cÉev` ˆjvKciÁ·ivMZ weGkl Dwî× ev K^b| Rxeb, RMr I mgvR mÁ·GKÆ gvbyGli evÕ¦e AwfæZvcÉmƒZ ‰B cÉev` ˆjvKmvwnGZÅi ‰KwU weGkl kvLv| cÉev` AZxGZi welq nGqI mgKvjGK meGPGq ˆewk Õ·kÆ KGi| AvaywbK hyGM cÉvq me aiGbi iPbvq cÉev` eÅen…Z nq| KweZv, cÉe®¬, DcbÅvm , bvUK, msev`cò , weævcb, eîׇZv, ‰gbwK Š`bw±`b K^vevZÆvqI cÉevG`i eÅenvi jÞÅ Kiv hvq|

cÉev` Þz`ËZg iPbv; ‰KwU mswÞµ¦ evKÅ ˆ^GK QG±`ve«¬ `yB PiY chƯ¦ ‰i AeqeMZ eÅvwµ¦| ZGe Þz`Ë nGjI Zv cƒYÆvã fveG`ÅvZK I A^Æen nGq ^vGK| ˆhGKvb cÉev` gvbyGli eÅenvwiK ævb, AwfæZv ev Dcjwº¬ ˆ^GK R¯Ã ˆbq| ‘AwZ m®²ÅvmxGZ MvRb bÓ¡’, ‘ˆPvi cvjvGj eyw«¬ evGo’, ‘ˆRvi hvi, gyjyK Zvi’ BZÅvw` cÉevG`i Mob AuvUmvU; evowZ ‰KwU kõI ˆbB| ռ͸ K^vq ‰Z ˆewk A^Æenb-ÞgZv cÉev` Qvov ˆjvKmvwnGZÅi AbÅ ˆKvb kvLvi ˆbB|

cÉev` mgvRgvbGm R¯Ã wbGq mgGqi cwieZÆGbi mGã mGã Zvi i…c e`jvq ‰es ‰K mgq ‰KwU Õ©vqx i…c jvf KGi| KLbI KLbI ‰KB cÉev` wKQyUv cwieZÆbmn AçjGfG` ‰KvwaK i…GcI cÉPwjZ ^vGK| ˆhgb ‘avb fvbGZ wkGei MxZ’ A^ev ‘avb fvbGZ gnxcvGji MxZ’ cÉev`wUi ˆgŒwjK KvVvGgv ev AG^Æi ˆKvb cwieZÆb nq wb| ‘wke’ K‡wlG`eZv, Avi ‘gnxcvj’ cvj esGki kwî×kvjx ivRv| cÉev`wUi RG¯ÃwZnvGmi w`K ˆ^GK wke AvGM; AZ‰e cÉ^gwU ˆgŒwjK cÉev`; cieZÆxKvGj wkGei Õ©Gj gnxcvj hyî× nGqGQ| ZzœQ KvGR ài‚Zi welGqi AeZviYv ˆevSvGZ ‰B cÉev`wU eÅenvi Kiv nq|

cÉevG` ˆhgb `xNÆ AwfæZvi cÉKvk NGU, ˆZgwb ‰i gaÅ w`Gq cÉKvk cvq ‰KwU RvwZ ev mgvGRi ævb, eyw«¬, ˆgav, ŠPZbÅ, HwZnÅ, wkÞv ‰es ˆjvKgGbi e«¬gƒj aviYv| cÉev` mÁ·GKÆ cÉvPÅ-cvøvZÅ gbxlxG`i ˆ`Iqv msæv ˆ^GK ‰i ˆh ŠewkÓ¡Åàwj dzGU IGV Zv nGjv: ‰K. cÉevG` RvwZi `xNÆ AwfæZv, cwiYZ eyw«¬ (elder wisdom) ‰es ˆjvKgGb cÉevwnZ mZÅK^b cÉKvwkZ nq; `yB. cÉevG`i Aeqe nGjv ‰KwU mswÞµ¦ evKÅ; wZb. Dcgv, eGò×vwî×, weGivavfvm cÉf‡wZ AjâviGhvGM Zv MwVZ nq| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ‰KwU mswÞµ¦ A^P A^ÆcƒYÆ evKÅB nGjv cÉev`; wK¯§ A^ÆcƒYÆ evKÅvsk cÉev` bq Zv ‘evM&aviv’ (idioms) ev ‘cÉev`K͸ evM&fwã’ (proverbial phrases)|

ˆh cUf„wg ev weGkl AG^Æ ‰KwU cÉev` m†wÓ¡ nq, cÉGqvMKvGj Zvi A^ÆeÅvwµ¦ NUGZ cvGi ‰es ˆm ˆÞGò gƒGji Õ©vb-Kvj-cvò cwiewZÆZ nGq hvq| ‘AwZ fwî× ˆPvGii jÞY’ cÉev`wUi RG¯Ãvrm nqGZv ˆKvb weGkl AwfæZv, wK¯§ eZÆgvGb ‰i cÉGqvM-eÅvwµ¦ NGUGQ; evBGi m«¿ve ˆiGL ˆfZGi Amr DGókÅ ˆcvlY Kiv ‰gb ˆhGKvb AvPiY ˆevSvGZ ‰Lb ‰B cÉev`wU eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‘ˆPvGii gvi eo Mjv’, ‘ˆPvGi bv ˆkvGb aGgÆi Kvwnbx’, ‘ˆPvi cvjvGj eyw«¬ evGo’ BZÅvw` cÉev` «¼viv ÷ay ˆPvi I ˆPŒhÆe†wîi K^vB ˆevSvq bv, eis bvbv ˆkÉYxi Amr eÅwî× I ZvG`i Amr KgÆKvíI ˆevSvq| ‘ˆNvjv cvwbGZ gvQ wkKvi’ ‰KwU evÕ¦e NUbv, wK¯§ ˆKvb mvaviY NUbvi gvaÅGg mvgvwRK ev ivR‹bwZK Õ¼v^Æ wmw«¬ Kiv ˆevSvGZ ‰B cÉev`wU cÉhyî× nq| ‘bvPGZ bv RvbGj DVvb euvKv’ cÉev`wUI ˆKvb ‰K bGUi A`ÞZv ˆ^GK D«¿„Z, wK¯§ eZÆgvGb ˆKD ˆKvb welGq wbGRi AÞgZvGK ˆMvcb Kivi RbÅ ˆKvb Amvi hywî× Dïvcb KiGj ‰B cÉev`wUi DGÍÏL Kiv nq| ‰fvGe ˆ`Lv hvq ˆKvb cÉev` m†wÓ¡ nIqvi mgq Zvi ˆh A^Æ ^vGK, Kvjò×Gg Zvi cÉmvi NGU|

cÉev` mÁ·GKÆ RvgÆvwbGZ ejv nq: ‘As the country, so the proverb.’ ˆh ˆ`k ˆhgb, Zvi cÉev`I ˆZgb| Õ•UjÅvG´£ ejv nq: ‘As the people, so the proverb.’ ˆhgb gvbyl, ˆZgb Zvi cÉev`| DfGqi mg¯¼q KGi ejv hvq, ˆh ˆ`Gki gvbyl ˆhgb, ˆm ˆ`Gki cÉev`I ˆZgb| A^Ævr ‰KwU ˆ`Gki cÉK‡wZ, cwiGek, cvwicvwk¼ÆKZv, RxeR¯§, RvZxq RxeGbi bvbv aviv, Zvi BwZnvm, msÕ•‡wZ, agÆ, mgvR, cwievi, BZÅvw` wewPò welq wbGq cÉev` iwPZ nq| cÉevG` ‰KwU ˆ`k I RvwZi Rxeb-cÉevGni bvbv wPò cvIqv hvq| ˆmàwj Lí nGjI LuvwU wPò; KviY cÉev` ˆjvKgGbi mZÅi…c enb KGi|

cÉev` ˆhGnZz eyw«¬cÉavb iPbv, ˆmGnZz Abygvb Kiv nq ˆh, gvbyl cÉevG`i m†wÓ¡ I cÉGqvMGKŒkj ˆjvKmvwnGZÅi AbÅvbÅ kvLvi Zzjbvq AGcÞvK‡Z cGi Avqî KGiGQ| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ cçg kZvõxGZ wgkGii cÅvwcivGmi MG͸ cÉevG`i cÉGqvM AvGQ| fviZxq ˆe`-DcwblG`I cÉev` AvGQ| evsjv mvwnGZÅi Avw` wb`kÆb PhÆvcG` KGqKwU cÉev` AvGQ| ‘Avcbv gvGm nwiYv Šewi’ cÉev`wU PhÆvc`KZÆv fzmyKz eÅenvi KGib; Zuvi AvwefÆveKvj ‰MvGiv kZK| ˆPŒó kZGK eo~ Píx`vm kÉxK‡úKxZÆGb ‰es ˆlvGjv kZGK gyKz±`ivg PíxgãGj ‰KB cÉev` eÅenvi KGib| AvaywbK hyGM evsjv mvwnGZÅi cÉf„Z D®²wZ I cÉmvi NUGj cÉevG`i eÅenvi AviI weÕ¦‡Z nq|

cÉevG`i ˆkÉYxKiY ‰KwU RwUj welq| ˆewki fvM cÉev`-mâjGb cÉev`mgƒnGK AÞivbyò×Gg webÅÕ¦ Kiv nq| AvPÆvi ˆUji I we.ˆR üBwUs cÉev`àwjGK cÉavbZ weGklÅ, weGklY ev ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆKvb kõ aGi ˆkÉYxKiY KGib| ZuvG`i AbymiGY ‘A͸ ˆkvGK KvZi, AwaK ˆkvGK cv^i’, ‘`yB mZxGbi Ni, ˆLv`vq iÞv Ki’ cÉev` `ywUGK ‘ˆkvK’ I ‘mZxb’ kGõi A¯¦fÆyî× Kiv hvq| ‰iKg eMÆxKiY «¼viv cÉevG`i ˆKvl ev mâjb Mɯ© cÉKvk Kiv mnR, wK¯§ cÉevG`i Pwiò-weGkÏlY `yi…n|

ˆjvKmvwnGZÅi AbÅ kvLvi gGZv cÉevG`I gvbyl, mgvR I cwiGeGki K^v AwbevhÆfvGe ‰GmGQ| ‘RGj Kzwgi Wvãvq evN’, ‘Lvj ˆKGU Kzwgi Avbv’, ‘ˆhLvGb evGNi fq ˆmLvGb m®¬Åv nq’, ‘giv nvwZi `vg jvL UvKv’, ‘nvwZ LvG` coGj eÅvGOI jvw^ gvGi’, ‘nvwZ-ˆNvov ˆMj Zj, gkv eGj KZ Rj’, ‘NyNy ˆ`LQ,  duv` ˆ`L wb’ BZÅvw` cÉevG` gvbyGli Õ¼fve, Pwiò I AeÕ©vi K^v ejv nGqGQ| ‘LvIb ˆ`Iqvi gyGiv` bvB, wKj gvivi ˆMuvmvB’, ‘UvKv ^vKGj evGNi `yaI cvIqv hvq’, ‘LvRbvi ˆPGq evRbv ˆewk’ BZÅvw` cÉevG`i wfwî A^Æ| ab-ŠelgÅ I ˆkÉYx-ˆkvlGYi wPn× AvGQ ‰me cÉevG`; A^Æ AceÅGqi w`KwUI dzGU DGVGQ|

‘PvPv Avcb cÉvY euvPv’, ‘Avc fvj ˆZv RMr fvj’, ‘Avcwb euvPGj evGci bvg’ BZÅvw` cÉevG` AvñgyLx ˆPZbv cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| Avevi ‘`Gki jvwV ‰GKi ˆevSv’, ‘`kPGò× fMevb f„Z’, ‘ˆhw`GK `k ˆmw`GKB ˆLv`v’ cÉev`àwjGZ m›Ne«¬ kwî× I HKÅGevGai cwiPq AvGQ| ‘ivGL AvÍÏv gvGi ˆK’, ‘KcvGji wjLb bv hvq Líb’, ‘AfvMv ˆhw`GK Pvq, mvMi ÷KvGq hvq’ cÉev`àwjGZ A`†Ó¡evG`i K^v AvGQ| ‘LvGU LvUvq w«¼àY cvq, eGm LvUvq AGaÆK cvq’, ‘eGm ˆLGj ivRvi fvívi dzivq’ BZÅvw` cÉevG` KgÆevG`i cÉwZ BwãZ Kiv nGqGQ| ‘ˆh Mi‚ `ya ˆ`q, Zvi jvw^I fvj’, ‘`yÓ¡ Mi‚i ˆPGq kƒbÅ ˆMvqvj fvj’ cÉevG` eÕ§ev`x I ŠbivkÅev`x `ywU wecixZagÆx `kÆb cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ|

bi-bvixi Õ¼fve-Pwiò, ˆckv BZÅvw` welqK cÉevG`i msLÅv ARmË| cwievi I mgvRmƒGò mÁ·wKÆZ hZ bi-bvix AvGQ, ZvG`i cÉvq mKGji Õ¼fve-Pwiò I AvPiY wbGq eü cÉev` iwPZ nGqGQ| ˆmme cÉevG` cÉavbZ ZvG`i mgvGjvPbvB Kiv nGqGQ; àY AGcÞv ˆ`vGli w`KwUB ˆewk aiv cGoGQ| gv-evev, gvwm-wcwm, eaƒ, k¼÷i-kv÷wo, bb`, Rv, fvmyi, ˆ`ei, kÅvjK, bvwZ-bvZwb, mZxb, mrgv, mLx BZÅvw` mÁ·GKÆ kZ kZ cÉev` AvGQ| ˆmàwji gGaÅ evev, gv I gvwm eÅZxZ AbÅG`i wb±`v, eÅã I nxb `†wÓ¡GZ ˆ`Lv nGqGQ| weGklZ bvixi wb±`v mgwaK| ‘wS Rõ wkGj, eD Rõ wKGj’, ‘kv÷wo gj mKvGj, ˆLGq ˆ`Gq mgq ^vGK ˆZv Kuv`e Avwg weKvGj’, ‘bbw`bx ivqevwNbx, `uvwoGq AvGQ Kvj-mvwcbx’, ‘k¼÷ievwo gayi nvwo, wZbw`b ci SuvUvi evwo’, ‘`yB mZxGb Ni, ˆLv`v-B iÞv Ki’ BZÅvw` cÉev` ‰ cÉmGã ÕÃiYxq| ‰àwji iPwqZv bvix; bvixi cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK AeÕ©vbMZ KviGY Õ¼vgxi Avñxq-Õ¼RbGK my`†wÓ¡GZ ˆ`Lv ev ZvG`i cÉwZ mywePvi Kiv Zvi cGÞ mÁ¿e nq bv| ˆh mgvGR bvixi AwaKvi I ghÆv`v Õ¼xK‡Z bq, ˆm mgvGRB ‰gb cÉevG`i m†wÓ¡ nq|

‘AwZ ˆjvGf ZuvwZ bÓ¡’, ‘ˆgvMj-cvVvb nó nGjv dviwm cGo ZuvwZ’, ‘Xvj bvB ZGjvqvi bvB wbwaivg m`Ævi’, ‘Avbvwo ŠeG`Å Kvb bÓ¡, KvVGgvÍÏvq Cgvb bÓ¡’, ‘Nyl ˆcGj Avgjv ZzÓ¡’, ‘Kwo w`Gq wKbe `B, Mqjvwb ˆgvi wKGmi mB’, ‘nvwKg bGo ˆZv üKzg bGo bv’, ‘SGo eK gGi, dwKGii ˆKivgwZ evGo’, ‘MuvGq gvGb bv Avcwb ˆgvoj’ BZÅvw` cÉevG` wewf®² ˆckvi gvbyGli Pwiò ewYÆZ nGqGQ|

cÉev` fvlvi ‰K AgƒjÅ mÁ·`| cÉev` eî×eÅGK mymsnZ I A^Æen KGi, ˆRvivGjv I avivGjv KGi| gynÁÃ` knx`yÍÏvn&i fvlvq ‘my±`ixi AjK-wZjGKi bÅvq cÉev`evKÅàwj fvlvq ˆmŒ±`hÆ dzUvBqv ˆZvGj|’ hyM hyM aGi iwPZ cÉev`àwj evsjv fvlvi kwî× I ˆmŒ±`hÆ e†w«¬ KGiGQ|  [IqvwKj Avng`]

AviI ˆ`Lyb  ˆjvKmvwnZÅ |

Mɯ©cwé  `xGbkP±`Ê ˆmb, Šggbwmsn-MxwZKv, KjKvZv, 1923, cƒeÆeã-MxwZKv, 1926; Av÷GZvl fëvPvhÆ, evsjvi ˆjvKmvwnZÅ, 1g Lí, KjKvZv, 1963; kxjv emvK, evsjv auvavi welq‹ewPòÅ I mvgvwRK cwiPq, KjKvZv, 1990; Avkivd wmwóKx, ˆjvKmvwnZÅ (2 Lí, 1994), XvKv; Maria Edward Leach (ed), Standard Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore and Legends, Vols. I, II, New York, 1949; Antti Arne and Stith Thompson, The Types of Folkfates, Helsinki, 1964.