ফারিস

dviwm fvlv I mvwnGZÅi Drcwî I weKvk NGU BivGb| eZÆgvb Bivb ˆh mfÅZv I K‡wÓ¡i Ici cÉwZwÓ¤Z Zv cÉavbZ Bjvwg (Elamite) mfÅZv| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 3000 AGõi cÉ^gfvGM `wÞY BivGb ‰B mfÅZvi cîb nq eGj gGb Kiv nq| BivGbi eZÆgvb AwaevmxG`i cÉvq `yB-Z‡ZxqvskB AvhÆ esGkv«¿„Z| AvhÆiv wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 1500 AGõ gaÅ ‰wkqvi mgf„wg ˆ^GK BivGb Awfevmb ÷i‚ KGi eGj HwZnvwmKG`i aviYv| Aò ‰jvKvi Avw`evmx ‰es AwfevwmZ AvhÆG`i gGaÅ cviÕ·wiK ˆhvMvGhvM I ˆgjvGgkvi dGj ‰KwU bZzb fvlv I msÕ•‡wZi D«¿e NGU| ‰B bZzb fvlvwUB dviwm fvlv| ‰ fvlv PviwU chÆvGq weKvk jvf KGi: AvGeÕ¦v, cÉvPxb dviwm, cvnjwf I AvaywbK dviwm|

AvGeÕ¦v Zoroasterian agÆgGZi cÉeî×v BivGbi Avw` agÆài‚ Zoroaster (wLË.cƒ 1100) KZ‡ÆK cÉewZÆZ agÆMÉ¯© wKZvGe AvGeÕ¦vi fvlv| Dîi BivGbi wgwWqv ‰jvKvq ‰ fvlvi Drcwî| wKZvGe AvGeÕ¦vi cuvPwU Ask| ‰i meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ I cÉvPxb Ask ‘Mv^v’ bvGg cwiwPZ ‰es fvlvZvwî½K w`K ˆ^GK ‰wU ˆgvUvgywUfvGe FG™¼G`i mg chvÆGqi| AvGeÕ¦vi AewkÓ¡ Askàwj cieZÆx mgGqi ‰es ˆmàwji welqeÕ§ wewf®² mgGq wjwLZ nGqGQ| cÉ^gw`GK AvGeÕ¦v wQj ˆgŒwLK fvlv; cGi wjwLZ AvKvGi cÉKvwkZ nIqvi cƒGeÆB ‰i eÅenvi e®¬ nGq hvq ‰es ZLb ‰wU ‰KwU g†Z fvlvq cwiYZ nq|

cÉvPxb dviwm wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 550 mvGji w`GK nvLvgvbwkG`i hyGM BivGb ‰ fvlvi cÉPjb wQj| ‰ fvlv mvsGKwZK wgL ev ˆcGiK AvK‡wZi wPn× weGkGli gvaÅGg ˆjLv nGZv| fvlvwU ˆKej ivRKxq wbG`Ækvewj cÉPvGii KvGRB eÅen…Z nGZv, KviY Õ¼Í¸msLÅK ˆjvK ‰i cvV RvbZ| wemZzb ceÆZ I bvKGk ˆivÕ¦Ggi cv^Gi ‰es cviwmGcvwjm cÉvmvG`i ˆ`qvj I Õ¦GÁ¿ ˆLv`vB Kiv wkjvwjwcGZ ‰ fvlvi wKQy wb`kÆb cvIqv ˆMGQ| ‰ fvlv AvGeÕ¦vi KvQvKvwQ ‰es ‰GZ iGqGQ DœP chÆvGqi kõi…c I Õ¼iweGf`; ZvQvov eÅvKiYMZ w`K ˆ^GK msÕ•‡Z I BG±`v-BDGivcxq fvlvGMvÓ¤xi AbÅvbÅ cÉvPxb fvlvmgƒGni mGã ‰i AGbKvsGk mv`†kÅ iGqGQ|

cvnjwf AvkKvwbhyGM (wLË.cƒ 249-226) cvnjwf ev gaÅ dviwm bvGg BivGb Avi ‰KwU fvlvi D«¿e NGU| ‰wU gƒjZ AvGeÕ¦v I cÉvPxb dviwmi weewZÆZ i…c| cieZÆxGZ mvmvwbG`i ivRZ½KvGj (wLË.cƒ 226-652) ‰ fvlvi DœPviY I AvwãKMZ DrKlÆ mvwaZ nq| ‰fvGe AvkKvwb I mvmvwbG`i ivRZ½Kvj wgGj cÉvq ‰K nvRvi eQieÅvcx ‰ fvlv BivGb cÉPwjZ wQj| AvkKvwb hyGM cvnjwf fvlvq wKQy MÉ¯© wjwce«¬ Kiv nGqwQj, wK¯§ `yPviwU Qvov ˆmàwji AwÕ¦Z½ LuyGR cvIqv hvq wb|

cÉvPxb BivGbi BwZnvGm mvmvwbG`i ivRZ½KvjGKB Õ¼YÆhyM eGj gGb Kiv nq| ‰ hyGM BivGbi wkÍ¸, mvwnZÅ I msÕ•‡wZ cÉf„Z D®²wZ jvf KGi| ‰ivB cÉ^Gg wMÉK I fviZxq gƒjÅevb eBcò cvnjwf fvlvq Abyev` KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ÕÃiYxq ˆh, weLÅvZ mvmvwb mgËvU bIGkiIqvb fviGZi cÉwm«¬ MÉ¯© cçZ¯¨ cvnjwf fvlvq Abyev` Kivb| cieZÆxKvGj mvgvwbhyGMi (874-998 wLË) cÉwm«¬ A®¬ Kwe i‚`vwK ‰i KveÅvbyev` KGib|

cvnjwf fvlvq ˆekwKQy igÅiPbv, NUbvcwé, ˆQvUMÍ¸, KweZv, Mvb BZÅvw` iwPZ nq ‰es cieZÆxGZ dviwm Kweiv ˆmàwji wKQy wKQy AvaywbK dviwm fvlvq Abyev` KGib| `†Ó¡v¯¦Õ¼i…c Lmi‚ I wkixb, ˆivÕ¦gbvgv, evnivgbvgv, BÕ•v±`vibvgv BZÅvw`i bvg DGÍÏL Kiv hvq| ‰QvovI mvmvwbhyGMi cvnjwf fvlvq iwPZ ˆnRvi `vÕ¦vb (nvRvi Kvwnbx) KveÅwU dviwm fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq ‰es cGi Avjdv-jvBjv Iqv jvBjv (‰K nvRvi ‰K iRbx) bvGg ˆmwU Aviwe fvlvq Abƒw`Z nq|

AvaywbK dviwm ˆkl mvmvwb mgËvU Bqvh`Mvi` 3q (664-652 wLË)-‰i ivRZ½KvGj gymjgvbMY KZ‡ÆK Bivb `LGji ci BivGbi RbMY wecyjfvGe Bmjvg aGgÆ `xwÞZ nq| dGj Aviwe fvlvi cÉfvGe cvnjwf fvlv ò×gv¯¼Gq dviwmGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ nGZ ^vGK| ‰fvGeB cvnjwf fvlvi bÅvq cvnjwf mvwnGZÅi AGbK MÉ¯©I wejyµ¦ nGq hvq|

‰K mgq Avie fvlvwe`MY cvnjwf eYÆgvjvGK Aviwe eYÆgvjvi auvGP cwieZÆb KGib| KGqKwU eGYÆi Aviwe cÉwZeYÆ bv ^vKvq AwZwiî× we±`y/wPn× cÉGqvGM Dî× eYÆàwj ŠZwi Kiv nq| ˆhgb Aviwe ‘ˆe’ niGdi wbGP `ywU we±`y w`Gq ‘ˆc’, ‘wRg’-‰i ˆcGU `ywU we±`y w`Gq ‘ˆP’, ‘ˆh’ niGdi DcGi `ywU we±`y w`Gq ‘ˆS’ ‰es ‘Kvd’ niGdi DcGi ‰KwU ˆmvRv ˆiLvwPn× ewmGq ‘Mvd’ eYÆ ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰fvGeB cvnjwf eYÆgvjv I fvlv wejyµ¦ nGq hvq ‰es dviwm eYÆgvjv I AvaywbK dviwm fvlvi D«¿e NGU|

evsjvq dviwm fvlv I mvwnGZÅi weKvk BwZnvGmi mƒPbvj™² ˆ^GKB Bivb I evsjv ciÕ·Gii msÕ·GkÆ AvGm| fviGZi ˆbŒe±`imgƒn, ˆhgb: ˆ`ej, wbi‚b, mycvivKv, evwoMvRv, UvMviv, gywRwim, ˆbjwKbWv, AvwiGqK, ZvgËwjwµ¦, MvGã, mvµ¦MÉvgv (mvZMuvI/mµ¦MÉvg), miw±`c BZÅvw` ˆ^GK evwYGRÅi DGóGkÅ wewf®² aiGbi ˆbŒhvb cvimÅ DcmvMGii Deyjv, Igvbv, BDGWBgb, wmid, KvBm, nigyR, mGKvUÇv ‰es ˆMWÈwmqv DcK„j AwZò×g KiZ| evsjvi cÉvPxb ˆbŒe±`imgƒn, ˆhgb: ZvgËwjwµ¦, MvGã ‰es mvµ¦MÉvgv ZrKvjxb evsjvi ˆbŒeÅemv-evwYGRÅi weivU ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nGqwQj| ‰me e±`i cÉvPÅ I cvøvZÅ Dfq ˆ`kmgƒGni eÅemvqx I bvweKG`i AvK‡Ó¡ KiZ| evsjvi mGã gaÅcÉvPÅ I ˆMÉGKv-ˆivgvb weGk¼i eÅemv-evwYRÅ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvi dGj wLËÓ¡xq AGõi ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB ZvgËwjwµ¦i ài‚Z½ evoGZ ^vGK| ‰i dGj evsjvi mGã gaÅcÉvPÅ I BivGbi ˆKej evwYwRÅK mÁcKÆB bq, mvsÕ•‡wZK mÁ·KÆI MGo IGV| Bivwb ewYK I evwYRÅcGYÅi mGã mGã ŠmbÅevwnbx, cÉGKŒkjx, KvwiMi, mywd, `iGek ‰es wkÍ¸xG`iI AvMgb NGU evsjvq| ‰ aiGbi mÁ·KÆ chÆvqò×Gg ivR`ievi, mgvR I wkÍ¸-mvwnZÅ chÆ¯¦ weÕ¦vi jvf KGi|

evsjvq gymwjg kvmb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvi cƒeÆ ˆ^GKB dviwm fvlvi PPÆv I Bmjvg cÉPvi ÷i‚ nq| Bivb ˆ^GK AvMZ mywd-`iGekMY ŠmwbK, eÅemvqx I ivRcyòG`i KvGdjvi mGã mGã AMÉmi nGq RbMGYi gGaÅ Bmjvg cÉPvi KiGZ ^vGKb| ‰i dGj `Gj `Gj gvbyl Bmjvg MÉnY KGi ‰es KziAvb I my®²vn mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ wMGq Aviwe I dviwm fvlvi PPÆv KGi| mywdiv agÆxq I AvaÅvwñK welqvw` mÁ·GKÆ AmsLÅ MÉ¯© cÉYqb KGib, hv ‰Z`çGj dviwm fvlvi D®²qb I weÕ¦viGK eÅvcKfvGe cÉfvweZ KGi|

gymwjg kvmK I eyw«¬RxexG`i f„wgKv myjZvwb hyM (1203-1576) hw`I evsjv Z^v fviZxq DcgnvG`Gk dviwm fvlvi weÕ¦vi I D®²qGb Bivwb ewYK I mywdG`i eÅvcK f„wgKv wQj, wK¯§ DcgnvG`keÅvcx dviwmi `Ë‚Z weÕ¦vi jvf NGU ivÓ¡Ëfvlv wnGmGe dviwm Õ¼xK‡Z nIqvi ciB| 1203 wLËÓ¡vGõ w`wÍÏi mgËvU KzZzeDóxb AvBGeGKi ˆmbvcwZ BLwZqviDóxb ˆgvnvÁÃ` web eLwZqvi LjRx b`xqv I ˆMŒo Rq KGib| cieZÆxGZ wZwb mgMÉ Dîi evsjv AwaKvi KGib| evsjvq ‰B gymwjg kvmb mvgwMÉKfvGe BwZnvGmi NUbvcÉevnGK cvGÎŸ ˆ`q| evsjvi AwaKvsk RbMY, weGklZ cƒeÆ evsjvi RbMY Bmjvg aGgÆ `xwÞZ nq| axGi axGi msÕ•‡Z fvlvi ài‚Z½ KgGZ ^vGK ‰es dviwm gymwjg ivR`ievGii fvlv nIqvq AZÅ¯¦ cÉfvekvjx fvlv wnGmGe AvwefÆ„Z nq|

evsjvi ˆhme RvqMvq BmjvGgi Abymvixiv emwZ Õ©vcb KGi, ˆmme RvqMvq Bmjvwg wkÞveÅeÕ©v MGo IGV ‰es ‰ DGóGkÅ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰KvwaK gmwR`, gKZe I gv`Ëvmv| ‰i dGj Aviwe I dviwm mvwnGZÅi D®²qGbi ‰KwU AbyK„j cwiGek ŠZwi nq| agÆxq I ˆjvKvqZ Dfq aiGbi dviwm MÉ¯© iPbvi ˆÞGò ‰me cÉwZÓ¤vb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ZrKvjxb kvmKMYI ˆjLK I Kwe-mvwnwZÅKG`i cÉwZ D`vi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv `vb KiGZb| ZrKvjxb weLÅvZ wkÞv ˆK±`ÊmgƒGni gGaÅ ˆMŒo, cvíyqv, `vivmevwo, iscyi, ˆmvbviMuvI, XvKv, wmGjU, eàov ‰es PëMÉvGgi ˆK±`Êmgƒn wQj DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| BsGiR kvmGbi mƒPbvjG™² evsjvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z gv`Ëvmvi msLÅv wQj cÉvq 80,000|

QqkZ eQGiiI AwaKKvjeÅvcx (1203-1837) dviwm wQj evsjvi ivÓ¡Ëfvlv| ‰B `xNÆ mgGq nvRvi nvRvi dviwm MÉ¯© iwPZ nGqGQ; AmsLÅ Kwe dviwm fvlvq KveÅ iPbv KGiGQb| ˆmme mvwnZÅKgÆ cvíywjwc A^ev MÉG¯©i AvKvGi evsjvmn mgMÉ DcgnvG`Gki wewf®² MÉ¯©vMvGi msiwÞZ AvGQ| AvVvGiv kZGKi gaÅfvM ˆ^GK Dwbk kZGKi mgvwµ¦Kvj chÆ¯¦ myjZvbyj AvLevi I `yiexb-mn cuvP-QqwU dviwm Š`wbK KjKvZv ˆ^GK wbqwgZ cÉKvwkZ nGZv, hv ‰Z`çGj dviwm fvlvi RbwcÉqZv cÉgvY KGi|

mgiKvG±`i weLÅvZ nvbvwd wdK&n (Bmjvwg AvBb) kvÕ¨we` I mywd KvRx i‚KbDóxb Avey nvwg` ˆgvnvÁÃv` web ˆgvnvÁÃv` Avj-Awg`x msÕ•‡Z fvlvq wjwLZ Ag†ZKzí MÉ¯©wU dviwm fvlvq Abyev` KGib| ‰wUB eãG`Gk dviwm fvlvq Abƒw`Z cÉ^g mvwnZÅKgÆ| Ag†ZKzí ‰KwU ˆhvMkvÕ¨| ‰GZ 10wU AaÅvq I 50wU ˆkÏvK AvGQ|

ˆMŒGoi MfbÆi bvwmiDóxb gvngy` eMiv Lvb (1283-1291) wQGjb wkÍ¸ I mvwnGZÅi ‰KRb D`vi c†Ó¤GcvlK| Zuvi mfvKÞ wQj cÉwm«¬ KweG`i wgjbÕ©j| Zuvi kvmbvgGj AGbK Kwe-mvwnwZÅK, ˆhgb kvgmyóxb `exi I KvRx AvQxi w`wÍÏ ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gk AvGmb ‰es ZuviB c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq Zuviv dviwm fvlvi D®²qGb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ f„wgKv ivGLb|

wenvGii cÉwm«¬ mywd ˆkL kidzóxb Bqvwnqv gybBqvixi k¼÷i ‰es wkÞK weLÅvZ agÆZî½we` ˆkL kidzóxb Avey ZvIqvgv 1282-87 wLËÓ¡vGõi gGaÅ ZrKvjxb evsjvi ivRavbx ˆmvbviMuvIGq AvMgb KGib| wZwb Zuvi QvòG`i RbÅ ‰KwU gv`Ëvmv ‰es wklÅG`i RbÅ ‰KwU LvbKvn& Õ©vcb KGib, hv wQj ZrKvjxb mgGq ævbvRÆGbi ˆkÉÓ¤ ˆK±`Ê| AvaÅvwñK welqvewj wbGq iwPZ Zuvi gvKvgvZ MÉ¯©wU Zuvi RxeókvGZB AZÅ¯¦ cÉwmw«¬ jvf KGi|

bvwmiDóxb eMiv LvGbi cyò i‚Kbyóxb KvqKvDGmi ivRZ½KvGj (1291-1301) ZrKvjxb ivRavbx ˆmvbviMuvIGq wdK&n welGq bvGg-‰-nK bvGg dviwm fvlvq ‰KwU MÉ¯© iwPZ nq| MÉ¯©wU `k LGí wefî× ‰es ‰GZ 180wU KweZv Õ©vb cvq| ‰wU ˆkL kidzóxb Avey ZvIqvgvi iPbv eGj Kw^Z nGjI ˆjLGKi f„wgKv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, gƒjZ ‰wU Zuvi ‰KRb wklÅ Zuvi wkÞvgƒjK eî×GeÅi AvGjvGK mÁcv`bv KGib|

myjZvb wMqvmyóxb Avhg kvGni kvmbvgGj (1390-1409) ˆmvbviMuvI ˆjLK I wdK&n kvÕ¨we`G`i cÉwm«¬ ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe LÅvwZ jvf KGi| ZLb ‰Z AwaK cwigvGY dviwm M`Å I KveÅ mvwnGZÅi weKvk NGU ˆh, mÁ¿eZ ‰UvB wQj evsjvq dviwm mvwnGZÅi Õ¼YÆhyM|

mywd Kwe nvwdR wkivRx iwPZ ‰KwU MRj ˆ^GK ZrKvjxb evsjvq dviwm mvwnGZÅi DrKGlÆi cÉgvY cvIqv hvq| myjZvb wMqvmyóxb ‰KwU MRj iPbv KiGZ wMGq cÉ^g ˆkÏvGKi AGaÆK iPbvi ci AewkÓ¡ Ask wjLGZ Amg^Æ nIqvq ‰wUGK cƒYÆvã i…c ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ nvwdGRi wbKU ˆcÉiY KGib ‰es ZuvGK evsjvG`k mdGiiI Avg¯¨Y Rvbvb| DîGi Kwe ‰i…c Reve ˆ`b: ‘mvw™¼ nvw`GQ mvi&f I àj I jvGjn& wg ivfv`/ fxb evnvQ ev mvjvmv ™¼vPQvjv wg ivfv`/ ˆkKvi ˆkKvb kvfv±` nvGg ˆZvwZqvGb wn±`/ hxb KG±` cvGiwQ ˆen& evsMvGjn& wg ivfv`\ ’ [mvwK! mvfÆ, àj I jvjvi AvGjvPbv PjGQ/ wZb ˆaŒZKvix (cvb ˆcqvjv)mn ‰ AvGjvPbv PjGQ/ wn±`yÕ©vGbi mKj ˆZvZv cvwL (KweMY) ˆVuvU w`Gq wgQwi`vbv fvOGQ/ (nvwdGRi cO&wî×gvjvi RbÅ ˆKŒZ„njx nGq DVGQ)/ ˆh, dviwmi ‰B wgQwiLí (dviwm MRj), evsjvq hvGœQ\ ]

myjZvb RvjvjDóxb ˆgvnvÁÃv` kvn (1415-1432) wQGjb Bmjvwg ævb I mvwnGZÅi c†Ó¤GcvlK| wZwb gØvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰KwU gv`Ëvmvi eÅqfvi enb KiGZb, hv ZLb AZÅ¯¦ DrmvneÅéK KgÆ wnGmGe weGewPZ nGZv| myjZvb i‚Kbyóxb eieK kvGni `ievi (1459-1474) AmsLÅ we`ÅvbyivMxi DcwÕ©wZ «¼viv gwngvw¯¼Z wQj| ZuvG`i gGaÅ ivRmfvi Kwe Avwgi Rqbyóxb nvivex, wewkÓ¡ wPwKrmK I dvinvGã Avwgi wknveyóxb wKigvbx kxlÆK dviwm AwfavGbi mÁcv`K Avwgi wknveyóxb nvwKg wKigvbx ‰es Kwe gbmyi wkivRx, gvwjK BDmyd web nvwg`, mvBGqÅ` Rvjvj, mvBGqÅ` ˆgvnÁÃv` i‚Kb cÉgyL DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

‰ hyGMB gvIjvbv BeËvnxg KvIqvg dvi‚Kx DcgnvG`Gki AZxe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰es cÉvPxbZg dviwm Awfavb dvinvGã BeËvwngx mÁcv`bv KGib| AwfavbwU wenvGii cÉLÅvZ mywd gL`yg kidzóxb Bqvwnqv gybBqvixi ÕÃiGY DrmMÆ Kiv nq; ZvB ‰wU ‘kidbvgv’ wnGmGeB mgwaK cwiwPZ| ‰wU ‰Z`çGj dviwm PPÆvi D®²qGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGL|

üGmb kvnx ivRZ½KvGj, weGklZ AvjvDóxb üGmb kvGni (1493-1519) mgGq dviwm I Aviwei eÅenvi ‰Z`çGj eÅvcK weÕ¦vijvf KGi| ˆgvnvÁÃv` ey`vB, whwb mvBGqÅ` gxi Avjvfx bvGgB AwaK cwiwPZ wQGjb, ‰ hyGMB mvwnZÅmvabv KGib| wZwb wn`vqvZ-Di-i‚gx bvGg ‰KwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib| evsjvi myjZvwb hyGM (1203-1576) Aò ‰jvKvi Rbwn‹Zlx I msÕ•‡wZgbv myjZvbMY ‰fvGeB cieZÆxKvGj ‰Z`çGj dviwm PPÆvi eÅvcK wfwîf„wg iPbv KGib|

gyMj Avgj ‰ AvgGj evsjvq dviwm mvwnZÅ Af„ZcƒeÆ mg†w«¬ jvf KGi ‰es Õ©vbxq fvlv I mvwnGZÅ my`ƒicÉmvix cÉfve weÕ¦vi KGi| evsjvq ˆhme gyMj MfbÆGii `ievGi ævbx, cwíZ I mÁÃvwbZ eÅwî×eGMiÆ wbqwgZ DcwÕ©wZ wQj, mgKvjxb I cieZÆxKvGji NUbvcwé ‰es Rxebx-iPwqZ‡MY ZuvG`i DGÍÏL KGiGQb| Zuviv nGjb gywbg Lvb, Bmjvg Lvb, Kvwmg Lvb, kvn ÷Rv, kvGqÕ¦v Lvb ‰es gxi Rygjv| ‰B kvmKMY dviwm KweZvi D®²qGb DrmvneÅéK f„wgKv cvjb ‰es AGbK KweGK AvkÉq cÉ`vb KGib|

gxRÆv Rvdi ˆeM KvRfxwb Aci ‰KRb Kwe whwb ev`kvn AvKeGii hyGM evsjvq AwfevwmZ nb| wZwb BivGbi weLÅvZ Kwe wbRvgx Mvb&Rvfxi KveÅixwZi AbyKiGY wkwib I Lmi‚ bvGg ‰KwU gmbwf iPbv KGib| ‰KRb mvaviY mvgwiK KgÆKZÆv gxRÆv bv^vb evnwiÕ¦vGb MvBex kxlÆK ‰KwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib| ‰GZ wZwb ‰gb AGbK ŠmwbK-Kwei DGÍÏL KGib huviv hyG«¬ weRq I ŠmwbKG`i K‡wZZ½GK ÕÃiYxq KGi ivLvi RbÅ KweZv iPbv KiGZb| ZuvG`i gGaÅ ˆjvKgvb, gxi Kvwmg ‰es ˆgveviK DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

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XvKv QvovI PëMÉvgI wQj dviwm mvwnZÅPPÆvi ‰KwU ˆK±`Ê| PëMÉvGgi cÉwm«¬ dviwm ˆjLKG`i gGaÅ gvL&hvbyj Av`wfqvi ˆjLK nvwKg gynvÁÃv` ümvBb Avjvfx ‰es Lvb evnv`yi nvwg`yÍÏvn cÉwm«¬ wQGjb| nvwg`yÍÏvni Anvw`myj LvIqvbxb 1871 wLËÓ¡vGõ cÉKvwkZ nq| PëMÉvGgi AbÅvbÅ dviwm KweG`i gGaÅ m±«¼xGci gvIjvbv Ave`yj AvDqvj, gynvÁÃv` Ave`yj Avjx, ˆgŒjwe dvqRyj Kwei kvIK, ˆgŒjwe dvqRyÍÏvn Bmjvgvev`x, gynvÁÃv` ˆmvjvqgvb Avigvb ‰es Ave`yj Avjx `yiix DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

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DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, Dwbk kZGK gy`ËYhG¯¨i cÉPjb I AvaywbK MÉ¯©vMvi Õ©vwcZ nIqvq dviwm PPÆv cÉmvi jvf KGi| cƒGeÆi bÅvq ‰ kZGKI gymjgvbG`i cvkvcvwk wn±`y ivRv-gnvivRviv dviwm mvwnZÅ PPÆvq mwò×q AskMÉnY KGib| eËvþmgvGRi cÉwZÓ¤vZv I wn±`yaGgÆi msÕ•viK ivRv ivgGgvnb ivq (1772-1833) dviwm fvlvq ZvInx` welGq ˆZvndvZzj gyIqvwn`xb bvgK ‰KwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib|

Dwbk kZGKi gaÅfvGM cÉGqvRbxq miKvwi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvi AfvGe ‰Z`çGj dviwmi ài‚Z½ axGi axGi nËvm ˆcGZ ^vGK| 1837 wLËÓ¡vGõi 20 bGfÁ¼i KvDw´Öj Ae Bw´£qvi ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ ‰KwU AaÅvG`k (No. XXIX, 1837 AD) Rvwii gvaÅGg Awdm-Av`vjZ Z^v ivÓ¡Ëxq KgÆKvGí dviwmi eÅenvi wbwl«¬ KGib| Dî× AaÅvG`k evwZGji `vweGZ ZLb KjKZvi gymjgvb mgvGRi cÞ ˆ^GK cÉvq AvU nvRvi Õ¼vÞimÁ¼wjZ ‰KwU ÕÃviKwjwc weËwUk miKvGii wbKU ˆck Kiv nq| 1839 wLËÓ¡vGõ XvKv ˆ^GKI 481Rb wewkÓ¡ eÅwî×i Õ¼vÞimÁ¼wjZ Abyi…c Avi ‰KwU ÕÃviKwjwc XvKvi wePvicwZ ˆR.‰d.wR KzGKi gvaÅGg ˆeãj MfbÆGgG´Ÿi wbKU ˆck Kiv nq| jÞYxq ˆh, Õ¼vÞiKvixG`i gGaÅ 199 Rb wQGjb wn±`y| wK¯§ ‰me ÕÃviKwjwc BsGiR miKvGii M†nxZ bxwZGZ ˆKvbi…c cwieZÆb AvbGZ eÅ^Æ nq| KjKvZv I XvKvi eü msLÅK c`Õ© I mÁÃvwbZ eÅwî×i `vwe DGcÞv KGi miKvGii ˆNvlYv KvhÆKi Kiv nq| ‰me mGî½I Aò ‰jvKvq dviwmPPÆv AeÅvnZ wQj| wkwÞZ evOvwj gymjgvb RbMY ‰GÞGò AMÉYx f„wgKv cvjb KGib| gv`Ëvmv, Õ•zj, KGjR ‰es wek¼we`ÅvjGq dviwm welGq wkÞvKvhÆò×g Pvjy ^vGK| 1921 mvGj cÉwZÓ¤vj™² ˆ^GKB XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq dviwm I D`Æy wefvM Pvjy nq| 1971 mvj chÆ¯¦ ZrKvjxY cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb DœP gvaÅwgK Õ¦Gi dviwm HwœQK welq wnGmGe cvVÅ wQj| eZÆgvGb mvaviY Õ•zj chÆvGq dviwm covGbv bv nGjI HwZnÅMZ fvlv I mvwnZÅ wnGmGe wek¼we`Åvjq ‰es mgKvjxb fvlv wnGmGe AvaywbK fvlv BbwÕ¡wUDGUi cvVÅmƒwPGZ dviwm A¯¦fÆyî× iGqGQ| AwaK¯§, evsjvG`k ‰gbwK fviGZi cÉvq mKj mvaviY I eÅwî× gvwjKvbvaxb MÉ¯©vMvimgƒGn dviwm cvíywjwc iGqGQ| cÉwZeQi ‰me cvíywjwci wKQy wKQy MGelKMY cÉKvk KGi ^vGKb|

evsjv mvwnGZÅ dviwmi cÉfve dviwm fvlvfvlx ZzwKÆ AvdMvb weRwqMY evsjvGK ZuvG`i bZzb Avevmf„wg wnGmGe MÉnY KGib| dGj ‰KwU mvsÕ•‡wZK weeZÆGbi Kvj mƒwPZ nq| ‰ weeZÆbKvj cieZÆx mvZk eQi chÆ¯¦ Õ©vqx nq| cwiYwZGZ evsjv fvlv kvmKG`i kwî×kvjx fvlvi cÉfvGe eÅvcKfvGe cÉfvweZ nq| gymwjg Kwe I ˆjLKMY ˆgŒwjK evsjv mvwnZÅ iPbv ev Bmjvwg welqvewj evsjv fvlvq AbyevG` AvñwbGqvM KGib| ‰ KviGYB evsjv fvlvq AmsLÅ dviwm kGõi AbycÉGek NGU| AwaKvsk ˆÞGòB gymjgvb ˆjLKMY cÉPwjZ avivGKB AvîxKiY KGib, ZGe ˆÞòweGkGl A‹bmjvwgK cÉfve `ƒi Kivi RbÅ wKQy wKQy msGhvRb I cwieZÆbI KGib| D`vniYÕ¼i…c gymjgvb Kweiv gãjKvGeÅ cÉPwjZ wn±`y ˆ`e-ˆ`exi e±`bv I àYKxZÆb ixwZi cwieGZÆ gymwjg ixwZ, weGklZ BivGbi HwZnÅ Abyhvqx nvg`& I bvZ&-‰i cÉPjb KGib| ‰KBfvGe ˆ`ŒjZ KvRx (1600-1638) wKsev AvjvIj (1607-1680) hLb wn±`y ivRcyGòi Kvwnbx wbGq KveÅ iPbv KGib, ZLbI Zuviv AvÍÏvn I Zuvi ivmyGji cÉkwÕ¦gƒjK KweZvi gvaÅGg ÷i‚ KGib|

dviwm fvlv «¼viv eÅvcKfvGe cÉfvweZ gymjgvb ˆjLKG`i mvwnZÅ ‘ˆ`vfvlx mvwnZÅ’ bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰àwj gƒjZ evsjv I dviwmi mg¯¼Gq ‰K cÉKvi wgkÉ mvwnZÅ| gymjgvbG`i agÆ, mgvR ev `kÆb welGq ˆKvb wKQy ˆjLvi ˆÞGò AvRI ‰ wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq| ‰KviGY ˆ`vfvlx mvwnGZÅ hLbB gymwjg ivRmfvi eYÆbv ‰GmGQ ev gymwjg ivRvGK mGÁ¼vab Kiv nGqGQ A^ev Bmjvwg wP¯¦v, Av`kÆ ‰es KziAvb I AbÅvbÅ cweò MÉ¯© wKsev gymwjg mywd-`iGek I we«¼vb eÅwî×G`i mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGqGQ, ZLbB Aviwe I dviwm kõ eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| gymwjg I wn±`y Dfq mÁcÉ`vGqi KweivB ‰ c«¬wZ AbymiY KGiGQb| myjZvb wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvGni (1389-1410) `ievGii Kwe kvn gynvÁÃ` mMxi agÆxq MÉ¯©vewjGK ‘wKZve’ ‰es we«¼vb I ævbx eÅwî×G`i ‘Avwjgvb’ eGj mGÁ¼vab KGiGQb| mi`vi RGqbD`&`xb Zuvi imyjweRq KvGeÅI ‰ aiGbi kõ I evM&‹ewkÓ¡Å cÉGqvM KGiGQb| wZwb gyKzGUi Õ©Gj ‘ZvR’, AvGivnxi Õ©Gj ‘ˆmvqvi’ ‰es wcZvgGni Õ©Gj ‘`v`v’ BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGiGQb| cieZÆxGZ ‰ c«¬wZ AviI eÅcKZv jvf KGi ˆhgb, Šmq` myjZvb (1550-1648) Zuvi kGe ˆgivR KveÅMÉG¯© wKZve, Avwjgvb I Avwjg QvovI AvÍÏvn, ivmyGj ˆLv`v, bƒGi ˆgvnvÁÃv`x, cxi cqMÁ¦i BZÅvw` kõ cÉGqvM KGiGQb| ‰Qvov wò×qvc` wnGmGeI wZwb ‰me kõ cÉGqvM KGiGQb| D`vniYÕ¼i…c Zuvi bexesk I IdvGZ ivmƒj MÉ¯©«¼Gq ‘wbKvwjqv’ kGõi DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰GÞGò wbKvwjqv kõwU evBGi hvIqv AG^Æ eÅen…Z nGqGQ|

ˆ`vfvlx mvwnGZÅi wZbwU cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv, ‰i Kvwnbx Mfxi fvjevmv, A`gÅ mvnwmKZv I exiZ½cƒYÆ| kvn& MixeyÍÏvni BDmyd-RyGjLv I Avgxi nvgRv (1g Lí) ‰B ˆkÉYxi cÉ^g mv^ÆK KveÅ| ‰B avivi cieZÆx ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Kwe nGjb Šmq` nvgRv | nvgRv Zuvi gaygvjZx KveÅ cÉ^vMZ fvlvZvwî½K c«¬wZGZB iPbv KGib; wK¯§ Zuvi ŠRàGbi cyw^ I nvGZg ZvB iPbvq dviwm fvlvi cÉfve jÞÅ Kiv hvq| ˆ`vfvlx cyw^mvwnZÅ iPwqZvG`i gGaÅ kvn& MixeyÍÏvn AZÅ¯¦ cÉwm«¬|

ˆivgÅvw´ŸK iPbvewj evsjv mvwnGZÅi wewf®² ˆÞGò DGÍÏLGhvMÅ dviwm cÉfve iGqGQ| ‰i gGaÅ ˆjŒwKK ˆcÉgKvwnbxgƒjK ˆivgÅvw´ŸK ˆÞòwUB AZÅ¯¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ‰ avivi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ˆjLKG`i gGaÅ ˆdiG`Œmx/Rvgxi KveÅ AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ BDmyd-RyGjLvi ˆjLK kvn gynvÁÃ` mMxi, jvBjx-gRbyi ˆjLK ˆ`ŒjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb , mZxgqbv-ˆjviP±`Êvbxi ˆjLK AvivKvGbi ˆ`ŒjZ KvRx, c«ÂveZx , mqdzjgƒjƒK-ew`qyägvGji ˆjLK AvjvIj, BDmyd-RyGjLvi ˆjLK Ave`yj nvwKg , g†MveZxi ˆjLK ˆKvGikx gvMb VvKzi , Avgxi nvgRvi ˆjLK Ave`yb bex, Rãbvgvi ˆjLK ˆnqvZ gvgy` cÉgyGLi bvg DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

exiZ½ Mv^v ‰ aiGbi KvGeÅ gnvbex (mt), Zuvi mvnvweMY ‰es gymwjg exiG`i ˆivgÅvw´ŸK, KvÍ¸wbK I AGjŒwKK NUbv AZÅ¯¦ my±`ifvGe cwiÕ¹zwUZ nGqGQ| ‰me KveÅ Bmjvwg Abykvmb I wewaweavbGK RbmvaviGYi gGaÅ cÉPvi I gymwjg exiG`i gwngvw¯¼Z Kivi DGóGkÅ iwPZ| ‰ KviGY ‰àwjGK Awek¼vmx cÉwZcGÞi wei‚G«¬ gnvbex (mt)-i weRGqi NUbvi mGã mswkÏÓ¡ Kiv nGqGQ| RGqbD`&`xGbi imyjweRq ‰ KveÅ avivi cÉPxbZg m†wÓ¡| RGqbD`&`xb cÉewZÆZ ixwZi AbymiGYB kvn wewi` Lvb imyjweRq ‰es nvwbdvi w`w™¼Rq iPbv KGib| ‰QvovI Šmq` nvgRvi Avgxi nvgRv, ˆnqvZ gvngy` I MixeyÍÏvn&i Rãbvgv, ˆgvnvÁÃ` LvGbi nvwbdvi jovB ‰es Šmq` myjZvGbi imyjweRq ‰B ‰KB ixwZGZ iwPZ|

HwZnvwmK KveÅ ‰ avivi cÉ^g DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Kwe nGjb PëMvGgi Šmq` myjZvb| bexesk KvGeÅ wZwb imyGji RxeGbi mƒPbv ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi Zuvi ˆ`Œwnò Bgvg ˆnvGmGbi Kvievjvq kvnv`Z eiY Kiv chÆ¯¦ HwZnvwmK NUbvewji eYÆbv w`GqGQb| cƒGeÆ gynÁÃ` LvbI gvKZzGj ˆnvGmb wkGivbvGg ‰KwU KveÅ iPbv KGib| Bgvg ˆnvGmGbi kvnv`GZi NUbv ‰ MÉG¯©i gƒj welq| mgMÉ KvwnbxB Kvievjvi n…`qwe`viK NUbvGK ˆK±`Ê KGi AMÉmi nGqGQ| KvqGKvevG`i ˆgvnviig kixd ‰ avivi cÉvPxbZg MÉ¯©| Bgvg ˆnvGmGbi kvnv`ZGK AbymiY KGi ‰GZ ‰KwU gwmÆqv (ˆkvKmãxZ) Õ©vb ˆcGqGQ| Õ¼MÆ I gZÆeÅvcx KÍ¸bvi Õ¼vaxbZvB ‰ ˆkvKMv^vi gƒj ŠewkÓ¡Å| ‰GZ wZwb ˆKej MvQcvjv, bGfvgíj I f„gíGji bq, eis wdwikZv I ciGjvKMZ AvñvG`iI wejvGci `†kÅ dzwUGq ZzGjGQb|

agÆxq KveÅ wLËÓ¡xq ˆlvok I mµ¦`k kZK wQj gymwjg msÕ•‡wZi mÁcÉmviGYi hyM| ‰ mgGqi AGbK KweB wek¼m†wÓ¡, gnvbex nhiZ gynvÁÃv` (mt)‰i Rxebx I BmjvGgi wewa-weavGbi eYÆbv w`GqGQb| ˆgvRvGÁÃj ‰ avivi cÉvPxbZg ˆjLK| Zuvi KveÅ bxwZkvGÕ¨i wewf®² wewa-weavGbi eYÆbvq mg†«¬| AvdRvj Avjx gãjKvGeÅi AbymiGY Bmjvwg wewa-weavˆbi wek` weeiY-mÁ¼wjZ bwmnrbvgv iPbv KGib| ‰GZ wZwb Õ¼Gµ² Zuvi cxi kvn ˆivÕ¦g wKfvGe Zuvi wbKU Avwef„ÆZ nGZb ‰es wbG`Ækvewj cÉ`vb KiGZb Zvi eYÆbv w`GqGQb| Šmq` myjZvGbi bexesk, kvGe wgivR, IdvGZ ivmyj I ˆgvnvÁÃ` LvGbi gvKZzGj ˆnvGmb ‰es wKqvgZbvgvq weGk¼i m†wÓ¡, weeZÆb I wKqvgZ ev a»sm ‰es cybi‚ïvb w`eGm mr I Amr Avñvi P„ov¯¦ wePvGii welqmgƒn DcÕ©vcb KGiGQb|

bmi‚ÍÏvn Lvb (Avby. 1560-1625) Zuvi kixqZbvgvq AvÍÏvni wbG`Ækvewji K^v eGjGQb ‰es AvÍÏvni wbG`Æk j›NbKvixG`i mZÆK KGiGQb| ‰Uv Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, bmi‚ÍÏvn Lvb ‰ MÉ¯©wU gymjgvbG`iGK ZvG`i agÆxq weavbvewj mÁ·GKÆ mGPZb Kivi DGóGkÅB iPbv KGiwQGjb| Abyi…cfvGe ˆkL ˆgvîvwje Zuvi wKdvqvZzj ˆgvmGjwgb MÉG¯© bvgvh , ˆivRv, nä , hvKvZ I BmjvGgi AbÅvbÅ Myi‚Z½cƒYÆ welq mÁcGKÆ AvGjvPbv KGiGQb| bmi‚ÍÏvni kixqZbvgv ‰es ˆkL ˆgvîvwjGei wKdvqvZzj ˆgvmGjwgb MÉ¯©«¼Gqi eü msLÅK cvízwjwc ˆ^GKB ˆevSv hvq ˆh, MÉ¯©`ywU AZÅ¯¦ RbwcÉqZv jvf KGiwQj|

mywdmvwnZÅ ‰ ˆ`Gk Bmjvg cÉPvGi mywd `iGekMY DGÍÏLGhvMÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGib| evsjv mvwnGZÅi ‰KwU weivU Ask mywd gZevG`i cÉfvGe MGo DGVGQ| mvwnGZÅi ‰ avivwUGK `ywU chÆvGq fvM Kiv hvq: AvaÅvwñKZvevG`i Zî½ I Zvi AbykxjGbi `vkÆwbK eÅvLÅv ‰es HwZnÅMZ mãxZvewj| mãxZàwj gƒjZ c`vewj wnGmGe cwiwPZ ‰es ‰ aviv cÉavbZ evDj I gywkÆw` MvGbi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ| ‰GZ ‰KRb wkGlÅi Avñwebvk I w`eÅGRÅvwZ jvGfi RbÅ AwZò×gYxq chvÆqmgƒGni weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY AvGQ| nvRx ˆgvnvÁÃv` ‰es Šmq` myjZvb ‰ avivi ˆjLKG`i gGaÅ cÉavb|

nvRx ˆgvnvÁÃvG`i bƒi Rvgvj KveÅ Šmq` myjZvGbi Rbb cÉ`xGci ˆPGq AwaKZi `vkÆwbK Zî½mg†«¬| wZwb cvVKG`i cÉ^Gg kixqGZi K^v eGjb, AZtci Inv`vZzj IRy` I mGeÆk¼iev` mÁ·GKÆ eügyLx `vkÆwbK ZGî½i MfxGi cÉGek Kivb| ‰QvovI wZwb Bebyj Avivex ‰es ˆgvRvGóG` AvjGd Qvwb (ivt)-i wewf®² gZev`I eYÆbv KGib| RbwcÉq gywkÆw` I evDj Mvbàwj Mfxi `vkÆwbK ZGî½ ficyi| evsjvq cÉvµ¦ AwaKvsk gywkÆw` Mvb Bivwb Kwe gvIjvbv RvjvjDóxb i‚gxi gvmbvfx ‰es ˆkL dwi`Dóxb AvîvGii gvbwZK DîvGqi-‰i cÉfvGe cÉfvweZ|

evsjv fvlvq dviwmi cÉfve ZzwKÆ-AvdMvbG`i kvmbvaxGb evsjvi cÉkvmb wn±`y Rwg`viG`i nvGZ bÅÕ¦ nq ‰es ZuvG`i AwaKvskB wQGjb KvqÕ©| Õ¼fveZB ‰Z`çGji RbMGYi Rxeb I fvlvi Ici ˆmvbviMuvI I ˆMŒGoi gymwjg `ievGii cÉfve wQj AwZ mvgvbÅ| evsjvq ˆh-mKj gymjgvb Õ©vwqfvGe emwZ Õ©vcb KGiwQj Zviv ÕRbmvaviY KZÆ†K cÉfvweZ nGqwQj| cç`k kZGKi ˆkl ‰es ˆlvok kZGKi cÉ^g fvGM evsjvi gymwjg ev`kvniv evsjv mvwnGZÅi mwò×q c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib| Dci¯§ gymwjg kvmGbi mƒPbvKvGj gymjgvbG`i mGã Õ©vbxq RbMGYi ˆhvMvGhvGMi dGj cÉPzi dviwm kõ evsjv fvlvq AbycÉGek KGi|

mgËvU AvKei KZÆ†K eã weRGqi gvaÅGg evsjvq gyMj kvmGbi mƒòcvZ NGU| gyMj AvgGj dviwmi cÉfve cƒGeÆi Zzjbvq AviI eÅvcK nq| 1605 wLËÓ¡vGõ AvKeGii g†ZzÅi ci ‰K mvsÕ•‡wZK weeZÆb cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nq, hvi cwiYwZGZ BG±`v-gymwjg msÕ•‡wZi D«¿e NGU ‰es wn±`yÕ©vwb/D`Æy fvlv ‰i evnb nq| mµ¦`k I AÓ¡v`k kZGK wn±`yÕ©vwb fvlv fviGZ dviwm fvlv I Bmjvwg ˆPZbv weÕ¦vGi mnvqK f„wgKv cvjb KGi| dGj AÓ¡v`k kZGKi ˆklfvGM DœP ˆkÉYxi ˆjvKRb, ‰gbwK wn±`yivI K^Å evsjvq eÅvcKfvGe dviwm kõ eÅenvi KiGZ ^vGK| Dîi cÉG`k, wenvi ‰es evsjvi gybwkiv awbK ˆkÉYxi ˆQGjGgGqG`i dviwm covGZb| ˆmKvGj wn±`y-gymwjg Dfq mÁcÉ`vGqi ˆjvGKivB gv`Ëvmv I gKZe cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| 1686 wLËÓ¡vGõ iwPZ K‡úivg `vGmi ivBgãGj ‰i cÉgvY cvIqv hvq: ‘AwejGÁ¼ Dîwij ivRvi bMGi| evjGK cvimx cGo AvLb üRyGi\ KvGbGZ ˆmvbvi Kjg ˆ`vqvZ mÁÃyGL| wKZveZ mywbcyY KvqÕ©MY ˆjGL\ ’

evsjv fvlvq kõ, wjã I evKÅ ‰B wZb ˆÞGòB dviwmi cÉfve jÞÅ Kiv hvq; ZGe kGõi ˆÞGòB ‰i cÉfve eÅvcKZi| evsjv fvlvq cÉPzi dviwm kõ ‰es dviwmi gvaÅGg Aviwe I ZzwKÆ kGõi AbycÉGek NGUGQ; ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò ‰G`i cÉfvGe gƒj evsjv kGõiB wejywµ¦ NGUGQ| `†Ó¡v¯¦Õ¼i…c wejyµ¦cÉvq KGqKwU evsjv kõ e®¬bxGZ DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv: LiGMvk (kkvi‚), evR (muvPvb/mqPvb), wkKvi (AvGLU), bvwjk (ˆMvnvwi), we`vq (ˆgjvwb), RvnvR (eywnZ), nvRvi (`k k) BZÅvw`|

`xNÆKvj gymjgvb kvmGbi KviGY ivRÕ¼, cÉkvmb, ivRKxq mÁ¿vlY, hy«¬, eÅemv BZÅvw` msò×v¯¦ eü dviwm kõ ‰es dviwmi gvaÅGg Aviwe kõ evsjv fvlvq cÉGek KGi| ˆmàwji ‰KwU ZvwjKv DcÕ©vwcZ nGjv:

ivRÕ¼, cÉkvmb I AvBbmsò×v¯¦ Rwigvbv, ˆRiv, AwQqZbvgv, Zvgvw`, `vGivMv, bvwjk, dqmvjv, dwiqv`, ivq, mvwjk, cviIqvGb, digvb, gybwk, IKvjZbvgv, ˆckKvi BZÅvw`|

ivRKxq DœPc`, hy«¬weMÉn I wkKvimsò×v¯¦ Rwg`vi, ZLZ, Znwkj`vi, ZvjyK, ZvjyK`vi, beve, ev`kv, ˆeMg, evnv`yi, Kvgvb, Zxi, ˆZvc, ˆdŒR BZÅvw`|

agÆmsò×v¯¦ ˆLv`v, cqMÁ¼i, wdwikZv, ˆeGnkZ, ˆ`vRL, gmwR`, C`Mvn, LvbKvn&, `iMvn, bvgvh, ˆivRv, giwQqv, gvZg, Rvqbvgvh, Dhy, àbvn, ˆbK&Kvi, e`Kvi, ciGnRKvi BZÅvw`|

wkÞvmsò×v¯¦ KvMR, ˆKœQv, cxi, eyRyi&M BZÅvw`|

wejvm`ËeÅ, eÅemv I mfÅZvi DcKiYwelqK AvZi, Avqbv, ˆMvjvc, àj`vwb, Pkgv, `vjvb, gLgj, dvivk BZÅvw`|

kixGii AãcÉZÅã welqK cv, wmbv, Mi`vb, cvév, ˆ`j BZÅvw`|

ˆcvlvK-cwiœQ`msò×v¯¦ AvPKvb, ˆRve»v, Pv`i, c`Æv, kvjIqvi, wcivnvb, Kvgviev±` BZÅvw`|

Lv`ÅwelqK wewiqvwb, ˆMvkZ, nvjyqv, Kveve, wKgv, ˆgvie»v, mwô, Avbvi, wKkwgk, ˆcÕ¦v, ev`vg BZÅvw`|

RvwZmsò×v¯¦ wn±`y, wdwiwã BZÅvw`|

ˆckvmsò×v¯¦ KvwiMi, Lvbmvgv, wL`gvZMvi, PvKi, ˆ`vKvb`vi, evwRKi, Rv`yKi BZÅvw`|

cwievi I Avñxqmsò×v¯¦ evev, gv, `v`v, Lvjv, `vgv`, KvbxR, ˆ`vÕ¦, Bqvi BZÅvw`|

bvgmsò×v¯¦ w`j-Avdi‚h, w`ji‚ev, byiRvnvb, Rvgkx`, ˆivÕ¦g, ˆmvnive BZÅvw`|

c÷cvwLi bvgmsò×v¯¦ LiGMvk, eyjeyj, KeyZi, evR, ˆZvZv, nvBIqvb, RvGbvqvi BZÅvw`|

mvaviY `ËeÅvw`, KÍ¸bv I fvemsò×v¯¦ AvIqvR, AvenvIqv, AvZk, AvdGmvm, Kg, ˆKvgi, Mig, big, ˆckv, mGd`, üwkqvi, ni`g, ˆmZvi BZÅvw`|

ˆfŒGMvwjK Õ©vbmsò×v¯¦ bIqvecyi, àwjÕ¦vb, ivRkvnx, iscyi BZÅvw`| ‰ aiGbi cÉvq `yB nvRvGiiI AwaK kõ evsjv fvlvq Õ©vwqfvGe Õ©vb KGi wbGqGQ|

dviwm fvlv evsjv eÅvKiYGKI cÉfvweZ KGiGQ| ˆhgb dviwm ‘gv`x’ I ‘g`Æv’ (gv`Æ) kGõi cÉGqvGM wjã wbaÆvwiZ nq: g`Æv-KeyZi, gv`x-KezZi; g`Æv-KzKzi, gv`x-KzKzi BZÅvw`| dviwmGZ AekÅ ‰B wjãwbG`ÆkK kõ weGkGlÅi cGi eGm, ˆhgb: AvüGq bvi (cyi‚l RvZxq nwiY), AvüGq gv`x (Õ¨x RvZxq nwiY) BZÅvw`| Aciw`GK dviwm ‘ˆgvi&M’ kõwU ˆgviM I gyiwM DfGqi ˆÞGòB eÅen…Z nq, wK¯§ evsjvq ˆgvi&M ejGZ ˆKej cyi‚l RvZxq ˆgviM ‰es gyiwM ejGZ Õ¨x RvZxq ˆgviM ˆevSvq|

dviwm Zw«¬Z cÉZÅq I DcmGMÆi gvaÅGg AGbK evsjv kõ MwVZ nGqGQ; Avevi AGbK dviwm kõ gƒj A^Æmn evsjvq eÅen…Z nGœQ; ZGe AwaKvsk ˆÞGò dviwm Av ev v-wPn× evsjvq ˆjvc ˆcGqGQ; ˆhgb: KvgviKgi; MvigMig; bvigbig BZÅvw`| Avevi AGbK evsjv kõ dviwm Zw«¬Z cÉZÅq I DcmGMÆi mGã ‰Kvñ nGq ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ A^Æ I fvewewkwÓ¡ kõ ŠZwi KGiGQ, ˆhgb: ˆKivwbwMwi, eveywMwi, `i-cîi, ˆe-MwZK BZÅvw`|

evsjv evKÅ MVGbI dviwmi cÉfve jÞYxq| `†Ó¡v¯¦Õ¼i…c: gvb Bb Kvi KviG`ey`vg = Avwg ‰KvR KGiwQjvg; gvb BGqK&Zv bvb ˆLvi&`vg = Avwg ‰KUv bvb ˆLjvg; Zz KzRv ivd&Zx = ZzB ˆKv^vq ˆMwj? BZÅvw`|

dviwmi bÅvq evsjvGZI wjGãi ZviZGgÅi KviGY wò×qvc` cÉfvweZ nq bv, ˆhgb: evev ivd&Z = evev ˆMGjb; gvgv ivd&Z = gv ˆMGjb; ˆeiv`i Agv` = fvB ‰Gjb; Lvnvi Agv` = ˆevb ‰Gjb BZÅvw`|

evsjv I dviwm Dfq ˆÞGòB msLÅv I wjãGfG`i KviGY weGklY cÉfvweZ nq bv, ˆhgb: àGj mvdx` = mv`v dzj; àjnvGq mvdx` = mv`v dzjàwj; ˆcQvGi ˆLve = fvj ˆQGj, ˆ`vL&ZvGi ˆLve = fvj ˆgGq BZÅvw`|

eZÆgvGb evsjvG`Gk dviwmi PPÆv AZÅ¯¦ mxwgZ nGjI weMZ mvZk eQGi Zv evsjv fvlvq Õ©vqx Avmb KGi wbGqGQ ‰es evsjv kõfvíviGK mg†«¬ KGiGQ| `k mnmËvwaK dviwm kõ ˆKej mvwnGZÅ ev Av`kÆ evsjvqB bq, eis Aò ‰jvKvi AvçwjK fvlviI AsGk cwiYZ nGqGQ| AwZ cwiwPZ wKQy wKQy kõ I evKÅ AvGQ ˆhàwj AvcvZ`†wÓ¡GZ dviwm ˆ^GK D«¿„Z bq eGj gGb nq, wK¯§ weGkÏlY KiGj ˆ`Lv hvGe ‰me kõ I evKÅ AvmGj dviwmRvZ| ˆhgb, ‘AvenvIqv ‰Lb ˆewk Mig AvGQ’ ‰ evsjv evKÅwU kõ I MVb Dfq w`K ˆ^GKB ‘AvenvIqv AvKbyb wek Mvi&g AvQZ&’ ‰B dviwm evKÅwUi Abyi…c| [Avey gƒmv ˆgvt Avwid weÍÏvn]

MÉ¯©cwé gynvÁÃ` ‰bvgyj nK, gymwjg evsjv mvwnZÅ, XvKv, 1965; Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm: myjZvbx Avgj, XvKv, 1967; Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi ˆgviGk` mÁcv:, knx`yÍÏvn& iPbvejx (3q Lí), evsjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv, 1995; Suniti Kumar Chatterji, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, Calcutta, 1993; Sirajul Islam ed., History of Bangladesh, Vol. III, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1997.