eãfã, 1905   jWÆ KvRÆb (1898-1905) fvBmiq ^vKvKvjxb mgGq 1905 mvGji 16 AGÙvei KvhÆKi nq| ‰wU AvaywbK evsjvi BwZnvGm AZxe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰KwU NUbv| eãfGãi aviYv KvRÆGbi Õ¼Kxq wP¯¦v ˆ^GK D«¿„Z nq wb| 1765 mvj ˆ^GK wenvi I DwolÅv mg¯¼Gq MwVZ evsjv weËwUk fviGZi ‰KwU ‰KK cÉG`k wnGmGe ˆek eo AvKvi aviY KGiwQj| ‰i dGj cÉG`kwUi cÉkvmbKvhÆ cwiPvjbv `ytmvaÅ nGq IGV ‰es ‰RbÅ ‰wUGK wefî× Kivi cÉGqvRb nGq cGo|

evsjvi ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆiGK 189,000 eMÆ gvBj ‰jvKv kvmb KiGZ nGZv ‰es 1903 mvj bvMv` cÉG`kwUi RbmsLÅv e†w«¬ ˆcGq 7 ˆKvwU 85 jGÞ `uvovq| ‰i djÕ¼i…c cƒeÆ evsjvi AGbKàwj ˆRjv KvhÆZ wewœQ®² ‰es Aby®²Z ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©vi KviGY AeGnwjZ wQj| dGj ‰Z`çGji myÓ¤z kvmb eÅeÕ©v cÉvq AmÁ¿e nGq cGo| KjKvZv I ‰i wbKUÕ© ˆRjvmgƒn miKvGii mKj KgÆkwî× I gGbvGhvM AvK‡Ó¡ KGi| AbycwÕ©Z f„Õ¼vgxG`i `vwe I ˆRvi KGi Av`vqK‡Z LvRbvi fvGi PvlxG`i AeÕ©v wQj `y`ÆkvMÉÕ¦; ‰es eÅemvq, evwYRÅ I wkÞv wQj AeGnwjZ| cÉG`Gki cÉkvmwbK h¯¨GK cÉGqvRb AGcÞv KgmsLÅK KgÆPvix wbGq KvR PvwjGq ˆhGZ nGZv| weGklZ b`-b`x I Luvwomgƒn «¼viv AZÅwaK wewœQ®² cƒeÆevsjvi MÉvgvçGj cywjkx KvR PvjvGbv AmyweavRbK nGjI Dwbk kZGKi ˆkl `kK chƯ¦ ˆmLvGb Avjv`v gGbvGhvM cÉ`vb Kiv nq wb| RjcG^ msNe«¬ Rj`myÅZv A¯¦Z ‰K kZvõx Kvj we`Ågvb wQj|

cÉkvmwbK cÉwZe®¬ZvmgƒGni cvkvcvwk `ywfÆÞ, cÉwZiÞv A^ev fvlvMZ mgmÅvewj miKviGK cÉkvmwbK mxgvbv bZzb KGi wbaÆviGYi eÅvcvGi weGePbv KGi ˆ`LGZ cÉGYvw`Z KGi| evsjvi cÉkvmwbK ‰KKmgƒnGK bZzbfvGe webÅÕ¦ Kivi cÉGPÓ¡v gvGS gGaÅ ˆbIqv nGqwQj| 1836 mvGj DîivçGji cÉG`kàwjGK evsjv ˆ^GK c†^K KGi ‰KRb ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆGii AaxGb bÅÕ¦ Kiv nq| 1854 mvGj mcwil` MfbÆi ˆRbvGijGK mivmwi evsjvi cÉkvmwbK `vwqZ½ ˆ^GK AeÅvnwZ ˆ`Iqv nq ‰es cÉG`kwUi kvmbfvi ‰KRb ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆGii Ici AcÆY Kiv nq| 1874 mvGj Pxd Kwgkbvikxc MVGbi gvbGm (wmGjUmn) evsjv ˆ^GK Avmvg wewœQ®² Kiv nq ‰es 1898 mvGj jymvB cvnvoGK ‰i mvG^ ˆhvM Kiv nq|

eãfGãi cÉÕ¦vemgƒn 1903 mvGj cÉ^g weGePbv Kiv nq| KvRÆGbi cÉviwÁ¿K KgÆ-cwiK͸bv cÉkvmwbK KvhÆKvwiZvi wfwîi Ici cÉwZwÓ¤Z wQj| gƒj wefwî×-cwiK͸bvi wei‚G«¬ D‹œPtÕ¼Gi cÉwZev` I cÉwZK„j cÉwZwò×qv PjvKvjxb mgqB mÁ¿eZ evsjvq ‰i…c eÅeÕ©v MÉnGYi mÁ¿veÅ myweavw`i eÅvcviwU KgÆKZÆve†±` cÉ^Gg gbøGÞ cÉZÅÞ KGib| Avw`GZ cÉKvGkÅ mvÁcÉ`vwqKZv bq eis ˆfŒGMvwjK wfwîGZ evsjvGK wefî× Kiv nq| ‰ eÅvcvGi ‘ivR‹bwZK weGePbvmgƒn’ wQj ˆeva nq ‘AbywP¯¦v’|

miKvGii Zid ˆ^GK hywî× wQj ˆh, eãfã wQj wZbwU cÉavb DGókÅmÁ¼wjZ AwawgkÉfvGe M†nxZ ‰KwU cÉkvmwbK KvhÆmvaGbi Dcvq| cÉ^gZ, ‰i DGókÅ wQj evsjv miKvGii cÉkvmwbK `vwqGZ½i wKq`sk Dckg ‰es cÉZů¦ ˆRjvmgƒGn AwaK `Þ cÉkvmb wbwøZ Kiv| w«¼ZxqZ, AbMÉmi AvmvgGK (Pxd Kwgkbvi KZ‡ÆK kvwmZ) hvGZ mvMGi wbMÆgc^ cÉ`vb Kiv hvq ‰i…cfvGe ‰wî×qvi e†w«¬ Kivi gvaÅGg Zvi D®²wZweavb Kiv| Z‡ZxqZ, BZÕ¦Z wewÞµ¦ Dwoqv-fvlvfvlx RbMYGK ‰KK cÉkvmGbi AaxGb ‰KwòZ Kiv| AwaK¯§, PëMÉvg, XvKv I gqgbwmsn ˆRjvàwjGK evsjv ˆ^GK c†^K ‰es AvmvGgi mvG^ mshyî× Kivi cÉÕ¦veI wQj| Abyi…cfvGe ˆQvU bvMcyiGK evsjv ˆ^GK wewœQ®² KGi gaÅcÉG`Gki mvG^ hyî× Kivi K^v ejv nGqwQj|

miKvGii cÉÕ¦vemgƒn 1904 mvGji Rvbyqvwi gvGm AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe cÉKvwkZ nq ‰es Zvi Ici RbgZ wbi…cGYi DGóGkÅ KvRÆb 1904 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvGm cƒeÆ evsjvi ˆRjvàwj mdi KGib| wZwb wewf®² ˆRjvi ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq eÅwî×eGMÆi mvG^ AvGjvPbv KGib ‰es wefwî×i eÅvcvGi miKvGii AeÕ©vb eÅvLÅv KGi XvKv, PëMÉvg I gqgbwmsGn eîׇZv ˆ`b| ‰ mdiKvGjB wZwb ‰KwU weÕ¦†Z KgÆ-cwiK͸bv evÕ¦evqGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv Abyfe KGib| ‰GZ A¯¦fzÆî× ^vKGe ‰KRb ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆGii AaxGb AvBb cwil`, Õ¼Z¯¨ ivRÕ¼ KZ‡ÆZ½ I ‰KwU cwicƒYÆi…Gc mwäZ cÉkvmbGK bÅvhÅ cÉwZc®² KiGZ cvGi ‰gb f„Lí wbGq ‰KwU Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ bZzb cÉG`k m†wÓ¡|

mÁcÉmvwiZ KgÆ-cwiK͸bvwU Avmvg I evsjv miKvi«¼Gqi mÁÃwZ jvf KGi| bZzb cÉG`kwU MwVZ nGe cveÆZÅ wòcyiv ivRÅ, PëMÉvg, XvKv I ivRkvnx (`vwRÆwjs evG`) wefvMmgƒn ‰es gvj`v ˆRjvGK AvmvGgi mvG^ ‰Kò KGi| evsjvGK ˆh ÷ay cƒeÆw`GK ‰ e†nr f„Límgƒn ˆQGo w`GZ nGe ZvB bq, ZvGK wnw±`-fvlvfvlx cuvPwU ivRÅI gaÅcÉG`kGK ˆQGo w`GZ nGe| cwøg w`GK mÁ¼jcyi ‰es gaÅcÉG`k ˆ^GK Dwoqv-fvlvfvlx cuvPwU ivGRÅi mvgvbÅ f„Lí evsjv jvf KiGe| evsjvi wbGRi `LGj ˆh f„Lí ˆ^GK hvq Zvi AvqZb 141,580 eMÆ gvBj ‰es RbmsLÅv cuvP ˆKvwU PwÍÏk jÞ, hvG`i gGaÅ Pvi ˆKvwU wek jÞ wn±`y I be»B jÞ gymjgvb|

bZzb cÉG`kwU AwfwnZ nGe ‘cƒeÆ evsjv I Avmvg’ bvGg, hvi ivRavbx nGe XvKv ‰es Abylãx m`i `dZi PëMÉvGg| ‰i AvqZb nGe 106,540 eMÆ gvBj ‰es RbmsLÅv nGe ‰K ˆKvwU Avwk jÞ gymjgvb I ‰K ˆKvwU wek jÞ wn±`y mgevGq ˆgvU wZb ˆKvwU `k jÞ| ‰i cÉkvmb MwVZ nGe ‰KwU AvBb cwil` I `yB m`mÅwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU ivRÕ¼ ˆevWÆ wbGq| KjKvZv nvBGKvGUÆi ‰wî×qviGK eRvq ivLv nq| miKvi wbG`Æk KGi ˆ`q ˆh, bZzb cÉG`kwUi Õ·Ó¡i…Gc wPwn×Z cwøg mxgvbv ‰es mwVKfvGe wbaÆvwiZ ˆfŒGMvwjK, RvwZMZ, fvlvMZ I mvgvwRK ŠewkÓ¡Åvewj ^vKGe| bZzb cÉG`kwUi meGPGq jÞYxq welq nGjv ˆh, ‰Uv ‰i wbRÕ¼ ˆPŒnwói gGaÅ ‰ hver evsjvi ZzœQ I AeGnwjZ cÉwZwbwaZ½gƒjK mgcÉK‡wZi gymjgvb RbMGYi cÉwZ cƒYÆ gGbvGhvM w`Ge| AwaK¯§, mgMÉ Pv wk͸ (`vwRÆwjs evG`) ‰es cvU Drcv`bKvix ‰jvKvi e†n`sk ‰KK cÉkvmGbi AaxGb wbGq Avmv nGe| 1905 mvGji 19 RyjvB ZvwiGLi ‰KwU wm«¬vG¯¦ fviZ miKvi Zvi P„ov¯¦ mâ͸ ˆNvlYv KGi ‰es H ‰KB eQGii 16 AGÙvei ZvwiGL eãfã KvhÆKi nq|

1903 mvGji ˆkl w`GK gƒj cÉÕ¦vevewj cÉKvwkZ nGj Zv Af„ZcƒeÆ weGivwaZvi DG`ËK KGi, weGklZ cÉfvekvjx wkwÞZ gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi wn±`yG`i gvGS| cÉÕ¦vweZ f„LíMZ webÅvm weivRgvb Õ¼v^Æhyî× `jmgƒGni Ici AvNvZ nvGb ‰es djÕ¼i…c ZvG`iGK ‰i weGivwaZvq cÉGivwPZ KGi| KjKvZvi AvBbeÅemvqxiv Avkâv KGi ˆh, bZzb cÉG`k m†wÓ¡i A^Æ nGe XvKvq Avwcj ˆKvGUÆi cÉwZÓ¤v ‰es ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ nvBGKvGUÆi ài‚Z½ nËvm| mvsevw`KG`i fq wQj ˆh, Õ©vbxq msev`còmgƒn cÉKvwkZ nGj KjKvZv ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ msev`cò I mvgwqKcòàwji cÉPvi-msLÅv mxwgZ nGq coGe| KjKvZvi eÅemvqx mÁcÉ`vq gbøGÞ AeGjvKb KiwQj ˆh, eÅemvq-evwYRÅ KjKvZv ˆ^GK ˆhŒwî×KfvGe AwaKZi wbKUeZÆx I myjf e±`i PëMÉvGg Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGe| cƒeÆ I cwøg Dfq evsjvq weivU f„-mÁ·wîi AwaKvix Rwg`viMY AvGMfvGM eySGZ ˆcGiwQGjb ˆh, XvKvq Avjv`v Rxebhvòv cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉGqvRbxqZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`Ge, hvi A^Æ AwZwiî× LiGPi ˆevSv|

wkwÞZ evOvwj wn±`yiv Abyfe KGi ˆh, ‰Uv wQj evsjv-fvlvfvlx RbMGYi RvZxq mGPZbZv I ò×geaÆgvb msnwZi Ici KvRÆGbi nvbv mywPw¯¦Z AvNvZ| evsjvi AwaKvsk evwYRÅ I wewf®² ˆckvRxexG`i wbq¯¨YKvix ‰es MÉvgÅmgvGR ˆbZ‡Z½ `vbKvix wn±`yMY gZ cÉKvk KGi ˆh, evOvwj RvwZ wefî× nGq hvGe| mÁ·ƒYÆ wenvi I DwolÅv A¯¦fzÆî× nIqvi dGj evsjvcÉG`GkI Zviv msLÅvjNyGZ cwiYZ nGe| Zviv AwfGhvM ˆZvGj ˆh, ‰Uv wQj evsjvq RvZxqZvev`x ˆPZbvGK k¼vmi…«¬ KiGZ KvRÆGbi ˆMvcb cÉGPÓ¡v| Zviv `†pfvGe wek¼vm KiZ ˆh, wkwÞZ wn±`y mÁcÉ`vGqi AwZ `Ë‚Z eaÆbkxj kwî×gîvGK eÅvnZ Kivi DGóGkÅ cvΟv eÅeÕ©v wnGmGe cƒeÆ evsjvi gymwjg cÉfve evovGbvGK DrmvwnZ Kiv miKvGii cÉavb jÞÅ wQj| ZvB wefwî×i wei‚G«¬ cÉwZGivaGK ZxeËZi KiGZ A^Æ‹bwZK, ivR‹bwZK I mvÁcÉ`vwqK Õ¼v^Æmgƒn ‰KGò ˆRvU ˆeuGawQj|

÷i‚ ˆ^GKB fviZxq, weGklZ evsjvi, cÉPvih¯¨ wefwî×i c`GÞGci weGivwaZv KGi AvmwQj| weËwUk I AÅvsGjv-Bw´£qvb cÉPvih¯¨, ‰gbwK wKQymsLÅK cÉkvmKI cwiKw͸Z weavbwUi weGivwaZv KGi| wefwî×i welqwU cwøg evsjvq, weGklZ KjKvZvq, cÉP´£ cÉwZev` RvwMGq ˆZvGj ‰es fviZxq RvZxqZvev`GK bZzb ˆcÉiYv `vb KGi| AZtci fviGZi RvZxqZvev`x AvG±`vjb cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ½ fviGZi RvZxq KsGMÉGmi Ici eZÆvq| KsGMÉm AÕ¼vfvweK KgÆkwî× I `†pZv cÉ`kÆb KGi ‰es gaÅweîGkÉYxi Pvc cÉGqvMKvix m›N ˆ^GK ‰wU ˆ`keÅvcx mvaviY RbZvi cÉwZÓ¤vGb cwiYZ nq|

fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi ˆbZ‡e†±` eãfãGK ‘wefwî×KiGYi gvaÅGg kvmb’-‰i cÉGPÓ¡v ‰es Õ·Ó¡fvlx ‘f`ËGjvK’ eyw«¬RxexG`i cÉwZ miKvGii cÉwZwnsmvcivqY weG«¼Gli cÉgvY wnGmGe MYÅ KGiGQb| gvZ‡G`exi cƒRvix evOvwj wn±`yiv wek¼vm KiZ ˆh, wefwî× ZvG`i ‘gvZ‡mg cÉG`Gki’ AãeÅeGœQ` m`†k| ‘eG±` gvZig&’ fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm ‰i wbKU cÉvq RvZxq msMxGZi i…c cwiMÉn KGi| wefwî×GK eÅ^ÆZvq chÆewmZ Kiv evOvwj RvZxqZvevG`i Av÷ jÞÅeÕ§GZ cwiYZ nq| wefwî×i wei‚G«¬ weGÞvf mvaviY RbZvi mgvGek, MÉvgvçGj DGîRbv ‰es weËwUkG`i ŠZwi wRwbmcò eRÆb AvG±`vjGbi gvaÅGg cÉKvk cvq| ˆ`kx cGYÅi eÅenvi I weG`kx `ËeÅ eRÆb wQj ‰ RvZxqZvevG`i `ywU AÕ¨ ‰es Õ¼ivR ARÆb wQj ‰i cÉavb DGókÅ| Õ¼ivGRi K^v cÉ^gevGii gGZv 1906 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z KsGMÉGmi KjKvZv AwaGekGb `Gji jÞÅ wnGmGe `v`vfvB ˆbŒGivRxi mfvcwZi fvlGY DwÍÏwLZ nq|

myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆxi gGZv ˆbZ‡e†±` ‰es ZuvG`i mvG^ méxebxi (13 RyjvB, 1905) mÁ·v`K K‡úKzgvi wgGòi gGZv mvsevw`KMY weËwUk wRwbmcò eRÆb, ˆkvK cvjb I miKvwi Aã-msMVbàwji mvG^ mKj mÁ·KÆ wQ®² Kivi RbÅ RbMYGK Dóxµ¦ KGib| 1905 mvGji 7 AvMÕ¡ (fviZxq RvZxqZvevG`i R¯ÃZvwiL wnGmGe M†nxZ) KjKvZvq AbywÓ¤Z ‰K mfvq hZw`b chƯ¦ ‘wefwî×i mâ͸ cÉZÅvnvi Kiv bv nq’ ZZw`b chƯ¦ weËwUk `ËeÅvw` ò×q Kiv ˆ^GK weiZ ^vKv mÁ·wKÆZ ‰KwU wm«¬v¯¦ Zzgyj KiZvwji gvaÅGg MÉnY Kiv nq| ‰ RvZxq ˆPZbvwUGK wW.‰j ivq, iRbxKv¯¦ ˆmb I iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi ‰i ˆ`kvZÄGevaK MvGbi gvaÅGg RbwcÉq KGi ˆZvjv nq| H mgqKvi AbÅvbÅ ivR‹bwZK AvG±`vjGbi gGZv ‰wUI agÆxq AvGe`b jvf KGi| ‰ DcjÞwUi mgvGivncƒYÆ mnRvZ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ài‚Z½ ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ cƒRv-APÆbvi cÉPjb Kiv nq| wn±`yG`i DrmvGni AvwZkhÅ Pig AvKvi aviY KGi 1905 mvGji 28 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i gnvjqvi w`b, A^Ævr cƒRvi cƒGeÆ bePG±`Êi w`b| nvRvi nvRvi wn±`y KjKvZvi Kvjx gw±`Gi mgGeZ nq| evsjvq wkGei cðx Kvjxi Dcvmbv meÆ`vB AZů¦ RbwcÉq| m†wÓ¡ai I a»smvabKvix ‰ Dfq mî½vi wgkÉGY wZwb Š«¼Z PwiGòi AwaKvix eGj mywew`Z| hyMcrfvGe wZwb iî×vî× ewj `vGb AwZkq Avb±` ˆcGZb| wK¯§ evsjvGK gvZ‡f„wg wnGmGe K͸bv KGi e†nr gvZv wnGmGe ZvGK kÉ«¬v wbGe`bI Kiv nGZv| ‰ aiGbi K͸bvcÉmƒZ `†wÓ¡fwã ZLb agÆxq D¯Ãv`bvgq ivR‹bwZK DGókÅvewji cÉwZ mg^Æb Av`vq KiGZ kî× wfwî ˆRvMvZ| KvjxGK gvZ‡f„wgi cÉZxK wnGmGe MÉnY KGi cyGivwnZ Õ¼G`kx eËZ cvV KivGZb| ‰ iKg agÆxq Dóxcbv mvaviY wn±`y RbZvGK eÅvcKfvGe bvov w`Z| wK¯§ ‰i wecixGZ H D¯Ãv`bv mvaviY gymjgvbG`i ˆPZbvq cÉwZK„j gGbvfve RvwMGq ZzjZ| A^Æ‹bwZK AvG±`vjb wnGmGe Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb gymjgvbG`i wbKU AGbKUv MÉnYGhvMÅ nGZ cviZ, wK¯§ ˆhGnZz ‰ AvG±`vjbGK evsjvi wefwî×i (ˆhUvGK e†nr msLÅK gymjgvb mg^Æb KGiGQ) wei‚G«¬ ‰KwU AÕ¨ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ ‰es ˆhGnZz ‰UvGK cÉvqk agÆxq Aeqe ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ, ˆmGnZz ‰Uv gymwjg gvbmGK kò‚fvevc®² KGi ˆZvGj|

eãfGãi wei‚G«¬ evsjvq RvZxq fvecÉeYZvi ˆh bZzb ˆRvqvGii mƒPbv nq, fviGZi wewf®² AçGj ˆhgb, cvéve, gaÅGcÉG`k, cybv, gv`ËvR, ˆevGÁ¼ I AbÅvbÅ bMGiI Zv DcGP cGo| weG`Gk ŠZwi ˆcvkvK cwiavGbi cwieGZÆ fviZxqiv ÷aygvò fviGZ ŠZwi Õ¼G`kx Zzjv I AbÅvbÅ Dcv`vGb ŠZwi Kvco eÅenvGii eËZ ˆbq| weG`kx mvRmiévgGK N†wYZ Avg`vwb eGj MYÅ Kiv nq| Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjbwU AwZ ZrciZvi mvG^ AGbK ˆÞGò Õ©vbxq DG`ÅvMGK DóxwcZ KGi| KvcGoi wgj ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi w`qvkjvB KviLvbv, KvP MwjGq wRwbmcò ŠZwii ˆ`vKvb, ˆjvnv I BÕ·vGZi XvjvB KviLvbv Õ©vwcZ nq| Zzgyj AvG±`vjb RvZxq wkÞvi eÅvcvGi ewaÆZ `vweI m†wÓ¡ KGi| evOvwj wkÞK-wkwÞKve†±` I Qvò-Qvòxiv weËwUk wRwbmcò eRÆbGK BsGiwR Õ•zj I KGjGRi ˆkÉwYKÞmgƒGn chƯ¦ weÕ¦†Z KGi| RvZxq wkÞvi RbÅ AvG±`vjb mgMÉ evsjveÅvcx QwoGq cGo ‰es Zv ‰gbwK, evivYmxi gGZv `ƒieZÆx Õ©vGbI ˆcuŒGQ, ˆhLvGb cwíZ g`bGgvnb gvjeÅ 1910 mvGj Zuvi eÅwî×MZ DG`ÅvGM evivYmx wn±`y wek¼we`Åvjq cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|

evsjvi Qvò mÁcÉ`vq RvZxqZvevG`i WvGK cÉej AvMÉn wbGq mvov ˆ`q| Õ¼G`kx I eRÆGbi cÉPvi-AwfhvGb Qvò-Qvòxiv, hvG`i gGaÅ Õ•zGji ˆQGjivI A¯¦fzÆî×, `je«¬fvGe AskMÉnY KGi| ZvG`i `gb Kivi DGóGkÅ miKvi KzLÅvZ KvjÆvBj BkZvnvi cÉYqb KGi| Qvò-Qvòx I wkÞK-wkwÞKve†±` DfqB ‰ DrcxobgƒjK eÅeÕ©v MÉnGYi wei‚G«¬ ˆRvivGjvfvGe cÉwZwò×qv eÅî× KGi ‰es ‰ cÉwZev` wQj cÉvq meÆRbxb| cÉK‡ZcGÞ, ‰ cÉwZev` AvG±`vjGbi gvaÅGg evsjvq cÉ^g mymsMwVZ Qvò AvG±`vjGbi exR Dµ¦ nq| ‰i mvG^ mvG^ ˆmvrmvGn msMÉvGg RwoGq covq DÁÃyL Qvò-msMVb ‘BkZvnvi-weGivax mgvR’I R¯Ãjvf KGi|

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1903 mvGj wefwî×i cÉÕ¦vewU cÉ^g cÉKvwkZ nGj ‰ KgÆ-cwiK͸bvi cÉwZ gymjgvbG`i cÉwZev` AwfeÅî× nq| ˆgvmGjg ò×wbKj cwòKv, ˆm´ŸÈvj bÅvkbvj ˆgvnvGgWvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb, KvGRgyóxb AvnGg` wmwóKx I ˆ`jIqvi ˆnvGmb AvnGg` cÉÕ¦vweZ eÅeÕ©vwUi wb±`v KGi| cÉviwÁ¿K chÆvGq ‰gbwK bIqve LvRv mwjgyÍÏvn I DïvwcZ welqwUGK ‘RNbÅ’ eGj AwfwnZ KGib| ÷i‚GZ gymjgvbG`i w`K ˆ^GK cÉavb mgvGjvPbv wQj KzmsÕ•vivw` ˆ^GK gyî× I ævb-weævGb AMÉmi evsjv cÉG`kwUi ˆKvb Ask Pxd KwgkbvGii kvmGbi AaxGb PGj hvevi wei‚G«¬| Zviv Dcjwº¬ KGiwQj ˆh, ‰i dGj ZvG`i wkÞvMZ, mvgvwRK I AbÅvbÅ Õ¼v^Æ wewN³Z nGe, ‰es ‰GZ ˆKvb mG±`n ˆbB ˆh gymjgvbMY AviI Abyfe KGiwQj ˆh, cÉÕ¦vweZ eÅeÕ©vwU evOvwj msnwZ eÅvnZ KiGe| gymwjg eyw«¬RxexMY Pigc¯©x msMÉvgkxj RvZxqZvevG`i aviYvGK BmjvGgi ˆPZbvi weGivax eGj mgvGjvPbv KGib| gymwjg cò-cwòKv wkwÞZ mgagÆxG`i miKvGii cÉwZ wek¼Õ¦ ^vKvi mwbeÆ®¬ AbyGiva Rvbvq| ˆgvGUi Ici Õ¼G`kx cÉPviKiv cƒeÆ evsjvi msLÅvMwiÓ¤ mvaviY gymjgvb RbZvGK cÉfvweZ I mwò×q KiGZ mÞg nq wb| gymjgvbG`i wP¯¦v-fvebvq wefwî×-weGivax cÉeYZv `xNÆÕ©vqx nq wb| hLb gymjgvbG`i wkwÞZ Ask Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ Avjv`v cÉG`Gki eÅvcKZi KgÆ-cwiK͸bv RvbGZ cvij ZLb Zviv AwejGÁ¼ ZvG`i gZ cwieZÆb KGi| Zviv Õ·Ó¡fvGe Dcjwº¬ KiGZ cviGjb ˆh, wefwî× ZvG`i wbKU AvkxeÆv`Õ¼i…c nGe ‰es ZvG`i weGklfvGe wbw`ÆÓ¡ Amyweavàwj bZzb cÉkvmGbi wbKU ˆ^GK AwaKZi gGbvGhvM AvKlÆY KiGZ cviGe|

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Z^vwc ‰K `j wkwÞZ D`viev`x gymjgvb wQj hviv wefwî×-weGivax weGÞvf I Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb ‰i cÉwZ mg^Æb ævcb KGi| hw`I ZvG`i msLÅv wQj bMYÅ, ZeyI ZvG`i f„wgKv gymjgvbG`i wP¯¦vavivq bZzb gvòv ˆhvM KGi| ‰ D`vi gGbvfvevc®² `jwU fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉmGK mg^Æb I wefwî×i weGivwaZv KGi| gymjgvbG`i gaÅKvi ‰ avivi ˆjvKG`i gGaÅ meGPGq wewkÓ¡ eÅwî× wQGjb LvRv AvwZKzÍÏvn| KsGMÉGmi KjKvZv AwaGekGb (1906) wZwb eãfãGK AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe eRÆb KGi ‰KwU cÉÕ¦ve Dïvcb KGib| Ave`yi imyj, Lvb evnv`yi gynÁÃ` BDmyd (DwKj I ˆm´ŸÈvj bÅvkbvj ˆgvnvGgWvb AÅvGmvwmGqkGbi eÅeÕ©cbv KwgwUi m`mÅ), gywReyi ingvb, Ave`yj nvwjg MRbex, BmgvBj ˆnvGmb wmivRx, gynÁÃ` ˆMvjvg ˆnvGmb (ˆjLK I wn±`y-gymwjg HGKÅi DG`Åvî×v), ˆgŒjfx wjqvKZ ˆnvGmb (D`viev`x gymwjg whwb BsGiRG`i ‘wefwî×i gvaÅGg kvmb’-‰i bxwZGK cÉPífvGe weGivwaZv KGiwQGjb), eàovi Šmq` nvwdRyi ingvb ˆPŒayix ‰es eaÆgvGbi Aveyj KvGkg gymjgvbG`i wefwî×-weGivax weGÞvGf ˆhvM`vb KiGZ AbycÉvwYZ KGib| gqgbwmsGni `xb gynÁÃ` I PëMÉvGgi Ave`yj Mvd&dvGii gGZv ռ͸msLÅK gymjgvb ‰gbwK Õ¼G`kx aÅvb-aviYviI cÉPviK wQGjb| ‰LvGb DGÍÏL Kiv `iKvi ˆh, Ave`yj nvwjg MRbex I Lvb evnv`yi gynÁÃ` BDmyGdi gGZv wKQymsLÅK D`vi RvZxqZvev`x gymjgvb Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjbGK mg^Æb w`GqGQb eGU, wK¯§ weG`kx wRwbmcò eRÆGbi wbwgî weGÞvfGK c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib wb|

cò-cwòKvi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ gymjgvbG`i ‰KwU kvLv wn±`y I gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ mãwZcƒYÆ mÁ·KÆ D®²qGbi ˆPÓ¡v KGiwQj| ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK I wbeviYP±`Ê `vk ZuvG`i mvµ¦vwnK cwòKv evjK (1901, ewikvj) I gvwmK cwòKv fviZ myn…` (1901, ewikvj)-‰i gvaÅGg AmvÁcÉ`vwqK aÅvb-aviYv cÉPvi KGib| gymjgvb eyw«¬RxexG`i ÷ay ‰KwU Þz`Ë kvLv ZuvG`i mvÁcÉ`vwqKZvcƒYÆ `†wÓ¡fwãi EGa»Æ DVGZ ‰es wefwî×-weGivax weGÞvf I wbqgZvw¯¨K ivRbxwZGZ KsGMÉGmi mvG^ nvZ ˆgjvGZ ˆcGiGQb|

gymwjg gvbGm wP¯¦v-fvebvi meÆRbxb cÉeYZv wQj wefwî×i cGÞ| 1906 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM wefwî×i cÉwZ mg^Æb ævcb KGi| 1910 mvGji BGÁ·wiqvj KvDw´ÖGji mfvq evsjvi kvgmyj ü`v I wenvi ˆ^GK gvRnvi-Dj-nK wefwî×i cGÞ eî×eÅ ivGLb|

mbvZb I msÕ•viev`x gymjgvb `jmgƒn divGqRx, Invex I ZvBqywb wefwî×GK mg^Æb KGi| ‰i cwiYwZÕ¼i…c gymjgvbG`i ivR‹bwZK gGbvfvGe cÉMvp wbÓ¤vi cÉeYZv cwijwÞZ nq| evOvwj gymwjg cò-cwòKv mvaviYZ wefwî×i cGÞ mg^Æb Rvbvq| Bmjvg cÉPviK cwòKv Õ¼G`kxGK wn±`y AvG±`vjb wnGmGe eYÆbv KGi ‰es ‰wU mvaviY RbZvi RbÅ KÓ¡ eGq AvbGe eGj Mfxi DG«¼M cÉKvk KGi| gymwjg eyw«¬RxexMY mvaviYZ ‰wU ZuvG`i mgagÆxG`i h¯¨Yv-ˆfvGMi KviY nGe eGj Dw«¼™² nb| wefwî× weGivax weGÞvGfi mvG^ ‰KB mƒGò MÉw^Z nIqvi RbÅ Zuviv H AvG±`vjbGK weGklfvGe AcQ±` KiGZb| gxi Ggvkviid ˆnvGmb ‰i gGZv cÉwm«¬ mvwnwZÅKMY Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjGbi cÉej mgvGjvPK wQGjb| ˆhGnZz ‰wUGK wefwî×i wei‚G«¬ ‰KwU AÕ¨ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ ‰es ‰i mvG^ agÆxq PvwiwòK ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆhvM Kiv nGqGQ, ZvB mKj Õ¦Gii gymjgvbG`i e†nr RbZv Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjGbi cÉwZ wei…c wQj|

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