eã cÉvPxb evsjvi ‰KwU ˆfŒGMvwjK BDwbU (Rbc`), hv PZz`Æk kZvõxGZ gymjgvb kvmbvgGj cwiewZÆZ i…Gc evãvjvn wnGmGe cwiwPZ nGq IGV| evsjvi AbÅvbÅ ˆfŒGMvwjK BDwbGUi gGZv eGãi ˆfŒGMvwjK Mƒpv^ÆI BwZnvGmi wewf®² chÆvGq cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ|

HZGiq AviYÅK-‰ meÆcÉ^g gMGai mvG^ eã bvgK ‰KwU RbGMvÓ¤xi K^v DwÍÏwLZ nGqGQ| ˆeŒavqb agÆmƒGò eãG`i DGÍÏL ˆgGj ‰KwU RbGMvÓ¤x wnGmGe, hviv AvhÆmfÅZvi mxgvi evBGi emevm KiZ ‰es KwjGãi cvGkB wQj hvG`i AeÕ©vb| cyivGY ‰G`i DGÍÏL iGqGQ cƒeÆvçjxq AbÅvbÅ RbGMvÓ¤x ˆhgb Aã, gMa, gy`MiK, cyíË, weG`n, ZvgËwjwµ¦ I cÉvMGRÅvwZl-‰i mvG^| ivgvqY ‰ AGhvaÅvi mvG^ eGãi Šgòxe®¬Gbi DGÍÏL iGqGQ| gnvfviZ ‰i ‘w`w™¼Rq’ AaÅvGq eYÆbv Kiv nGqGQ ˆh, fxg ˆgv`wMwii ivRvGK nZÅv KGib ‰es cyGíËi kvmK I ˆKŒwkKx b`xi ZxieZÆx ‰jvKv kvmbKvix Aci ‰KRb kvmKGK `gb KGib| ‰ici wZwb ZvgËwjwµ¦ , KieU, myþ ‰es mgy`ËZxieZÆx ‰jvKvi RbGMvÓ¤xGK `gb KGi ˆjŒwnGZÅi (eËþcyò) ZxGi ‰Gm ˆcuŒGQb| gnvKveÅwUi cieZÆx AaÅvq ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, eãG`i ivRÅ mgy`Ë chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡wZ jvf KGiwQj|

ˆKŒwUGjÅi A^ÆkvGÕ¨ ‰KwU ˆfŒGMvwjK BDwbU wnGmGe eã-‰i meÆcÉvPxb DGÍÏL iGqGQ| ‰LvGb ejv nGqGQ ˆh, ‰B AçjwUGZ DrK‡Ó¡ gvGbi mv`v I big mywZ eÕ¨ Drc®² nGZv (ˆk¼Zg& wÕ²™¬g& `yK„jg&)| gnvwbGók (Avby. wLË. w«¼Zxq kZvõx) ‰es wgwj±`cbGnv (Avby. wLË. cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq kZvõx) cÉ`î ZG^Å eGãi A¯¦MÆZ ‰jvKv mgy`ËZxieZÆx wQj eGj BwãZ ˆgGj| DcGivwÍÏwLZ Z^Åvbyhvqx cyíË, myþ , ZvgËwjwµ¦, Aã, gy`MiK, gMa ‰es cÉvMGRÅvwZl ‰i mvw®²GaÅ eã wQj cƒeÆvçjxq ‰KwU ˆ`k, hv mgy`Ë chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj| wK¯§ ˆKDB ‰i mwVK AeÕ©vGbi BwãZ KGib wb|

Kvwj`vGmi iNyesGk (wLË. PZz^Æ I cçg kZvõx) eGãi AeÕ©vb mÁ·ÆGK wKQyUv BwãZ cvIqv hvq| iNyi weRqvwfhvb eYÆbvi mgq DGÍÏL Kiv nq ˆh, myþG`i civwRZ Kivi ci ˆbŒ-we`Åvq (ˆbŒmvaGbv«¬Zvb&) weGkl cvi`kÆx eãxqG`iGKI wZwb civwRZ KGib| wZwb Mãvi `yB ˆgvnbvi A¯¦eÆZÆx (MãvGmËvGZv¯¦Gily) e«¼xGc weRqÕ¦Á¿ wbgÆvY KGib| ‰wU myÕ·Ó¡fvGe BwãZ KGi ˆh, Mãvi `yB cÉavb ˆmËvGZvaviv fvMxi^x I c«Âvi gaÅeZÆx wòfzRvK‡wZi f„LíwUB eã| Avi ‰i…c Rjg™² µÏvebf„wgi AwaevmxG`i cGÞ ˆbŒwe`Åvq `Þ nIqvUvB Õ¼vfvweK| cÉvPxb wMÉK I jÅvwUb KÑÅvwmKÅvj ˆjLKMY ‰B AçjGKB MãvwiWvB eGj AvLÅv w`GqGQb| ŠPwbK Mɯ© Wei-lueh (wLË. Z‡Zxq kZvõx)-ˆZ eã (Pan-yueh)-ˆK Han-yueh (Xan-gywat) ev Mãvi ‰KwU ˆ`k wnGmGe DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ|

cÉ^g wLËÓ¡cƒeÆvõ ˆ^GK cÉ^g wLËÓ¡võ mgqKvGj wjwLZ ŠRb Dcvã cbÅeYv (cÉævcbv)-ˆZ wKQyUv weÕ¦‡ZfvGe eGãi DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq| ‰LvGb ZvgËwjwµ¦GK (ZgjyK, ˆgw`bxcyi ˆRjv) eGãi A¯¦MÆZ wnGmGe ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| gnvesk-‰i wKse`w¯¦ ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, AGkvGKi mgGq ZgwjwZ ˆ^GK wmsnGj ˆevwae†Þ cvVvGbv nGqwQj| ‰B wKse`w¯¦ mZÅ nGj e±`i wnGmGe ZvgËwjwµ¦i AwÕ¦Z½ ˆgŒhÆhyM ˆ^GKB wQj eGj ˆgGb wbGZ nq| myZivs ‰wU AmÁ¿e bq ˆh, Avw` HwZnvwmK hyGM fvMxi^xi cwøg ZxieZÆx wKQy ‰jvKv eGãi A¯¦MÆZ wQj| AekŠ൦cieZÆx hyGM eZÆgvb cwøg evsjvi fvMxi^xi cwøg ZxieZÆx ‰jvKvi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM wewœQ®²Zvi KviGY ˆMŒo I ivp-‰i RbwcÉqZvi KvGQ eã Zvi ài‚Z½ nvivq| `íxi `kKzgviPwiZ-‰ `vgwjµ¦GK (ZvgËwjwµ¦i i…cGf`) myþ-‰i ‰KwU bMi wnGmGe DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ|

kwî×mãgZ¯¨-‰i mrcçvGkvGókwefvM-‰ ejv nGqGQ ˆh, mgy`Ë ˆ^GK eËþcyò chƯ¦ eGãi weÕ¦‡wZ wQj| ‰i gvaÅGgB mÁ¿eZ eGãi Dîi I cƒeÆw`GKi mxgvbv wPwn×Z Kiv nGqwQj| evrmÅvqb-‰i Kvgmƒò  mÁ·GKÆ hGkvai cÉ`î g¯¦eÅ Abyhvqx ˆjŒwnGZÅi cƒGeÆ eã AewÕ©Z wQj| ‰wUGK eã ‰jvKvi mÁ·ÉmvwiZ AG^Æ MÉnY Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰B weÕ¦‡wZ wQj eÅvcK ‰jvKv RyGo eGãi ivR‹bwZK mÁ·ÉmviGYiB dj|

ˆmb hyGMi wjwc mvGÞÅ eGãi ‘weò×gcyifvM’ I ‘bveÅfvM’-‰i DGÍÏL iGqGQ, hv eZÆgvb evsjvG`Gki e†nîi XvKv, dwi`cyi I ewikvj ‰jvKv wbG`Æk KGi| Še`ÅG`Gei KGgŒwj ZvgËkvmGb ‘Abyîi eã’ A^ev `wÞY eGãi DGÍÏL AvGQ| wek¼i…cGmGbi mvwnZÅ cwil` ZvgËËËËËËËËkvmGb eGãi bveÅ ‰jvKvi ivgwmw«¬ cvUK-‰i ‘eãvj-eovf„’-‰i K^v ejv nGqGQ| ivgwmw«¬GK e†nîi ewikvj ˆRjvi ˆMŒib`xi mGã Awf®² wnGmGe kbvî× Kiv nGqGQ| ZvB »jv hvq, evsjvG`Gki `wÞY Ask eGãi bveÅfvM «¼vivB MwVZ| P±`Ê ZvgËkvmGb DwÍÏwLZ P±`Ê«¼xcI ‰KB ‰jvKv wbG`Æk KGi ‰es ‰wUI eGãiB ‰KwU Ask wQj|

eGãi ‰ mKj fvM QvovI cÉv^wgK hyGMi wKQy wjwc I wjwLZ mƒGò AviI KGqKwU DcwefvGMi BwãZ cvIqv hvq| e†nrmswnZvq cÉ`î `wÞY-cƒeÆ fviGZi ˆ`kàwji ZvwjKvq ‘Dceã’-‰i DGÍÏL iGqGQ| eãI ‰B ZvwjKvi A¯¦fÆyî× wQj| ˆlvok kZvõxi w`w™¼Rq cÉKvk-‰ ‘Dceã’-ˆK hGkvi I Zrmsj™² ebvçGji mvG^ DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ| Lye mÁ¿eZ ‰wU wQj my±`ieGbi Ask| eGãi `wÞY AsGki mgy`Ë ZxieZÆx AskwU wQj eãvj, BwZnvGmi ˆKvb ‰K mgGq hvi wQj c†^K ˆfŒGMvwjK AwÕ¦Z½|

DchÆyî× AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰wU myÕ·Ó¡ ˆh, AbÅvbÅ ‰jvKvi gGZv eã bvgwUI RvwZMZfvGe D«¿„Z| BwZnvGmi wewf®² mgGq ‰i mxgvbv mwVKfvGe wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv KwVb, ZGe ˆgvUvgywUfvGe eZÆgvb evsjvG`Gki `wÞY I `wÞY-cƒeÆvsGki ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKvq eGãi AwÕ¦Z½ wQj| cÉ^gw`GK Lye mÁ¿eZ cwøg evsjvi `wÞY AsGkI ‰i weÕ¦‡wZ wQj| ZGe Mãvi `yB cÉavb avivi (fvMxi^x ˆ^GK c«Âv-ˆgNbv) A¯¦eÆZÆx ‰jvKv wbGq ‰B ˆfŒGMvwjK BDwbGUi gƒj ˆK±`Ê MGo IGV ‰es ‰LvGbB Õ¼vaxb eã ivGRÅi weKvk NGU|

evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi cÉ^g w`GK ‰B BDwbU ‘es’ bvGg DwÍÏwLZ nq| wLËÓ¡xq PZz`Æk kZvõxGZ mgMÉ evsjv (eZÆgvb evsjvG`k ‰es fviGZi cwøg evsjv) ‘evãvjvn’ bvGg cwiwPZ nIqvi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ ‘es’ bvgwUB cÉPwjZ ^vGK|  [Ave`yj gwgb ˆPŒayix]

Mɯ©cwé  Amitabha Bhattacharyya, Historical Geography of Ancient and Early Mediaeval Bengal, Calcutta, 1977; ‰.‰g ˆPŒayix, ‘evsjvi ˆfŒGMvwjK cwiPq’, Avwbmyävgvb (mÁ·vw`Z), evsjv mvwnGZÅi BwZnvm, 1g Lí, XvKv, 1987; BN Mukherjee, Indian Museum Bulletin, XXV, Calcutta, 1990.