eyw«¬Rxex  mvgvwRK I ivwÓ¡ËK mâUKvGj ˆeŒw«¬K civgkÆ `vGbi gvaÅGg h^v^Æ w`KwbG`ÆkKvix cwíZ| ‰B mÁ·É`vGqi ˆjvKG`i ˆevSvGZ ivwkqvq Dwbk kZGKi lvGUi `kGK cÉ^g intelligentsia kõwU eÅen…Z nq| ZLb ivwkqvi ‰KwU ˆMvÓ¤x ZuvG`i wbGRG`i we«¼rmgvRGK ˆevSvGZ ‰ kõwU eÅenvi KGib| weµÏe, wbixk¼iev` I eÕ§evG` wek¼vm KGi Zuviv wbGRG`i ‰KwU c†^K I cÉfvekvjx ˆeŒw«¬K RbGMvÓ¤x gGb KiGZb| ZuvG`i ‰B Õ¼vZ¯¨ÅmƒPK AvPiY I `†wÓ¡fwã Nikolay Chemyshevsky-i Kv͸wbK DcbÅvm Chtodelat (1863) «¼viv MfxifvGe cÉfvweZ nq| DcbÅvmwUi wkGivbvGgi A^Æ ‘wK KiYxq?’| ‰wU cGo eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq ˆNvlYv KGib ˆh, mgvRZG¯¨i cÉPvGi mvwnZÅ ‰KwU ˆKŒkj nIqv DwPZ| 1917 wLËÓ¡vGõ ivwkqvi ÞgZv `LjKvix ˆjwbb I Õ¡vwjbmn weLÅvZ ejGkwfK ˆbZvG`i AGbGKB ‰B mÁ·É`vGqi m`mÅ wQGjb| AbÅw`GK UjÕ¡q, `Õ¦GqfwÕ• ‰es ˆPLGfi gGZv ivwkqvi meGPGq LÅvwZgvb ˆjLKG`i AwaKvskB ‘ˆeŒw«¬K AmwnúzZv, AwZkq Zî½wcÉqZv ‰es weµÏGei cGÞ DcGhvwMZv wePvGi ŠbwZKZvGK gƒjÅvqb’ Kivi KviGY ‰B eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi wb±`v KiGZb|

‰ici ˆ^GK intelligentsia kõwU AZzÅMÉ agÆwbiGcÞ, cÉK‡ZcGÞ agÆweGivax ‰K mgvR`kÆGbi R¯Ã ˆ`q| ZGe Dwbk kZGKi ivwkqv ˆ^GK kõwU hLb BsGiwR fvlvq cÉPwjZ nq ZLb Zvi AG^Æi weÕ¦vi NGU| Oxford English Dictionary kõwUGK msævwqZ KGiGQ ‰fvGe: ‘The class consisting of the educated portion of the population and regarded as capable of forming public opinion.’ (‰gb ‰KwU mÁ·É`vq hv RbmsLÅvi wkwÞZ Ask «¼viv MwVZ ‰es hviv RbgZ m†wÓ¡GZ mÞg)| kõwUi ‰B AvaywbK eÅvLÅvq UjÕ¡q ‰es Chemyshevsky DfqGKB ‰KwU e†nîi eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·Ë`vGqi Ask wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv hvq| KvjÆ gvKÆGmi Zî½ ‰es ˆMvÓ¤xwfwîK ˆh ˆkÉYxweGkÏlY Zv mÁ¿eZ eyGRÆvqvi mGã ‰B intelligentsia-ˆK ‰K KGi w`GqGQ|

eZÆgvGb intelligentsia kõwU BsGiwR fvlvq eÅen…Z nq mvaviYZ mgvGRi mGeÆvœP we«¼vb I meÆvGcÞv Õ·Ó¡ev`x ˆMvÓ¤xGK ˆevSvGZ, huvG`iGK weËGUb I gvwKÆb hyî×ivGÓ¡Ë cÉvqB ‘evPvj ˆkÉYx’ (chattering class) eGj AvLÅvwqZ Kiv nq| ‰uiv agÆwbiGcÞ I agÆxq Dfq HwZnÅGKB MÉnY KGiGQb| gGb Kiv nq ˆh, eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq Õ¼mgvGRi RbgZ, ivRbxwZ I gƒjÅGevaGK cÉfvweZ KiGZ mÞg| ‰uG`i ‰B cÉfvekwî×i RbÅ AvG¯¦vwbI MÉvgwk mgvR weµÏGei ˆÞGò eyw«¬RxexG`i AwÕ¦Z½GK AcwinvhÆ eGj gGb KGib| ZGe ‰ mÁ·É`vGqi mKGjB ˆh eÅwî×MZfvGe ‰i…c cÉfve LvUvGZ mÞg Zv bq|

evsjvq intelligentsia-i m®¬vb cvIqv hvq Dwbk kZGKi cÉ^gfvGM| ˆm mgq ivRv ivgGgvnb ivq ‰es Bqs ˆeãj bvGg ‰KwU cÉMwZev`x ˆMvÓ¤x ‰gb wKQy cÉk² ˆZvGj hv mgKvjxb evsjvi mgvRGK wewÕÃZ KGi| ZGe evsjvq ‰B eyw«¬ev`x AvG±`vjGbi gƒj wbwnZ AZxGZ|

cÉvPxb I gaÅhyMxq evsjvi eyw«¬Rxex  wn±`y I ˆeŒ«¬ hyGMi evsjv wQj cÉavbZ hvRK-cÉfvweZ ‰KwU ivÓ¡Ë| ZLb eyw«¬Rxex ejGZ ‰B hvRKG`iB ˆevSvGbv nGZv ‰es ZuvivB ivÓ¡Ë wbq¯¨Y KiGZb| ZuvG`i mvgvwRK ghÆv`vB ‰KwU e†nîi mgvRGK wbq¯¨GY ivLvi Dcvq I ˆKŒkj AvweÓ•vGi ˆcÉiYv ˆRvMvZ| mgvGR ZuvG`i AvwacZÅ eRvq ivLvi cÉavb nwZqvi wQj eYÆcÉ^v| wn±`yG`i ‰B eYÆcÉ^v mgvRGK RG¯Ãi wfwîGZ KGqKwU ˆckvMZ mÁ·É`vGq wefî× KGi| ‰i dGj we`ÅvPPÆv ˆKej wn±`y mgvGRi DœPeYÆ eËvþYG`i gGaÅ mxwgZ nGq cGo| AbÅw`GK R¯ÃMZ KviGY RbmsLÅvi e†n`sk iGq hvq ‰B intelligentsia-i e†Gîi evBGi| AeYÆev`x ˆeŒ«¬G`i mgq ‰B hvRK ˆkÉYxi evBGii RbMGYi RbÅ we`ÅvRÆGbi ‰KUv AbyK„j cwiGek m†wÓ¡ nq eGU, wK¯§ Zv mGî½I Lye A͸ msLÅK ˆjvGKi cGÞB ˆm myGhvM MÉnY Kiv mÁ¿eci nGqwQj ‰es AviI Kg msLÅK ˆjvK ‰ mgmÅv wbGq K^v eGjGQb|

AvdMvb I gyMj mvgËvGRÅi Ask wnGmGe evsjv òGqv`k kZK ˆ^GK AÓ¡v`k kZGKi gaÅfvM chƯ¦ gymjgvb myjZvb I myGe`viG`i «¼viv kvwmZ nGqGQ| ˆm mgGq ‰K weivU RbmsLÅv wn±`yagÆ I ˆeŒ«¬agÆ ˆ^GK Bmjvg aGgÆ `xwÞZ nGqGQ eGj gGb Kiv nq| ‰B agÆv¯¦i cÉwò×qv cwiPvwjZ nGqwQj AaÅvñev`x I eyw«¬Rxex mywdG`i «¼viv, ˆmbvcwZG`i «¼viv bq| Dwbk kZGK evsjvi beveiv Avwgi I gyrmywóG`i mg¯¼Gq `ievi c«¬wZi D®²qb NwUGqwQGjb| gyrmywóG`i AwaKvskB wQGjb DœPeGYÆi wkwÞZ I eÅeÕ©vcbvq `Þ eËvþY, Avi wePviKgíjxGZ wQGjb wkwÞZ gymwjg gydwZiv|

AvVvGiv kZGK AGbK BDGivcxqvb evwYRÅ ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvq ‰GmwQj eÅemv-evwYRÅ KiGZ| ˆmB ˆKvÁ·vwbmgƒn ‰es Õ©vbxq miKvGii gGaÅ Avjvc-AvGjvPbvi RbÅ Dfq cÞB DwKj I ˆewbqv wbGqvM KiZ| BDGivcxqvbiv ˆewbqvG`i PgrKvi gaÅÕ©ZvKvix wnGmGe eYÆbv KGiGQb| ZLb Pxbv ˆewbqvivI ‰KB f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQb| PxGbi BwZnvGm ‰B ˆewbqviv wQGjb eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi m`mÅ| evsjvi ˆewbqvG`i mÁ·GKÆ BDGivcxqvbG`i eYÆbv ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡ nq ˆh, ZuvivI ‰B eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi m`mÅ wQGjb| ZuvG`i civgkÆ RvZxq `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK hZB ÞwZKi eGj gGb Kiv ˆnvK bv ˆKb, Zuviv h^v^Æ mvdGjÅi mGã gyMj miKviGK ˆevSvGZ mÞg nGqwQGjb ˆh, ˆ`Gk BsGiRG`i webv ÷GÍ• evwYRÅmyweav ‰es KjKvZvq Rwg`vwi w`Gj Zv ˆ`Gki cGÞ ‰es ˆ`k kvmGbi cGÞI DcKvix nGe| Zuviv miKviGK evsjvi mKj eÅemvGKG±`Ê myweavRbK kGZÆ BsGiR I BDGivcxq evwYRÅ ˆKvÁ·vwbàwjGK KviLvbv wKsev eÅemv cÉwZÓ¤vb Õ©vcb KiGZ ˆ`Iqvi ˆhŒwî×KZv ˆevSvGZI mÞg nb| ‰fvGe ‰KwU JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡Ë MVGbi KvGR Zuviv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGLb| AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆklfvGMi giwg Kwe RqbvivqY ˆNvlvj wQGjb BsGiRG`i ‰KRb ˆewbqv ev gaÅÕ©ZvKvix| ivRv ivgGgvnb ivqI wQGjb ˆZgwb ‰KRb| wZwb 1815 mvGj KjKvZvq emwZ Õ©vcb Kivi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ ˆKvÁ·vwb KgÆKZÆvG`i ‰KRb gyrmywó I ˆ`Iqvb wnGmGe KvR KGiGQb|

DcwbGekcƒeÆ hyGMi eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi ‰KUv Õ¼Z¯¨ ŠewkÓ¡Å wQj| ZLb ivRKxq fvlv dviwm ‰es aË‚c`x fvlv msÕ•‡Z I cvwjGZ Lye ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆjLv cÉKvwkZ nGZv| mvwnwZÅK I weævbwfwîK ˆjLvàwj me mgq hvRK I kvmK mÁ·É`vqGK DGók KGi ˆjLv nGZv| ˆMvjvg ˆnvGmb ˆmwjg, ˆMvjvg ˆnvGmb ZvevZvevB, gxRÆv bv^b, wknveyóxb Zvjxk cÉgyGLi gGZv AvVvGiv kZGKi weLÅvZ ˆjLK I ivR‹bwZK KgÆxiv wjGLGQb dviwmGZ| ZuvG`i ˆjLvi welqeÕ§I wQj AvwfRvZÅcƒYÆ| Zuviv mKGjB kvmKG`i mÁ·GKÆ ˆfGeGQb ‰es ZuvG`i mÁ·GKÆB wjGLGQb; ‰gbwK evsjvi cÉ^g AvaywbK eÅwî×Z½ eGj Kw^Z ivgGgvnb ivqI Zuvi cÉ^g Mɯ© ZzndvZ-Dj-gyDqvnwnóxb iPbv KGiGQb Aviwe wgwkÉZ dviwmGZ| AbÅvbÅ wn±`y cwíZI wPwKrmvwe`Åv, hywî×we`Åv, Ajâvi, ˆRÅvwZl , agÆ, mgvR BZÅvw` welGq ZuvG`i MGelYvgƒjK ˆjLvàwj wjGLGQb msÕ•‡Z fvlvq| ZvB msGÞGc ejv hvq ˆh, DcwbGekcƒeÆ eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq wbRÕ¼ fvlvq wKQy ˆjGLb wb| AvmGj Zuviv wjGLGQb kvmK ˆkÉYxi RbÅ, huvG`i wbKU gvZ‡fvlvq mvwnZÅPPÆvi ˆKvb ghÆv`v wQj bv|

JcwbGewkK hyM  JcwbGewkK kvmGbi KviGY ˆ`Gki mgvR I ivRbxwZ mÁ·GKÆ weGkÏlYx `†wÓ¡fwã wbGq ‰KwU mGPZb ˆMvÓ¤x Dwbk kZGKi cÉviGÁ¿ AvwefƃZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ‰ kZGKi cÉ^g w`KKvi eyw«¬Rxexiv ZuvG`i ˆgŒj ˆcÉiYv jvf KGib wZbwU cÉavb Drm ˆ^GK: JcwbGewkK kvmb, ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU I ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjR | ‰me ˆÞGò cÉvPÅZGî½i ˆh bZzb weKvk NGUwQj ‰es ˆh beÅ cvøvZÅ wkÞvi PPÆv Kiv nGZv ZvGZ Zuviv DrmvwnZ nb| ZLb KjKvZv wQj beÅ eyw«¬evG`i ˆK±`ÊÕ©j ‰es eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq weËwUk kvmbGK ZuvG`i wnZKvix weGePbv KGiGQb| ivgGgvnb ivq, ivRv ivavKv¯¦ ˆ`e , cÉm®²Kzgvi VvKzi, fevbxPiY eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq cÉgyL wewf®² welGq weËwUk kvmGbi mgvGjvPbv KiGjI ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò Zuviv Zvi cÉwZ AvbyMZÅ I K‡ZæZvI cÉKvk KGiGQb|

weËwUk kvmb mÁ·GKÆ beÅ eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi ‰KwU Zî½ wQj ‘ŠelgÅgƒjK’ gyMj kvmb ˆ^GK gywî×| ‰ aviYvwU Zuviv jvf KGiwQGjb mgKvjxb weËwUk ˆjLKG`i KvQ ˆ^GK, huviv me mgq gyMj kvmGbi ˆPGq weËwUk kvmGbi ˆkÉÓ¤Z½ cÉgvY Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KiGZb| AekÅ evGKiMGéi dwKi gRby kvn& I ejvwK kvn&, wmGjGUi AvMv gynÁÃ` ˆiRv ˆeM, XvKvi beve kvgmyGóŒjv ‰es evivmvGZi wZZzgxGii gGZv mbvZbc¯©x gymwjg eyw«¬Rxexiv weËwUk kvmbGK wf®²fvGe gƒjÅvqb KGiGQb| Zuviv `†pZvi mGã weËwUk kvmb ˆgGb wbGZ AÕ¼xKvi KGib ‰es ‰ eÅvcvGi KwVb MYcÉwZGiva MGo ˆZvGjb; JcwbGewkK kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ Zuviv Rãx cÉwZGivaI MGo ZzGjwQGjb|

Dwbk kZGK A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qb I D®²Z ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v XvKv Z^v cƒeÆevsjvi cybi‚äxeGb mnvqZv KGi| 1864 mvGj XvKv ˆcŒi KGcÆvGikGbi m†wÓ¡, 1885-86 mvGj ˆijGhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb ‰es AGbK Õ•zj-KGjR cÉwZÓ¤vi dGj ‰LvGb ‰KwU e†nîi wkwÞZ RbGMvÓ¤x ev eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq MGo IVvi ˆÞò ŠZwi nq| wek kZGKi cÉ^g `kKàwjGZ `ywU NUbv ‰B D®²qbGK msnZ KGi| cÉ^g NUbvwU nGjv XvKvGK 1905-1911 chƯ¦ Qq eQGii RbÅ cƒeÆevsjv I AvmvGgi ivRavbx Kiv| ‰i dGj XvKv ‰KwU AvaywbK cÉvG`wkK ivRavbxi ghÆv`v I AeKvVvGgv jvf KGi| AbÅw`GK 1911 mvGj ˆK±`Êxq ivRavbx KjKvZv ˆ^GK w`wÍÏGZ Õ©vbv¯¦Gii dGj KjKvZv Zvi cƒeÆghÆv`v nvivq ‰es ‰i dGj evsjvi ‰B `yB cÉavb bMixi gGaÅ fvimvgÅ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| w«¼Zxq NUbvwU nGjv 1921 mvGj XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉwZÓ¤v| Qvò-wkÞK ‰es cyÕ¦K cÉKvkK I weGò×ZvG`i ò×geaÆgvb msLÅv ZLb ‰UvB cÉgvY KGiGQ ˆh, XvKv KjKvZvi eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi wecixGZ cƒeÆevsjv ˆKw±`ÊK Zvi wbRÕ¼ ˆeŒw«¬K HwZnÅ cÉwZÓ¤vq mÞg|

ZGe KjKvZvi wn±`yG`i gGZv AwfRvZ gymjgvbivI XvKvGK Aby®²Z gGb KiGZb| ZLb KjKvZv wQj Av¯¦RÆvwZK eÅemv-evwYGRÅi ‰KwU ˆK±`Ê, evsjvi AvBb I ivRbxwZi KgÆGK±`Ê ‰es nvBGKvUÆ I AvBbmfvi wfwîf„wg| ˆmLvGb eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi meÆvGcÞv ZzGLvi m`mÅiv ZuvG`i ˆckvMZ Rxeb MGo ZzGjwQGjb| ˆmLvbKvi wek¼we`Åvjq, KGjR I Õ•zjàwj KGqK `kK aGi ZuvG`i LÅvwZgvb KGi ZzGjGQ ‰es mycÉwZwÓ¤Z msev`cò, gÅvMvwRb ‰es we«¼vb I mvwnZÅmgvRàwj ZuvG`i cÉvYe¯¦ ˆeŒw«¬K RxebGK AviI méxebx `vb KGiGQ| 1930-40 chƯ¦ BsGiwR wkwÞZ gymjgvbivI KjKvZv ˆ^GK AbyGcÉiYv MÉnGYi cÉeYZv ˆ`wLGqGQb; wn±`y eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi gGZv ZuvivI weËwUk kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ msMÉvg cwiPvjbvi ˆÞGò fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi fvlvq K^v ejGZb|

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AbÅw`GK cƒeÆevsjvi AwaKvsk gymjgvbB eãfãGK Õ¼vMZ Rvbvb| 1905 mvGji 16 AGÙvei eãfã AvBbMZfvGe KvhÆKi nq ‰es H w`bB XvKvi beve LvRv mÅvi mwjgyÍÏvn& bZzb cÉG`Gki gymjgvbG`i HKÅe«¬ Kivi DGóGkÅ cƒeÆevsjv I Avmvg gymjgvb cÉvG`wkK mwgwZ (cGi cÉvG`wkK gymjgvb mwgwZ) cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| cGii eQi meÆfviZxq gymwjg jxM cÉwZÓ¤vi gvaÅGg wZwb Zuvi msMVb AviI eÅvcK KGib| bZzb cÉG`Gk gymwjg ivRbxwZGK Pvãv Kivi DGóGkÅ wZwb 1908 mvGj MVb KGib cƒeÆevsjv I Avmvg gymwjg jxM| ‰B msMVbàwj wQj ZLb cÉavbZ AwfRvZ gymjgvb mÁ·É`vGqi KgÆGÞò, mvaviY ˆjvGKi cÉGek ‰LvGb cÉvq wbwl«¬B wQj| D`vniYÕ¼i…c, cÉvG`wkK gymjgvb mwgwZi m`mÅ nGZ cviGZb ˆKej mgvGRi DuPzZjvi ghÆv`vkxj eÅwî×ivB| ‰KBfvGe ZLb gymwjg jxMI mviv fviGZi AwfRvZ gymjgvbG`iB m`mÅ KiZ ‰es ‰fvGe Zuviv weËwUk miKvGii wbKU ˆ^GK AwaKZi myGhvM-myweav jvGfi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| 1911 mvGj eãfã AvBb i` Kivi dGj ‰UvB cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, JcwbGewkK bxwZwbaÆviGYi ˆÞGò wn±`yG`i MY-AvG±`vjGbi ˆKŒkj gymjgvb AwfRvZG`i AvbyMGZÅi ivRbxwZi ˆPGq AwaKZi KvhÆKi wQj|

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wn±`y I gymjgvb ivRbxwZKG`i gGaÅ ˆgi‚KiY ZxeËfvGe e†w«¬ cvq wek kZGKi 30 I 40-‰i `kGK| ‰ mgq mvÁ·É`vwqK `vãv wQj ‰KwU mvaviY eÅvcvi| ZLb fviGZ cƒeÆvci msLÅvMwiÓ¤ wn±`yG`i «¼viv ˆkvwlZ I kvwmZ nIqvi ‰KUv fq wQj gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ, hv fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi KGqKRb ˆbZvi mvÁ·É`vwqK gGbvfvGei KviGY AviI e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj| ‰i dGj evOvwj eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq wn±`y-gymwjg ‰B `ywU avivq wefî× nGq hvq| evsjvi BsGiwR wkwÞZ gymjgvb eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vq MYeîׇZvq mGPZbfvGe wbGRG`i AwaKZi gymjgvb wnGmGe cÉwZc®² Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| ÷ay Zv-B bq, cƒeÆeGã ˆh ZuvG`i gƒj ˆcÉvw^Z ˆm eÅvcvGi Zuviv AviI mRvM nb ‰es cvwKÕ¦vb bvGg ‰KwU c†^K ivGÓ¡Ëi ˆh Õ¼µ² gymwjg jxM ˆ`LwQj, Zv mvaviY gymjgvbG`i ˆevSvGbvi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| dRjyj nGKi K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ , hv wQj gƒjZ wn±`y-gymwjg Rwg`viG`i wei‚G«¬ Dfq mÁ·É`vGqi ‰KwU mwÁÃwjZ AvG±`vjb, 1943 mvGj üGmb knx` myn&ivIqv`Æxi gymwjg jxGMi mGã ‰KwU AuvZvZ MGo ˆZvGj| KviY Zuviv eySGZ ˆcGiwQGjb ˆh, evsjvi ivRbxwZGZ cÉK‡Z agÆwbiGcÞ gZev` Avi ˆewkw`b wUGK ^vKGe bv| 1947 mvGj cvwKÕ¦vb I fviZ bvGg `ywU Õ¼vaxb mveÆGfŒg ivGÓ¡Ë fviZeGlÆi e†nîi wefvRb ‰es evsjvi w«¼Zxqevi wefvRGbi dGj cƒeÆevsjv ‘cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb’ bvGg Avwef„ÆZ nq|

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ivÓ¡Ëxq eÅvcvGi eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi cÉfve mGeÆvœP gvòvq DcbxZ nq 1969 ˆ^GK 1975 mgqcGeÆ| 1975 mvGji 15 AvMÕ¡ ivÓ¡ËcwZ ˆkL gywReyi ingvb wbnZ nIqvi ci ivGÓ¡Ëi Pwiò ‰es miKvi eÅeÕ©vi aib DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe e`Gj hvq| gywRGevîi hyGM eyw«¬Rxex mÁ·É`vGqi evgc¯©x Ask Zvi cÉfve nvivq| mgvRZvw¯¨K eÐGKi wefvRb ‰es ˆmvwfGqZ ivwkqvi wejywµ¦i (1991) cGi evsjvG`Gki evg eyw«¬Rxexiv ˆkKoPzÅZ nGq cGob| Zuviv wewf®² `j I Dc`Gj wefî× nGq cGob ‰es ‰K ev ‰KvwaK `Gji mGã ˆRvUfzî× nb| Õ¼vaxbZvi cGi `wÞYc¯©x ˆhme eyw«¬Rxex wbwÓ˜q nGq cGowQGjb, 1975 mvGji cGi wewf®² `wÞYc¯©x kvmGbi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq Zuviv Avevi mwò×q nGq IGVb|

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