ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR   wn±`y KGjR ˆ^GK D«¿„Z KjKvZvi ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjGRi NUbveüj hvòv ÷i‚ nq 1855 mvGj| wKQy evaÅZvgƒjK I cÉvmwãK weGePbvi KviGY ‰i bZzb bvgKiY nq ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR|

Dwbk kZGKi gaÅfvM bvMv` wn±`y KGjR Zvi cÉK‡Z cÉwZÓ¤vZvG`i aÅvb-aviYv QvwoGq hvq| KGjRwU ˆKej KvGQi I `ƒGii ò×geaÆgvb wkÞv^ÆxG`iB AvKlÆY KGi wb, mKj ˆkÉYxi QvGòi (wn±`y I A-wn±`y wkÞv^Æx) Pvwn`v Abyhvqx AvBb, Aâb we`Åv ‰es cÉGKŒkj welGq cvVÅò×gI cÉeZÆb KGi|

weGklZ wkÞv KvDw´Öj KZ‡ÆK weGklfvGe wbqw¯¨Z ˆKvb KGjR KjKvZvq bv ^vKvq RbMGYi UvKvq cwiPvwjZ ò×gweKvkgvb KGjRwUGK ˆemiKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vb i…Gc ivLv hvq wKbv miKviGK ˆmUvI weGePbv KiGZ nq| eÕ§Z, ˆQvU ˆQvU kniàwjGZI miKvwi KGjR ^vKvq hywî×mãZ KviGYB ivRavbxGZI ‰KwU miKvwi KGjR ^vKv AcwinvhÆ nGq cGowQj|
	ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR, KjKvZv

mKj mÁ·É`vGqi QvGòi RbÅ D¯Ãyî× KjKvZv KGjR ev ˆgGUÇvcwjUb KGjR bvGg ‰KwU bZzb KGjR cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉÕ¦ve wQj, ZGe ‰i RbÅ Dchyî× wkÞKgíjx ˆhvMvo Kiv QvovI miKvGii RbÅ ‰Uv ‰K AwZwiî× Avw^ÆK ˆevSv nGq `uvovZ| Dchyî× weK͸ wQj mKj mÁ·É`vGqi RbÅ D¯Ãyî× KGi wn±`y KGjRGK miKvGii wbq¯¨Yvaxb ‰KwU mvaviY wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb i…cv¯¦wiZ Kiv| Z`bymvGi 1854 mvGji 11 Rvbyqvwi wn±`y KGjGRi eÅeÕ©vcbv KwgwU ˆklevGii gGZv mfvq wgwjZ nq| ˆKvUÆ Ae WvBGiÙmÆ ‰ KGjGRi bZzb bvgKiY KGi ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR ‰es 1855 mvGji 15 Ryb KGjGRi KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ nq| KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉwZÓ¤v AwZ wbKUeZÆx nIqvq wkÞv KvDw´Öj ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR I wmwfj Bwéwbqvwis KGjRGK ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjGRi mGã mswkÏÓ¡ KGi ˆmUvGK cÉmvwiZ Kivi gvaÅGg wek¼we`ÅvjGq cwiYZ Kivi cwiK͸bv Õ©wMZ ivGL|

1856 mvGj ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjGRi ZvwjKvq Qvò wQj 132 Rb| ZvG`i gGaÅ 94 Rb wQj mvaviY kvLvq ‰es 38 Rb AvBb kvLvq| ‰G`i gGaÅ 82 RbGK ˆeZb w`GZ nGZv, 43 Rb e†wî ˆfvM KiZ ‰es 7 Rb webvGeZGb covi myGhvM ˆfvM KiZ| AvBb kvLvi AeÕ©vb wQj wKQyUv Avjv`v KviY AaÅvcKe†±` wbGRivB ‰i QvòG`i cixÞv wbGZb| `yeQi ci, AvBb wefvGMi Qvò, ewâgP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Kjv wefvGMi cÉ^g `yRb Õ²vZGKi ‰KRb nIqvi mÁÃvb ARÆb KGiwQGjb|

1857 mvGj KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvq eQiwU wQj cÉK‡ZcGÞ AwZ ài‚Z½en| ‰ wek¼we`ÅvjqGK ‰i Awafzî× KGjRàwji cvVò×g wbaÆviY KiGZ nGZv| KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Awafzî× cÉ^g KGjR nIqvq Avkv Kiv nGqwQj ˆh ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR we.‰ cixÞvi RbÅ cixÞv^ÆxG`i cÉÕ§Z Kivi ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb nGe| 1857 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z cÉ^g ‰´ŸÈv´Ö cixÞvq ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR ˆ^GK cvVvGbv cixÞv^Æx wQj 23 Rb| 1863 mvGj cÉ^g evGii gGZv ‰ KGjGRi 6 Rb QvòGK ‰g.‰ wWwMÉ ˆ`Iqv nq|

1862 mvGj dvÕ¡Æ AvUÆm ev ‰d.‰ cixÞvi cÉPjb nq| ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR ˆ^GK ‰ cixÞvq DîxYÆ nIqv cÉ^g cixÞv^Æx wQGjb ài‚`vm eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq whwb KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉ^g fviZxq DcvPvhÆI nGqwQGjb| KGjGRi ò×geaÆgvb QvòmsLÅv mgvGRi wewf®² Õ¦Gii QvòG`i Mfxi AvMÉGni wbG`ÆkK| BsjÅvG´£ ˆjLvcov Kivi RbÅ 1868 mvGj cÉewZÆZ ghÆv`vcƒYÆ ‘wMjwò×Õ¡ e†wî’ DchÆycwi Pvi eQi ‰ KGjGRi Qvòiv jvf KGiwQj| KGjR Zvi KÅvÁ·vm mÁ·ÉmvwiZ KGi ‰es fvBmiGqi DcwÕ©wZGZ 1874 mvGji 31 gvPÆ ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆi AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe eZÆgvb AëvwjKvi DG«¼vab KGib| bydiP±`Ê cvj ˆPŒayix ‰ AëvwjKvi P„ovq Õ©vcGbi RbÅ ‰KwU Nwo `vb KGib| ŠeævwbK wkÞv mÁ·ÉmviGY bZzb feGb bZzb i‚g wbgÆvY Kiv nq| 1875 mvj bvMv` imvqb wefvM eÅenvwiK KÑvk Pvjy KiGZ mÞg nq| nvIov Bwéwbqvwis KGjR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvi ci 1880 mvGj Bwéwbqvwis-‰i KÑvkàwj KGjGR ˆbIqv e®¬ nGq hvq|

weævb Abyl`GK mg†«¬ Kivi RbÅ 1892 mvGj f„-we`Åvi AaÅvcGKi ‰KwU c` cÉeZÆb Kiv nq| AvU eQi ci Rxewe`Åv wefvM cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv nq| ‰m.wm gnjvbexk wQGjb ‰ wefvGMi AaÅvcK| Dwbk kZGKi ˆkl `yB `kGK KGqKRb wewkÓ¡ cwíZ ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjGRi wkÞK wnGmGe wbGqvM jvf KGib| 1880 mvGj ‰BP.‰g cvwmÆfvj, 1883 mvGj wewcbwenvix ൦, 1885 mvGj RM`xkP±`Ê emy , 1889 mvGj cÉdzÍÏP±`Ê ivq ‰es 1896 mvGj gbGgvnb ˆNvl ‰ KGjGR ˆhvM`vb KGib| 1868 ˆ^GK 1900 mvGji gGaÅ ‰ KGjGRi 25 Rb Qvò cvwíGZÅi RbÅ KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq KZ‡ÆK cÉ`î mGeÆvœP mÁÃvb ˆcÉgPuv` ivqPuv` e†wîjvf KGiwQGjb|

1903 mvGj evwYRÅ welGq cvV`vb hyî× nq| ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆi ‰WIqvWÆ ˆeKvGii bvgvbymvGi bvgKiYK‡Z ‘ˆeKvi MGelYvMvi’ 1913 mvGji 20 Rvbyqvwi AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe DG«¼vab Kiv nq ‰es c`v^Æwe`Åv, kixie†î, Dw«¿`we`Åv ‰es f„-we`Åv wefvM bZzb feGb Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq| ˆeKvi MGelYvMvGii meÆe†nr KÞàwji ‰KwUGZ weævb Mɯ©vMviGK (AaÅvcK wm.WweÐD wcGKi bvgvbymvGi wcK Mɯ©vMvi) Õ©vb ˆ`Iqv nq| 1914 mvGj cÉ^g wek¼hyG«¬i mƒPbv ‰KwU AwZwiî× Qvòvevm wbgÆvY ‰es mgZzjÅ myGhvM-myweav m†wÓ¡i KvRGK eÅvnZ KGi| ZGe wkÞv`vb I DœPwkÞvi AMÉMwZi ˆÞGò KGjR ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KGqKwU gvBjdjK AwZò×g KGi| 1908 mvGj Mɯ©vMvGii cybMÆVb ‰es 1914 mvGj KGjGRi Qvòmsm` ÷i‚ nGj bZzb gvòv ˆhvM nq| wek kZGKi weGki `kGK cÉGdmi IqvWÆmIqv^Æ, cÉGdmi Õ¡vwjÆs, cÉGdmi ˆnvg ‰es W. nÅvwimGbi gGZv wkÞKe†±` Abyl`GK Ajâ‡Z KGiwQGjb|

AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb ‰es AvBb AgvbÅ AvG±`vjb ‰i Dîvj w`bàwjGZ ˆR.Avi eÅvGiv KGjGRi AaÅGÞi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib| RvZxqZvev`x AvGeGM DœQ¾wmZ QvòG`i wei‚G«¬ kvwÕ¦gƒjK eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KGi wZwb KGjGR k†›Ljv I wkÞvi mGeÆvœP gvb eRvq ˆiGLwQGjb| Zuvi DGókÅ mÁ¼G®¬ AekÅ KLbI ˆKvb mG±`n wQj bv ‰es wZwb wkÞK I QvòG`i Mfxi kÉ«¬v I h^vh^ Õ¼xK‡wZ jvf KGiwQGjb| wek kZGKi wòGki `kK ˆ^GK fviZxq AaÅÞe†±` KGjGRi cÉavb wQGjb, hw`I 1947 mvj chƯ¦ wkÞv wefvM weËwUk KgÆKZÆvG`i `vwqGZ½ envj ˆiGLwQGjb|

wòGki `kGK ‘iex±`Ê cwil`’ ‰es ‘ewâg-kir cwil`’ MVGbi dGj mvsÕ•‡wZK KgÆKví ˆcÉiYvjvf KGi ‰es ‰ msMVb `ywU ZvG`i KgÆKvGí cÉg^ ˆPŒayix, myGi±`Êbv^ `vm൦, Bw±`iv ˆ`ex, kv¯¦ ˆmb, wbgÆjKzgvix gnjvbexk, cÉkv¯¦P±`Ê gnjvbexk, ivbx Q±`v, AZzjP±`Ê àµ¦, mgGi±`Êbv^ VvKzi ‰es DGc±`Êbv^ MGãvcvaÅvGqi gGZv eÅwî×Z½GK AvKlÆY KiGZ mÞg nq| cwilG`i KGqKwU mfvq iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi , Aebx±`Êbv^ VvKzi ‰es kirP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq mfvcwZZ½ KGiwQGjb| 1943 mvGji evsjvi gnv`ywfÆGÞi mgq AÁÏvbKzmyg `Gîi ˆbZ‡GZ½ eü Qvò Dóxµ¦ nGq wn±`y ˆnvGÕ¡j ˆ^GK òvYKvR cwiPvjbv KGi| Õ¼vaxbZv I ˆ`k-wefvGMi AvGMi mvÁ·É`vwqK weevG`i A®¬Kvi w`bàwjGZ KGjR Zvi AmvÁ·É`vwqK fvegƒwZÆ eRvq ivGL| ˆ`k-wefvGMi AeÅewnZ ci (1947) Kz`ivZ-B-Ly`v-i gGZv cwíZ I wkÞKe†±` cƒeÆcvwKÕ¦vGb PGj hvb|  [iPbv Pò×eZÆx]