eãe®¬z ˆkL gywReyi ingvb (1920-1975)  mGÁÃvnbx ˆbZv, evsjvG`Gki ivÓ¡ËcwZ I cÉavbg¯¨x| evsjvG`Gki Õ©cwZ ˆkL gywReyi ingvb wQGjb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg QvòjxGMi cÉwZÓ¤vZv m`mÅ (1948), cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxGMi AbÅZg cÉwZÓ¤vZv hy™Â mÁ·v`K (1949), AvIqvgx jxGMi mvaviY mÁ·v`K (1953-1966), mfvcwZ (1966-1974), evsjvG`Gki ivÓ¡ËcwZ (Zuvi AbycwÕ©wZGZB 26 gvPÆ 1971 ˆ^GK 11 Rvbyqvwi 1972), evsjvG`Gki cÉavbg¯¨x (1972 ˆ^GK 24 Rvbyqvwi 1975), ‰es evsjvG`Gki ivÓ¡ËcwZ (25 Rvbyqvwi 1975 ˆ^GK 15 AvMÕ¡ 1975)|

ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi R¯Ã 1920 mvGji 17 gvPÆ, dwi`cyi ˆRjvi ˆMvcvjMé gnKzgvi (eZÆgvb ˆRjv) Uzãxcvov MÉvGg| Zuvi wcZv ˆkL jyrdi ingvb wQGjb ˆMvcvjMé `vqiv Av`vjGZi ‰KRb ˆmGiÕ¦v`vi| 1942 mvGj ˆMvcvjMé wgkbvwi Õ•zj ˆ^GK ˆkL gywReyi ingvb ˆgwUÇK cvm KGib| wZwb 1944 mvGj KjKvZvi Bmjvwgqv KGjR ˆ^GK AvB.‰ ‰es 1947 mvGj ‰KB KGjR ˆ^GK we.‰ cvm KGib| gywRe 1946 mvGj Bmjvwgqv KGjR Qvò msmG`i mvaviY mÁ·v`K wbeÆvwPZ nb| wZwb cÉvG`wkK ˆeãj gymwjg jxGMi ‰KRb mwò×q KgÆx ‰es 1943 mvj ˆ^GK meÆfviZxq gymwjg jxGMi KvDw´Öji wQGjb| eãxq gymwjg jxGMi ˆmvnivIqv`Æx-nvwkg MÉ‚Gci mGã wZwb mwò×qfvGe hyî× wQGjb| 1946 mvGji mvaviY wbeÆvPGb gymwjg jxM ZuvGK dwi`cyi ˆRjvq wbeÆvPbx cÉPvibvq wbhyî× KGib|

eãe®¬z ˆkL gywReyi ingvb

1948 mvGj cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg QvòjxM cÉwZÓ¤vq ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi f„wgKv wQj AMÉYx| 1947 mvGji ˆ`k wefvGMi ci wZwb AvBb welGq AaÅqGbi RbÅ XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq fwZÆ nb| wK¯§ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi PZz^Æ ˆkÉYxi KgÆPvixG`i bÅvhÅ `vwe-`vIqvi cÉwZ KZƆcGÞi ŠelgÅgƒjK AvPiGYi wei‚G«¬ AvG±`vjGb ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`Iqvi AwfGhvGM 1949 mvGji cÉ^gw`GK ZuvGK XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK ewnÓ•vi Kiv nq| dGj Zuvi wek¼we`Åvjq AaÅqb mgvµ¦ nGq IGV wb|

cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxGMi cÉwZÓ¤vKvGj ‰i AbÅZg hy™Â mÁ·v`K wbeÆvwPZ nIqvi gaÅ w`Gq ˆkL gywRGei `jxq ivR‹bwZK ˆbZ‡GZ½i mƒPbv NGU| ‰KRb ivRe±`x wnGmGe ZLb wZwb dwi`cyi ˆRGj A¯¦ixY wQGjb| 1953 mvGj wZwb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxGMi mvaviY mÁ·v`K wbeÆvwPZ nb| 1966 mvGj `Gji mfvcwZ wbeÆvwPZ nIqvi AvM chƯ¦ wZwb ‰B cG` envj wQGjb| Zuvi ivR‹bwZK `xÞvài‚ ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi gGZv gywReI cvwUÆi msMVb I `Þ eÅeÕ©vcbvi ài‚Z½ Abyaveb KiGZb| `jGK mymsMwVZ I mymsnZ Kivi jGÞÅ wZwb 1957 mvGj AvZvDi ingvb LvGbi gw¯¨cwil` (1956-58) ˆ^GK c`ZÅvM KGib ‰es Z‡Ygƒj chÆvGq msMVb MGo ˆZvjvi KvGR AvZÄwbGqvM KGib| ‰KRb msMVK wnGmGe gywRe `Gji Dci ‰ZUvB wbq¯¨Y cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ mÞg nGqwQGjb ˆh, ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi AwbœQv mGî½I lvGUi `kGKi gaÅeZÆx mgGq wZwb AvIqvgx jxMGK cybi‚äxweZ Kivi ‰KK mvnmx c`GÞc MÉnY KGi AMÉmi nGZ mÞg nGqwQGjb| DGÍÏLÅ, ˆmvnivIqv`Æx ZLbI ivR‹bwZK `jmgƒn cybi‚äxeGbi cGÞ wQGjb bv| Zuvi AeÕ©vb wQj, bÅvkbvj ˆWGgvGò×wUK dÌ´Ÿfzî× nGq ‰KGhvGM mKGji KvR Kiv|

1954 mvGj hyî×dËG´Ÿi gGbvbqGb cƒeÆevsjv AvBbmfvi m`mÅ wbeÆvwPZ nIqvi gaÅw`Gq ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi msm`xq ivRbxwZGZ cÉGek NGU| wZwb cvwKÕ¦vGbi w«¼Zxq msweavb mfv-Kvg-AvBbmfvi m`mÅ wQGjb| 

ˆkL gywRe wQGjb ‰KRb evÕ¦eev`x ivRbxwZK| cvwKÕ¦vb ivGÓ¡Ë ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB ZuvGK evOvwjG`i Õ¼v^Æ mgy®²Z ivLvi ˆÞGò ‰K AKzGZvfq ˆmbvbxi f„wgKvq AeZxYÆ nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq| fvlv AvG±`vjGbi cÉ^g Kvive±`xG`i gGaÅ wZwb wQGjb AbÅZg| 1960-‰i `kGKi cÉ^g fvGM ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi ivR‹bwZK LÅvwZ QwoGq cGo| Dc`jxq ˆKv±`j ev wf®² KviGY wewf®² mgGq AvIqvgx jxGM fvãb m†wÓ¡ wKsev ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq KvGiv KvGiv `jZÅvM mGî½I wbRÕ¼ mvsMVwbK `ÞZvi àGY wZwb `Gji RbÅ ‰ AeÕ©v KvwUGq DVGZ mÞg nb| wZwb AvIqvgx jxMGK gReyZ wfwîi Dci cybMÆwVZ KGi ivR‹bwZKfvGe ‰GK ‰KwU `Þ cÉwZÓ¤vGb i…c ˆ`b| 1966 mvGj wZwb Zuvi weLÅvZ 6-`dv KgÆmƒwP Dïvcb KGib| 6-`dvGK AvLÅvwqZ Kiv nGqwQj ‘AvgvG`i (evOvwji) euvPvi `vwe’ wnGmGe, hvGZ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi Õ¼-kvmb cÉwZÓ¤vGK jÞÅeÕ§ wnGmGe aiv nGqwQj| 6-`dv KgÆmƒwP cvwKÕ¦vwb JcwbGewkK kvmb-GkvlGYi ggÆgƒGj mywbw`ÆÓ¡ AvNvZ nvbGZ cvivq Zv AwZ `Ë‚Z ˆMvUv RvwZi gGbvGhvM AvKlÆY KGi| 6-`dv KgÆmƒwPi dGj ivR‹bwZK `jàGjvi iÞYkxj AsGki gGaÅ ‰K aiGbi fxwZ QwoGq coGjI, ‰G`Gki Zi‚Y cÉR¯Ã weGkl KGi Qvò, hyeK ‰es kÉwgK RbGMvÓ¤x ‰wUGK ZvrÞwYKfvGe MÉnY KGi RvMÉZ nGZ ^vGK|

ˆkL gywRGei ŠeµÏweK ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©vGb fxZ-m¯¨Õ¦ AvBqye miKvi ZuvGK Kvivi‚«¬ KGi ivLvi bxwZ MÉnY KGi| 1968 mvGj Zuvi wei‚G«¬ ‘AvMiZjv loh¯¨ gvgjv’ bvGg ‰KwU ivÓ¡ËG`Ëvnx gvgjv `vGqi Kiv nq| AvBqye kvmbvgGji AwaKvsk mgqB (cÉ^Gg 1958 mvj ˆ^GK 1961 mvj chƯ¦ ‰es cGi 1966 mvj ˆ^GK 1969 mvj chƯ¦) gywRe Kvivi…«¬ wQGjb| w«¼Zxq `dvq A¯¦ixY ^vKv AeÕ©vq gywRGei RbwcÉqZv I mGÁÃvnbx ˆbZ‡Z½ ‰ZUvB QwoGq cGowQj ˆh, 1969 mvGji cÉ^gfvGM ‰K cÉej weG`Ëvn `vbv ˆeuGa IGV ‰es ’69-‰i 22 ˆdeË‚qvwi AvBqye miKvi ZuvGK webv kGZÆ KvivMvi ˆ^GK gywî× w`GZ evaÅ nq| Zuvi Kvivgywî×i cGii w`b meÆ`jxq Qvò msMÉvg cwil` igbv ˆimGKvmÆ (eZÆgvb ˆmvnivIqv`Æx D`Åvb) gq`vGb gywRGei mÁÃvGb Qvò-RbZv ‰K wekvj mseaÆbvi AvGqvRb KGi ‰es Dî× mgvGeGk ZuvGK ‘eãe®¬z’ (evsjvi ev evOvwji e®¬z) ˆLZvGe f„wlZ Kiv nq| eãe®¬zi gGaÅ Zviv ‰K Awemsev`x ˆbZ‡Z½GK LuyGR cvb whwb cvwKÕ¦vGbi 23 eQGii kvmbvgGji gGaÅ cÉvq 12 eQi mgqKvj Kvivh¯¨bv ˆfvM KGib| 12 eQGii KvivRxeb I 10 eQi aGi wbivcîv iÞxG`i ˆkÅY `†wÓ¡i gGaÅ gywRGei RbÅ cvwKÕ¦vb gyî× ivÓ¡Ë bq, eis wQj ‰KwU wekvj e±`xkvjv|

1970 mvGji wWGmÁ¼Gii mvaviY wbeÆvPGb eãe®¬z cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi cÉavb gyLcvGòi Õ¼xK‡wZ jvf KGib| Zuvi ˆNvwlZ 6-`dv `vwei cGÞ RbMY wbiâzk ivq ˆ`q| ‰ici wQj 6-`dv `vwe evÕ¦evqGbi cvjv| 6-`dv `vwe Av`vGqi eÅvcvGi gywRe ‰GZvUvB `†pmsK͸ wQGjb ˆh, 1971 mvGji 3 Rvbyqvwi wZwb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi mKj wbeÆvwPZ cÉwZwbwaG`i igbv ˆimGKvmÆ gq`vGb ‰KwU fveMÁ¿xi cwiGeGk ‰B gGgÆ `†p kc^ evKÅ cvV Kivb ˆh cvwKÕ¦vGbi kvmbZ¯¨ ŠZwii ˆÞGò ˆKvb gGZB 6-`dv `vwei we±`ygvò Qvo ˆ`qv nGe bv| 6-`dv KgÆmƒwPi eÅvcvGi gywRGei AvGcvlnxb I Abp AeÕ©vGbi KviGY RyjwdKvi Avjx fzGëv ‰es Bqvwnqvi mvgwiK Rv¯¦v KGVvi gGbvfve MÉnY KGi| ˆkL gywReGK miKvi MVGbi myGhvM`vGbi cwieGZÆ Zviv RbMGYi ivqGK c``wjZ Kivi `†p msK͸ ˆbq| ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971 mvGji 3 gvPÆ XvKvq AbywÓ¤ZeÅ RvZxq cwilG`i AwaGekb ‰KZidv evwZj KGi ˆ`b| ‰i gaÅ w`GqB cvwKÕ¦vGbi g†ZzÅ N¥Ÿv ˆeGR IGV| cyGiv cÉG`k weGÞvGf dzGm IGV| AmnGhvM-AvG±`vjb PjvKvGj (2-25 gvPÆ 1971) cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi mKj Õ¦Gii cÉkvmwbK KZƆZ½ ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi wbq¯¨GY PGj AvGm ‰es wZwbB cwiYZ nb miKvGii KvhÆZ cÉavb|

‰B mgGq 7 gvPÆ ˆimGKvmÆ gq`vGb jvGLv RbZvi ‰K mywekvj mgvGeGk gywRe Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlY ˆ`b, hv evOvwj RvwZi BwZnvmcwéGZ ‰K hyMv¯¦Kvix AaÅvq nGq AvGQ| ˆkL gywRe Zuvi ‰B fvlGY wbeÆvwPZ MYcÉwZwaG`i nvGZ ÞgZv nÕ¦v¯¦Gi eÅ^ÆZvi RbÅ mvgwiK kvmKG`i wei‚G«¬ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ AwfGhvM Dïvcb KGib| fvlGYi ˆklvsGk wZwb D`vî Avnevb Rvbvb, ‘cÉGZÅK NGi NGi `ƒMÆ MGo ˆZvj| ˆZvgvG`i hvi hv wKQy AvGQ ZvB wbGq kò‚i ˆgvKvwejv KiGZ nGe ... gGb ivLev Avgiv AGbK iî× w`GqwQ, cÉGqvRb nGj AvGiv iî× ˆ`Gev, Zey ‰B ˆ`Gki gvbylGK gyî× KGi QvoGev BbkvÍÏvn| ... ‰evGii msMÉvg AvgvG`i gywî×i msMÉvg, ‰evGii msMÉvg Õ¼vaxbZvi msMÉvg|’

BGZvgGaÅ 15 gvPÆ ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ Bqvwnqv Lvb cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGbi AbÅvbÅ ˆbZvG`i mvG^ wbGq ˆkL gywRe I Zuvi `Gji mGã AvGjvPbvi RbÅ XvKvq AvGmb| cGii w`b ˆ^GK AvGjvPbv ÷i‚ nq ‰es Zv weivgnxbfvGe 25 gvPÆ mKvj chƯ¦ PjGZ ^vGK| ‰ mgGq AmnGhvM-AvG±`vjb ‰es RbMGYi meÆvZÄK Õ¼ZtÕ¹„ZÆ niZvGji KgÆmƒwP KGVvifvGe AeÅvnZ ^vGK| Qvòiv ‰es wewf®² ivR‹bwZK `Gji ˆbZ‡e†±` 2 gvPÆ ˆ^GK Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYv Kivi K^v eÅî× KiGZ ^vGK| 1971 mvGji 25 gvPÆ gaÅivGZ cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvevwnbx XvKvq ZvG`i eeÆGivwPZ nvgjv Pvjvq| ˆkL gywReGK ˆMÉdZvi Kiv nq ‰es cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGb wbGq hvIqvi AvM chƯ¦ XvKv KÅv´ŸbGgG´Ÿ e±`x KGi ivLv nq| ZuvGK ivÓ¡ËG`ËvwnZv ‰es RbMYGK AvG±`vjGb D«¼y«¬ Kivi AwfGhvGM wePvGii mÁÃyLxb nGZ nq|

25 gvGPÆi ivZ ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nIqv gywî×hyG«¬i cyGiv mgGq eãe®¬z cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i nvGZ e±`x wQGjb| Zuvi AbycwÕ©wZGZ MwVZ gywRebMi miKvGii ZuvGKB ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ I mkÕ¨ evwnbxi meÆvwabvqK Kiv nGqwQj| gywî×hy«¬ cwiPvjbv I ˆbZ‡Z½`vGbi jGÞÅ RbMGYi wbeÆvwPZ cÉwZwbwaG`i «¼viv 1971 mvGji 10 ‰wcÉj H miKvi MwVZ nGqwQj| cyGiv gywî×hy«¬ PjvKvjxb mgGq ˆkL gywRGei mGÁÃvnbx ˆbZ‡Z½ RvZxq HKÅ, msnwZ ‰es kwî×i Drm wnGmGe KvR KGiGQ|

1971 mvGji 16 wWGmÁ¼i cvwKÕ¦vwb `Lj`vwiZ½ ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gki weRq ARÆGbi ci ˆkL gywReyi ingvb cvwKÕ¦vb KvivMvi ˆ^GK gywî× cvb ‰es 1972 mvGji 10 Rvbyqvwi wZwb j´£b nGq XvKvq cÉZÅveZÆb KGib|

Õ¼vaxbGZvîi KvGj eãe®¬z ˆkL gywReyi ingvb cÉvq mvGo wZb eQi evsjvG`k miKvGii cÉavb wnGmGe `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib| Zuvi miKviGK AZů¦ cÉwZK„j ‰es weaÕ¦ AeÕ©vi gGaÅ KvR KiGZ nq| ˆKvwU ˆKvwU RbAayÅwlZ hy«¬wea»Õ¦ wek†sLj ‰KwU ˆ`Gki AmsLÅ mgmÅv wbGq ZuvGK kƒbÅnvGZ ˆ`k cwiPvjbvi KvR ÷i‚ KiGZ nGqwQj| Zuvi miKviGK AvBb-k†sLjv eÅeÕ©v cybtcÉwZÓ¤v, gywî×Ghv«¬vG`i cybeÆvmb ‰es ZvG`iGK ˆ`k Movi KvGR AvZÄwbGqvM Kivi myGhvM m†wÓ¡, wea»Õ¦ ˆhvMGhvM eÅeÕ©v cybtÕ©vcb, RbMGYi i‚`ËGivl ˆ^GK gywî×hy«¬-weGivaxG`i Rxeb iÞv ‰es AmsLÅ Abvnvix ÞzavZÆ gvbyGli A®² ˆhvMvbmn AbÅvbÅ KwVb mgmÅvi gyGLvgywL nGZ nGqGQ| wZwb AvBb-k†sLjv eÅeÕ©v cybtcÉwZÓ¤v ‰es ˆ`kRyGo A‹ea AÕ¨ D«¬vGii jGÞÅ iÞxevwnbx MVb KGiwQGjb| Zuvi ‰B c`GÞc KvhÆZ eÅ^Æ nq ‰es Zuvi miKviGK fxlYfvGe ARbwcÉq KGi ZzGjwQj| meÆò `ybÆxwZ QwoGq cGowQj| ‰i Dci ˆ`Lv ˆ`q `ywfÆÞ, hvGZ eü msLÅK ˆjvK gviv hvq| w«¼avMÉÕ¦ ‰es wePwjZ gywRe Zuvi mGÁÃvnbx ˆbZ‡GZ½i Dci fimv KGi ‰K`jxq eÅeÕ©v ‘evKkvj’ MVGbi gvaÅGg Zuvi ‘w«¼Zxq weµÏe’-‰i KgÆmƒwP ˆNvlYv KGib ‰es Õ©vbxq cÉkvmGb ˆRjv MfbÆi eÅeÕ©v Pvjy KGib| wK¯§ Zuvi ‰Bme c`GÞc RbMY ‰es wbGRi `j ˆ^GK ZuvGK wewœQ®² KGi ˆZvGj| ‰B w«¼avw¯¼Z AeÕ©v I `yeÆjZvi myGhvM wbGq ˆmbvevwnbxi KwZcq DœPvwfjvlx m`mÅ 1975 mvGji 15 AvMÕ¡ ˆkL gywRe ‰es Zuvi cwievGii DcwÕ©Z AbÅvbÅ mKj m`mÅGK wbgÆgfvGe nZÅv KGi| 

[nvi‚b-Ai-iwk`]