi mvnvhÅ, cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ, cÉK͸ ewnf„ÆZ mvnvhÅ, Lv`ÅkmÅ I Ri‚wi mvnvhÅ, h^v ebÅvZÆG`i RbÅ òvYmvgMÉx| ‰àwji cÉ^g `ywU nGjv cyGivcywi wewbGqvM mvnvhÅ| Z‡ZxqwU gaÅ-gvaÅwgK mvgMÉx mvnvhÅ, ˆhgb ˆjvnv I BÕ·vZRvZxq `ËGeÅi ˆhvMvb w`Gq D®²qGbi DGóGkÅ mnvqZv cÉ`vb|

1961 mGbi 31 wWGmÁ¼i chƯ¦ cvwKÕ¦vGb wewf®² e®¬zivGÓ¡Ëi I eüwea Av¯¦RÆvwZK msÕ©vi KvQ ˆ^GK cÉwZkÉ‚wZcÉvµ¦ cÉK͸, cYÅmvgMÉx I KvwiMwi mvnvGhÅi ‰es weGkl Lv`Å I òvY mvnvGhÅi cwigvY wQj 1.384 wewjqb Wjvi| wK¯§ cÉK‡ZcGÞ ˆ`kwU H mgq chƯ¦ 457.58 wgwjqb Wjvi ˆcGqwQj|

cvwKÕ¦vGb cÉavb cÉavb mvnvhÅ I FY`vZv ˆ`Gki gGaÅ wQj hyî×ivÓ¡Ë, KvbvWv, AGÕ¡Ëwjqv, hyî×ivRÅ, wbDwRjÅv´£, cwøg RvgÆvwb, Rvcvb, myBGWb, dÌv´Ö, wmãvcyi, ivwkqv, hyGMvkÏvwfqv ‰es ‰GRw´Öàwji gGaÅ wQj wek¼ eÅvsK (AvB‰mwm I AvBwW‰), RvwZmsN I ‰i weGklvwqZ msÕ©vàwj, ˆdvWÆ dvDG´£kb ‰es hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi Avg`vwb-iµ¦vwb msÕ©v| 1961 mGb cvwKÕ¦vGbi D®²qb KgÆmƒwPGZ mvnvhÅ Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU Av¯¦RÆvwZK mnGhvwMZv m›N (KbGmvwUÆqvg) MVb Kiv nq ‰es ‰B mG›Ni cÉ^g m`mÅ ivÓ¡Ëàwj wQj KvbvWv, RvgÆvwb, Rvcvb, hyî×ivRÅ ‰es hyî×ivÓ¡Ë| cvwKÕ¦vb KjGÁ¼v cwiK͸bvi m`mÅ ˆ`kàwj ˆ^GK ZLb ˆekwKQy ˆÞGò wk͸, wPwKrmv, K‡wl, we`yÅr I R¾vjvwb, cÉGKŒkj, wk͸, evwYRÅ, ˆhvMvGhvM, hvZvqvZ eÅeÕ©v, mgevq ‰es wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb, MGelYv msÕ©v, nvmcvZvj BZÅvw`i DcKiY mvgMÉxGZ cÉwkÞY myweav I civgkÆGmev i…Gc KvwiMwi mvnvhÅI ˆcGqwQj| 1948 ˆ^GK 1965 mb chƯ¦ mgqKvGj cvwKÕ¦vGbi cÉvµ¦ ˆgvU mvnvGhÅi gGaÅ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi Ask wQj gvò 34% kZvsk|

evsjvG`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ  ài‚Zi Avw^ÆK Þq-ÞwZi gaÅ w`Gq Õ¼vaxb evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`q NGU| Õ¼vaxbZvi ElvjG™² ˆ`kwUi wk͸ Drcv`b cÉvq e®¬B wQj; K‡wl Drcv`Gb `vi‚Y AebwZ nGqwQj ‰es Õ¼vfvweK evwYwRÅK KgÆKví cÉK‡ZcGÞ e®¬ nGq wMGqwQj| Av¯¦RÆvwZK mÁcÉ`vGqi mvnvhÅ I wecyj ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi avivevwnK cÉevn eÅZxZ ‰KwU bZzb RvwZi AwÕ¦Z½ iÞv Kiv I wUGK ^vKv wQj cÉvq AmÁ¿e|

evsjvG`k Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ I `yGhÆvMKvGj òvY mvnvhÅi…Gc eÅvcKfvGe ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ ˆcGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ˆ`Gki D®²qGbi cÉGqvRb AviI ˆewk Abyf„Z nIqvq mvnvhÅ ò×gk evoGZ ^vGK ‰es cwigvGYi e†w«¬ AbymvGi mvnvhÅI wewf®²gyLx nGq cGo| 1999-‰i 30 Ryb chƯ¦ `vZv ˆ`kàwj ‰es Av¯¦RÆvwZK msÕ©v I cÉwZÓ¤vb ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gk mvnvGhÅi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ wQj 42.54 wewjqb Wjvi, hvi gGaÅ 14.08% fvM wQj Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ, 24.42% fvM wQj cYÅmvnvhÅ ‰es 61.50% fvM wQj cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ| 1972-‰ 270.8 wgwjqb Wjvi mvnvhÅcÉvwµ¦ ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi 1975 mGb mvnvGhÅi cwigvY ˆeGo hvq 901.3 wgwjqb Wjvi, 1985-GZ 1.27 wewjqb Wjvi, 1990-GZ 1.81 wewjqb Wjvi ‰es 1999-GZ 1.5 wewjqb Wjvi| 1972 ˆ^GK 1999 chƯ¦ mgqKvGj evsjvG`kGK ˆ`Iqv ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi ˆgvU cwigvY wQj 34.76 wewjqb Wjvi hvi gGaÅ 48.2% fvM wQj `vb ‰es 51.78% fvM wQj FY| PjwZ evRvi gƒGjÅ ˆ`Gki wRwWwc-i kZKiv nvGi weG`kx mvnvhÅ 1975-‰ wRwWwc-i 9.3%, 1988-GZ 7%, 1993-GZ 6.76%, 1996-GZ 4.53%, 1998-‰ 3.67% ‰es 1999-‰ 4.22%| weG`kx mvnvGhÅi cwigvY e†w«¬ avivevwnKfvGe AeÅvnZ ^vKGjI 1972-99 mgqKvGj ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ I wRwWwc-i AbycvGZ nËvm NGUwQj mgmgGq wRwWwc-i cÉe†w«¬i KviGY| gv^vwcQy wRwWwc 1977/78 mgGq 102.98 Wjvi ˆ^GK 1998/99 ermGi 284.11 WjvGi D®²xZ nq| wK¯§ ˆ`Gki gv^vwcQy FGYi `vq 1976/77 eQGi 6.59 Wjvi ˆ^GK 1998/99 eQGi 115.9 WjvGi ˆeGo hvq| gv^vwcQy  FGYi `vq e†w«¬i RbÅ ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅ Aby`vGbi Ask msGKvPbGK `vqx Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|

1973-‰ evsjvG`k Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ ˆcGqwQj 182.55 wgwjqb WjvGii| ‰wU `yB eQGii gGaÅ w«¼àY nGq hvq ‰es ‰B cÉe†w«¬ 1980 chƯ¦ AeÅvnZ ^vGK| ‰B eQGiB Lv`ÅmvnvGhÅi wbÁ²gyLx cÉeYZv ˆ`Lv hvq ‰es ‰B LvGZ evrmwiK mvnvhÅ cÉevn 200 wgwjqb WjvGii ˆek wbGP ˆbGg hvq| ˆKvb ˆKvb eQi ˆ`Gk cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvGMi KviGY Lv`Å gRyGZi cwigvY nËvm cvIqvq Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ cÉevn AGcÞvK‡Z ˆewk wQj| ‰B KviGY ‰es AvGMi eQiàwjGZ ˆewk cwigvY Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ cvIqvGZ 1972-99 mgqKvGj evwlÆK Mo Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ wQj 216 wgwjqb WjvGii| 1990-ˆZ Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ wQj 187.48 wgwjqb WjvGii| 1972 ˆ^GK 1999 chƯ¦ 27 eQGi ˆgvU Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ wQj evsjvG`Gki mKj aiGbi ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi cyéxf„Z cwigvGYi 16.8% fvM, 1981/82 eQi ˆ^GK 1999/2000 eQi chƯ¦ 19 eQGii mgqKvGji cwimsLÅvb ˆ^GK ‰B aviYv cvIqv hvq ˆh, MocoZvfvGe, cÉwZ eQGi 2.09 wgwjqb ˆgwUÇK Lv`Å weG`k ˆ^GK Avg`vwb KiGZ nGqwQj ‰es ‰i 50% fvM Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ wnGmGe ‰GmwQj| 1992-2000 mgqKvGji cwimsLÅvb ‰B aviYvI ˆ`q ˆh, Mo evwlÆK Lv`Å Avg`vwbi Pvwn`v wQj AGbK ˆewk  2.4 wgwjqb ˆgwUÇK Ub| ‰KB mgGq Lv`Å Avg`vwbGZ mvnvGhÅi cwigvY ZvrchÆcƒYÆ fvGe KGg hvq ‰es cÉwZeQi gvò 785 ˆgwUÇK Ub Lv`Å Avg`vwb KiGZ nq| evsjvG`Gk Lv`ÅmvnvGhÅi cÉvq cyGivUvB (99% fvGMiI ˆewk) wQj Mg ‰es mKj cÉwZkÉ‚Z I cÉvµ¦ Lv`ÅmvnvGhÅi meUvB wQj Aby`vb| Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ cÉ`vGbi `vZvmsÕ©v I ˆ`kàwji gGaÅ iGqGQ BD‰b wmGÕ¡g (cÉavbZ, wek¼ Lv`Å KgÆmƒwP), hyî×ivÓ¡Ë, BBwm/BBD, KvbvWv, Rvcvb I AGÕ¡Ëwjqv|

evsjvG`Gk 1972-99 mgqKvGj ˆgvU cYÅmvnvGhÅi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ wQj 10.39 wewjqb WjvGii, cvIqv wMGqwQj 10.09 wewjqb ‰es H mgGqi gGaÅ cYÅmvnvhÅ wQj ˆgvU mvnvGhÅi 29% fvM| cYÅmvnvhÅ 1994 chƯ¦ e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK, Zvici ‰i nËvm NGU| cYÅmvnvGhÅi cwigvY 1973-‰ wQj 288.9 wgwjqb Wjvi, 1980-GZ 378.48 wgwjqb Wjvi, 1990-GZ 456.71 wgwjqb Wjvi, 1995-‰ 333 wgwjqb Wjvi ‰es 1999-GZ 324 wgwjqb Wjvi| evsjvG`Gk cYÅmvnvhÅ Aby`vb I FY wnGmGe cÉvq mgvbfvGe ‰GmGQ ‰es 1990-‰i `kGK cYÅmvnvGhÅ FGYi Mo evwlÆK Ask wQj 48% fvM| evsjvG`Gk cYÅmvnvhÅ`vZv cÉavb ˆ`Gki gGaÅ iGqGQ Rvcvb, RvgÆvwb, ˆb`vijÅv´£, hyî×ivRÅ I hyî×ivÓ¡Ë|

evsjvG`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ cÉevGni e†n`vsk nGjv cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ| 1972-1999 mgqKvGj evsjvG`Gk 26.17 wewjqb WjvGii cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ wQj| ‰i gGaÅ 18.84 wewjqb Wjvi cvIqv hvq| H mgGqi gGaÅ evsjvG`Gk cyéxf„Z ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi (34.76 wewjqb Wjvi) gGaÅ cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi Ask wQj 54.19% fvM| ‰KB mgGq KvwiMwi mnGhvwMZv wQj ˆgvU mvnvGhÅi cÉvq 4% fvM| MGo evwlÆK cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi 63% fvM FY wnGmGe cvIqv wMGqwQj, evwKUv Aby`vb wnGmGe| ‰wWwe, AvBwW‰, Bdv` I IGcK nGjv cÉavb eücvwÞK cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ`vZv msÕ©v ‰es Rvcvb w«¼cvwÞK `vZvGMvÓ¤xi ‰KK ˆbZv| AbÅ `vZv ˆ`kàwji gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjv dÌv´Ö, ˆmŒw` Avie I Pxb|

evsjvG`Gk ˆgvU ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi gGaÅ Lv`Å I cYÅ mvnvGhÅi Ask weMZ eQiàwjGZ nËvm ˆcGqGQ, wK¯§ KvwiMwi mnGhvwMZvmn cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ ˆek e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| ‰wU wQj gƒjZ Pvwn`vi welq, hw`I ‰GZ `vZv ˆ`kàwj KZƆK cwiPvwjZ cÉK͸mgƒGni wKQy f„wgKv wQj| 1972-73 ‰i ˆgvU ‰wWwc e¥ŸGbi wZb-PZz^Ævsk wQj ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅcyÓ¡| Avwki `kGKi cÉ^g `yB eQGi ‰wWwci A^Æ ˆhvMvGbi ˆÞGò ŠeG`wkK ZnweGji Ask cÉvq 64% fvM ˆbGg hvq, wK¯§ cieZÆx wZb eQGi cÉvq 80% fvM ˆeGo hvq| 1990-‰i w`GK AeÕ©vi BwZevPK cwieZÆb NGU| ‰B mgGq D®²qb cÉK͸àwj Pvjy KiGZ ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi Ici wbfÆiZv AGbKUv KGg hvq| 2000-2001 mGbi D®²qb evGRU ‰wWwc-i ˆgvU eÅGqi 43% fvM ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi gvaÅGg A^Æ ˆhvMvb w`GZ cwiK͸bv KGiwQj| evsjvG`k miKvGii ‰KwU cÉavb `yeÆjZv nGjv h^vh^fvGe cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi UvKv eÅenvi Kivi ˆÞGò ‰i avivevwnK eÅ^ÆZv| eü eQi aGi cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi A^Æ cÉwZkÉ‚wZ I QvoKiGYi AbycvZ 20% fvGMiI Kg wQj| ‰wU NGUGQ cÉKG͸i cÉYqb, cÉÕ§wZ I AbyGgv`b jvGf wejÁ¼, Õ©vbxq A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi ˆÞGò kÏ^MwZ, `yeÆj AeKvVvGgv, cÉK͸ eÅeÕ©vcbvq A`ÞZv ‰es `vZv ˆ`kàwji kZÆ cƒiGY cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK `yeÆjZv BZÅvw` KviGY|

Õ¼vaxbZv cieZÆx wZb `kGK evsjvG`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi KvVvGgvq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb mvwaZ nGqGQ| 1971-73 eQGi Aby`vGbi Ask wQj 89% fvM ‰es Zv 1979-80 mGb KGg wMGq 53.2% fvGM `uvovq, 1998-99-GZ nq 43.6% fvM| mvnvGhÅi cwigvGY FGYi Ask ˆeGo hvIqvGZ FY + `vq ˆeGo hvq| w«¼cvwÞK mvnvhÅ hv 1971-76 mgqKvGj ˆgvU mvnvGhÅi 73.9% fvM wQj, 1988-99 Zv 42.6% fvGM KGg hvq ‰es ˆm AbymvGi, eücvwÞK mvnvhÅ 26.1% ˆ^GK 57.4% ˆZ D®²xZ nq| ˆgvU ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi gGaÅ Lv`Å I cYÅ mvnvGhÅi Ask nËvGmi cÉeYZv ˆ`Lv hvq| Lv`ÅmvnvhÅ 1971-72 mvGj ˆgvU mvnvGhÅi 47.9% fvM ˆ^GK 1998-99 mvGj 11.5% ˆZ ˆbGg hvq| H mgqKvGj cYÅmvnvhÅ 50.8% ˆ^GK 21.15%-ˆZ ˆbGg hvq| ‰Qvov, 1971-72 mGb ˆhLvGb ˆgvU mvnvGhÅ cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi Ask wQj 1.35 kZvsk, 1988-89-ˆZ Zv 67.4% fvGM D®²xZ nq|

evsjvG`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ MÉnYKvixG`i gGaÅ ‰KwU weGkl ˆMvÓ¤x nGjv ‰bwRI hviv `vZv msÕ©v I cÉwZÓ¤vb ˆ^GK ewaÆZ nvGi weivU cwigvY A^ÆmvnvhÅ jvf KGi ^vGK| ‰bwRI-G`i A^Æ Znwejàwj AGbKUvB ‰Kv¯¦fvGe Aby`vb ‰es miKvGii ‰bwRI welqK eyÅGiv ev `µ¦Gii gvaÅGg ‰àwji cÉevn wbqw¯¨Z nGq ^vGK| eyÅGivi mƒò Abyhvqx, 1999-‰i 30 Ryb chƯ¦ ‰bwRI KZƆK M†nxZ ŠeG`wkK AG^Æi cwigvY 180 wgwjqb Wjvi|

evsjvG`Gk ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ`vZv cÉavb ˆ`kàwji AwaKvskB ‰Lb ‰KwU KbGmvwUÆqvGgi m`mÅ| ‰BW KbGmvwUÆqvg hv `vZvGMvÓ¤x (‰BW MÉ‚c) bvGg cwiwPZ msÕ©vwU evsjvG`Gki A^ÆbxwZi D®²qb chÆvGjvPbv KiGZ cÉwZeQi wgwjZ nq| ‰wU evsjvG`Gki cÉGqvRb wePvi-weGePbv KGi mvnvGhÅi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ w`Gq ^vGK| ‰i m`mÅG`i gGaÅ A¯¦fzÆî× AGÕ¡Ëwjqv, ˆejwRqvg, KvbvWv, ˆWbgvKÆ, dÌv´Ö, wdbjÅv´£, RvgÆvwb, BZvwj, Rvcvb, ˆb`vijÅv´£, biIGq, myBGWb, my&BRvijÅv´£, hyî×ivRÅ, hyî×ivÓ¡Ë, AvBwW‰, ‰wWwe, BBD, Bdv`, BD‰b msÕ©vmgƒn, ˆdvWÆ dvDG´£kb I ‰wkqv dvDG´£kb| `vZvGMvÓ¤xi evBGii ˆhme ˆ`k evsjvG`Gk mvnvhÅ w`Gq ^vGK ˆmàwji gGaÅ AvGQ Pxb, fviZ, KzGqZ, cvwKÕ¦vb, ˆmŒw` Avie, `wÞY ˆKvwiqv, ˆÕ·b, mshyî× Avie AvwgivZ, BmjvwgK D®²qb eÅvsK I IGcK|

mvnvhÅ cwiK͸bv, Aby`vb ˆnvK ev FGY ˆnvK, wbtmG±`Gn evsjvG`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qGb Ae`vb ˆiGLGQ; wK¯¦y ‰wU ˆ`kGK DîGivîi FYMÉÕ¦I KiGQ| ˆ`Gki ˆeGo hvIqv evwYRÅ NvUwZ I mçq wewbGqvGMi cv^ÆKÅ, ivRGÕ¼i kÏ^ AMÉMwZ ‰es miKvwi PjwZ eÅGqi `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ miKvwi FY ˆeGo hvIqvi RbÅ `vqx| evsjvG`Gki FY, weGkl KGi gvSvwi I `xNÆGgqvw` FY, mvaviY w«¼cvwÞK I encvwÞK Drm ˆ^GK MGo `k eQGii ˆiqvwZ myweav I wek eQGii gGaÅ cwiGkvaÅ kGZÆ msM†nxZ nGq ^vGK| AwaK¯§, AcwiGkvwaZ ˆZj, RvnvR, wegvb I Lv`ÅkmÅ ˆKbvi RbÅ wejGÁ¼ cwiGkvaÅ kGZÆ AvB‰g‰d I AvBwWwe ‰es AbÅvbÅ `vZvi KvQ ˆ^GK FY MÉnY KiGZ nq| evsjvG`Gk ˆemiKvwi LvGZ FGYi Ask AwKwçrKi| ˆgvU miKvwi FY 1973/74 eQGii 501.4 wewjqb Wjvi ˆ^GK 1998/99 eQGi 14.84 wewjqb WjvGi ˆeGo ˆMGQ| ˆgvU miKvwi LvGZi FGYi IcGi FYGmev cwiGkva 1973-74 ermGii 19 wgwjqb Wjvi ˆ^GK 1998-99 eQGi 773.1 wgwjqb WjvGi `uvwoGqGQ|

evsjvG`Gk ‰Lb ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ cvIqvi ˆÞGò ò×gvMZ cÉwZGhvwMZvgƒjK AeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ nGœQ| mvnvhÅcÉv^Æx ˆ`Gki msLÅv ˆeGo hvIqvGZ `vZvGMvÓ¤xàwj evGRU Kivi mgq cÉvqk wewf®² mxgve«¬Zvi mÁÃyLxb nGœQ, weGkl KGi ˆmvwfGqZ BDwbqGbi fvOGbi ci ‰B AeÕ©v ˆ`Lv w`GqGQ| AwaK¯§, evsjvG`Gk `vZvG`i mvnvhÅ-mnGhvwMZv wbfÆi KGi msÕ•vi KgÆmƒwP MÉnY ‰es ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi `Þ eÅenvi Kivi kGZÆi Ici| ‰GÞGò `vZv ˆ`kàwji mGã mgw¯¼Z mÁ·KÆ Avw^ÆK mvnvhÅ mnGhvwMZvi mPj eÅenvGi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉfve ivLGQ| ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ cvIqv hvq wewPò DcvGq, ˆhgb D®²qb mnGhvMxG`i mGã Nb Nb msjvcgƒjK mfvi AbyÓ¤vb KGi ‰es wbqwgZ Av¯¦tg¯¨Yvjq Avjvc-AvGjvPbv KGi| ˆhme cÉKG͸ ‰KvwaK Drm ˆ^GK A^ÆmsÕ©vb nq, ˆmàwj mvaviYZ AwaK RwUj ‰es ˆmàwj ‰KK DrGmi A^ÆvqGb MGo IVv cÉKG͸i ˆPGq AviI ˆewk gGbvGhvM `vwe KGi|  [‰m. ‰g gvndzRyi ingvb]