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wcZvgvZvi ‰Kgvò cyò wewcbP±`Ê cvj wmGjU knGi R‹bK ˆgŒjfxi wbKU cÉv^wgK wkÞv MÉnY KGi| wZwb wmGjU miKvwi DœP we`ÅvjGq cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK wkÞv MÉnY KGi ˆmLvb ˆ^GK ‰´ŸÈv´Ö cvm KGib| AZtci wZwb ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR ‰ fwZÆ nb| wK¯§ wWwMÉ ARÆGbi cƒGeÆB wZwb covGkvbv ZÅvM KGib| Zuvi mvwnwZÅK ˆhvMÅZv wQj DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ‰es wZwb eÅvcKfvGe MxZv ‰es Dcwbl` PPÆv KGiwQGjb|

1879 mvGji cÉ^g w`GK ‰KwU DœPwe`ÅvjGqi cÉavb wkÞK wnGmGe wewcbP±`Ê Zuvi KgÆRxeb ÷i‚ KGib ‰es ‰ c`ghÆv`vq wZwb wmGjU I wmGjGUi evBGiI PvKwi KGib| wKQyw`b (1890-91) wZwb KjKvZv cvewjK jvBGeËwiiI mÁ·v`K wQGjb| QvòRxeGb KjKvZvq AeÕ©vbKvGj wZwb ˆKkeP±`Ê ˆmb, wkebv^ kvÕ¨x, weRqK‡ú ˆMvÕ¼vgx cÉgyL hkÕ¼x eÅwî×i NwbÓ¤ msÕ·GkÆ AvGmb| ˆKkePG±`Êi cÉfvGe wZwb eËvþ AvG±`vjGbi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nb| Zuvi AvaÅvwZÄK Av`kÆvewj weRqK‡ú ˆMvÕ¼vgx KZ‡ÆK cÉPífvGe cÉfvweZ nq| wkebv^ kvÕ¨xi mGã ˆgjvGgkv ZuvGK mvgvwRK weG`Ëvn ‰es Õ¼G`kGcÉGgi Av`GkÆ DäxweZ KGi|

myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆx wewcb cvjGK mwò×q ivRbxwZGZ AskMÉnGY DrmvwnZ KGib| AekÅ kxNÉB wZwb evjMãvai wZjK, jvRcZ ivq ‰es Aiwe±` ˆNvl ‰i Pigc¯x© gZv`GkÆ `xwÞZ nb| wK¯§ wZwb wZjGKi wn±`y RvZxqZvevG`i Av`kÆGK MÉnY KiGZ cvGib wb| wZwb wQGjb mwÁÃwjZ ‘ˆ`kGcÉGgi’ ‰KRb cÉeî×v ‰es fviGZi gGZv ‰KwU ˆ`Gki RbÅ wZwb ‰GK hG^vchyî× gGb KiGZb|

wewcbP±`Ê cvj 1885 ˆ^GK KsGMÉGmi cÉMwZkxj kwî×i mGã mshyî× wQGjb ‰es 1886 I 1887-ˆZ KjKvZv ‰es gv`ËvGR AbywÓ¤Z h^vò×Gg KsGMÉGmi w«¼Zxq I Z‡Zxq evwlÆK AwaGekGb ˆhvM`vb KGib| gvwjKG`i «¼viv wbÓ¤zifvGe wbcxwoZ AvmvGgi Pv-evMvb kÉwgKG`i cGÞ KvR Kivi RbÅ wZwb KsGMÉmGK evaÅ KGiwQGjb|

1898-ˆZ wewcb cvj ZzjbvgƒjK agÆZî½ AaÅqb KiGZ BsjÅv´£ Mgb KGib| wK¯§ ‰K eQi ci wZwb fviGZ wdGi AvGmb ‰es Zuvi mvµ¦vwnK cwòKv wbD Bw´£qv-i gvaÅGg Õ¼ivR ev cƒYÆ Õ¼vaxbZvi Av`kÆ cÉPvi KiGZ ÷i‚ KGib| ˆ`kGcÉGg Dóxµ¦ nGq wZwb wbRGK fviGZi gywî× AvG±`vjGb wbGqvwRZ KGib| 1904-‰ wZwb fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi ˆevÁ¼vB AwaGekGb mfvcwZZ½ KGib| 1905-‰ eãfã ‰i ciciB wewcb cvj eG±` gvZig&  bvGg ‰KwU Š`wbK cwòKv Pvjy KGib ‰es wbGRB ‰i cÉavb mÁ·v`K nb| wZwb eãfGãi wei‚G«¬ my`†p AeÕ©vb MÉnY KGib ‰B wek¼vGm ˆh, ‰Uv wQj evOvwjG`i wefî× Kivi ‰es ZvG`i ò×geaÆgvb ivR‹bwZK cÉfve P„YÆ Kivi RbÅ miKvGii ‰KwU mycwiKw͸Z c`GÞc| eãfã weGivax cÉPviYvi cGÞ RbgZ MVGbi DGóGkÅ AbÅvbÅ eãfã weGivaxG`i mGã wbGq wewcbP±`Ê evsjv, Avmvg, BD.wc ‰es gv`ËvGRi wewf®² AsGk cÉPviYvgƒjK mdGii eÅeÕ©v KGib|

eãfGãi cieZÆx w`bàwjGZ ˆh Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb fviZeÅvcx QwoGq cGo, wewcb cvj wQGjb Zvi Õ©cwZG`i gGaÅ ‰KRb| 1907-‰ wZwb Z^vKw^Z ‘eG±` gvZig& weG`Ëvn gvgjv’q Aiwe±` ˆNvGli wei‚G«¬ mvÞÅ cÉ`vb KiGZ AÕ¼xKvi Kivq Qq gvm KvivGfvM KGib| Kviv gywî×i cGi ‘evaÅZvgƒjK wbeÆvwmZ Rxeb hvcb’ KiGZ wewcbP±`Ê 1908-‰ BsjÅv´£ PGj hvb ‰es ˆmLvGb wZb eQi AeÕ©vb KGib| cÉ^g wek¼hyG«¬i cGi wZwb wZjGKi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ˆnvgi‚j jxGMi cÉwZwbwa `Gji m`mÅ wnGmGe Z‡Zxq evGii gGZv 1919-‰ BsjÅv´£ mdi KGib| 1921-‰ wZwb ewikvGj AbywÓ¤Z eãxq cÉvG`wkK mwÁÃjbxGZ mfvcwZZ½ KGib| wLjvdGZi Õ¼vG^Æ ‰Kxf„Z AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb ‰i mGã wZwb wbRGK mÁ·†î× KGib wb ‰es wPîiéb `vk ‰i ˆeãj cÅvÙ ‰i (1923) wZwb mgvGjvPbv KGiwQGjb| fviGZ mvÁcÉ`vwqK mgmÅvi (1920-25) cÉK‡wZ mÁ·GKÆ gIjvbv gynÁÃ` Avjxi gZvgZGK wZwb MÉnY KiGZ cvGib wb| 1925 mvj ˆ^GK wZwb mwò×q ivRbxwZ ˆ^GK Aemi MÉnY KGib|

wewcb cvj mvsevw`KZvGK DrmvwnZ KGib ‰es wmGjU ˆ^GK evsjv mvµ¦vwnK cwi`kÆK cÉKvk KGib (1886)| wZwb ˆeãwj cvewjK IwcwbIb-‰i mnKvix mÁ·v`K wnGmGe `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib (1882) ‰es A͸Kvj jvGnvi wUÇweDb-‰ KvR KGib| wKQyKvj wZwb w` ˆWGgvò×vU ‰es w` Bw´£GcG´£´Ÿ-‰i mÁ·v`K wQGjb| 1887 mvGj wZwb ivbx wfGÙvwiqvi ‰KwU RxebxMɯ© (evsjvq) cÉKvk KGib| Zuvi AbÅvbÅ MÉG¯©i gGaÅ Bw´£qvb bÅvkbvwjRg, bÅvkbvwjwU AÅv´£ AÅvÁ·vqvi, Õ¼ivR AÅv´£ w` ˆcÉGR´Ÿ wmPzGqkb, w` ˆewmm Ae ˆmvkÅvj widig, w` ˆmvj Ae Bw´£qv cÉf‡wZ weGklfvGe LÅvZ|

A`gÅ Drmvnx wewcbP±`Ê cvj wek¼vm I weGeGKi cÉGk² ivRbxwZi ˆÞGò KLbB Avcm KGib wb| RxeGbi ‰GKevGi cÉv^wgK chÆvGqB wZwb wn±`y mgvGRi KzmsÕ•vimgƒGni wei‚G«¬ weG`Ëvn KGib| bvixwkÞvi Ici weGkl ài‚Z½mn fviZxq wkÞv weÕ¦vGii ˆÞGò wZwb wQGjb ‰K AMÉ`ƒZ ‰es bvix-cyi‚Gli mgvbvwaKvGii ‰KRb cÉeî×v| eËvþmgvGRi ‰KRb m`mÅ wnGmGe wZwb ‰KRb eËvþY weaev wbZÅKvjx ˆ`exGK weGq KGib| wbZÅKvjx ˆ`exi g†ZzÅi ci myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆxi `ƒimÁ·KÆxq AvZÄxqv AvGiKRb eËvþY weaev weiRvGgvwnbx ˆ`exi mGã wewcbPG±`Êi weGq nq|

weLÅvZ ev™Âx wewcbP±`Ê cvj fviZxq RvZxqZvev`x AvG±`vjGbi mgq ˆkÉvZvG`i DäxweZ KiGZ cviGZb| fviGZi Õ¼vaxbZv AvG±`vjGbi BwZnvGm wZwb ‰K AbbÅ Õ©vb AwaKvi KGi AvGQb| 1932 mvGj KjKvZvq Zuvi g†ZzÅ nq|  [wPîiéb wgkÉ]