ˆcvkvK wk͸  eÅvcK cwigvGY ŠZwi ˆcvkvK (Avi‰gwR) cÉÕ§Z KviLvbvi weKvk evsjvG`Gk AGcÞvK‡Z bZzb wk͸LvZ| MZ kZvõxi lvGUi `kGKi cÉ^gvaÆ chƯ¦ LwióvGii Pvwn`vbyhvqx ZvG`i mieivnK‡Z Kvco w`Gq `wRÆiv Avjv`v Avjv`v ˆcvkvK ŠZwi KGi w`Z| wk÷G`i ˆcvkvK ‰es cyi‚lG`i A¯¦eÆvm Qvov evsjvG`Gki Afů¦ixY evRvGi lvGUi `kK chƯ¦ AbÅ ˆKvb ŠZwi ˆcvkvK cvIqv ˆhZ bv|

mîGii `kGKi ˆklvaÆ ˆ^GK gƒjZ ‰KwU iµ¦vwbgyLx LvZ wnGmGe evsjvG`Gk ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i ˆÞGò D®²qb NUGZ ^vGK| ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i Afů¦ixY evRviI `Ë‚Z mÁ·ËmvwiZ nq ‰es ‰B LvGZi mGã mswkÏÓ¡ mKGji Avq e†w«¬ cvq I Rxebhvòvq cwieZÆb AvGm| LvZwU KgÆmsÕ©vGbi ˆÞGò `Ë‚Z ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGq IGV ‰es Zv ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb I wRwWwcGZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ae`vb ivGL|

1999 mvGj ‰B wk͸LvGZ mivmwi KgÆmsÕ©vb nq 1.4 wgwjqGbiI ˆewk ˆjvGKi, hvi gGaÅ kZKiv cÉvq 80 Rb gwnjv| ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i mÁ·ËmviGYi mvG^ mvG^ eÕ¨, myZv, AvbylwãK DcKiY, cÅvGKURvZKiGYi DcKiY BZÅvw` wkG͸iI mÁ·ËmviY nGZ ^vGK| ‰Z«¼ÅZxZ cwienY, eÅvswKs, wkwcs ‰es B´ÖyGi´Ö ˆmevi Pvwn`vI e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| ‰i meUvB AwZwiî× KgÆmsÕ©vGbi m†wÓ¡ KGi|
	ˆcvkvK wk͸

‰ aiGbi mgÕ¦ bZzb cGivÞ-KgÆmsÕ©vb gƒjZ ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸ KZƆK m†wÓ¡ hvi myweavGfvMx ˆgvU 2,00,000 kÉgRxex| ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i mÁ·ËmviY mgvGR DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwieZÆb mvab KGiGQ| ˆ`Gki 1.12 wgwjqGbiI ˆewk bvixGK ‰B wk͸ kÉgkwî×GZ mÁ·†î× KGiGQ ‰es Zviv A^ÆbxwZGZ Ae`vb ivLGQ| kÉgRxex gwnjvG`i A^Æ‹bwZK ÞgZvqb cwievGi ZvG`i AeÕ©vGbi cwieZÆb AvbqGb mÞg nGqGQ, PvKwii myweavw` ˆfvMKvix evev, fvB ‰es Õ¼vgxi HwZnÅMZ wcZ‡Zvw¯¨K KZ‡ÆGZ½i ˆÞGò cwieZÆb mvab KGiGQ| AwaKvsk kÉgRxex bvix ‰Lb weGq ‰es m¯¦vb aviGYi ˆÞGò wbGRG`i cQ±` Abyhvqx wm«¬vG¯¦i K^v ejGZ cvGi| mgvGR evjÅweevGni msLÅv KGgGQ, ˆmB mvG^ nËvm ˆcGqGQ R¯Ãnvi| kÉgRxex ˆgGqiv ZvG`i ˆQvU ˆQvU fvBGevbG`i hð wbGœQ ‰es Õ•zGj cvVvGœQ| dGj ˆ`Gk mvÞiZvi nvi e†w«¬ cvGœQ| Zviv cwievwiK wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi ˆÞGò Ask MÉnY KiGZ cviGQ| ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welq nGœQ, ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸LvGZi mÁ·ËmviY bZzb DG`Åvî×v`j m†wÓ¡ KiGQ hviv Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò kwî×kvjx ˆemiKvwi LvZ MGo ZzGjGQ| ‰B DG`Åvî×vG`i ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ msLÅv gwnjv| evsjvG`Gki AbÅZg cyivGbv iµ¦vwbgyLx ˆcvkvK KviLvbv ‘ŠekvLx’ 1977-‰ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib ‰KRb gwnjv| ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbvq AGbK gwnjv Ea»ÆZb wbeÆvnx cG` AwawÓ¤Z|

evsjvG`Gki ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbvàwj KuvPvgvj ‰es AbÅvbÅ AvbylwãK DcKiGYi RbÅ Avg`vwbi Ici AwaK gvòvq wbfÆikxj| ‰me cYÅ Drcv`Gb evsjvG`Gki mvg^ÆÅ mxwgZ| iµ¦vwbGhvMÅ ŠZwi ˆcvkvK Drcv`Gbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ZuvZeGÕ¨i kZKiv cÉvq 90 fvM ‰es eybb KvcGoi kZKiv 60 fvM weG`k ˆ^GK Avg`vwb KiGZ nq|

cÉv^wgKfvGe ‰ wk͸LvZ mveK´ŸÈvÙ-‰i wfwîGZ MGo IGV, evsjvG`kx DG`Åvî×viv weG`kx ˆò×ZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK ZvG`i Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK mveK´ŸÈvÙi wnGmGe KvR ˆbq wm-‰g (KvUv ‰es ˆmjvB)-‰i ˆiGUi wfwîGZ| ˆMvovi w`GK weG`kx ˆò×ZvivB me aiGbi Kvco ‰es AvbylwãK DcKiY mieivn KiZ A^ev evsjvG`kx mveK´ŸÈvÙiG`i cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx Kvco Avg`vwbi RbÅ mieivGni Drm wbG`Æk KGi w`Z| cieZÆxGZ cwiwÕ©wZi wKQyUv D®²wZ NGU| eZÆgvGb AGbK eo eo ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbv ZvG`i wbR wbR Drm ˆ^GK Zv msMÉn KGi|

1978 mvGj ˆ`Gk gvò 9wU iµ¦vwbgyLx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK cÉÕ§ZKviK BDwbU wQj, ˆhàwj Drcvw`Z cYÅ iµ¦vwb KGi AvbygvwbK gvò ‰K wgwjqb Wjvi DcvRÆb KiGZ mÞg nq| ‰i gGaÅ wKQy BDwbU wQj LyeB ˆQvU| ‰àwj Afů¦ixY I ŠeG`wkK Dfq evRvGii RbÅB ŠZwi ˆcvkvK Drcv`b KiZ, ‰àwji gGaÅ PviwU ˆQvU ‰es cyivGbv BDwbU nGjv ixqvR MvGgÆ´Ÿm, cÅvwim MvGgÆ´Ÿm, RyGqj MvGgÆ´Ÿm ‰es ŠekvLx MvGgÆ´Ÿm| AMÉYx KviLvbv ixqvR MvGgÆ´Ÿm, 1960 mvGj XvKvq Õ©vwcZ nq ‰KwU ˆQvU ˆmjvBK‡Z ˆcvkvK weGò×Zvi ˆ`vKvb wnGmGe| ixqvR ˆm´Ÿvi bvGg ‰B cÉwZÓ¤vb cÉvq 15 ermi hver ÷ay Afů¦ixY evRvGii RbÅ ˆcvkvK ŠZwi KGi| 1973 mvGj ‰wU bvg cwieZÆb KGi bZzb bvg aviY KGi ˆgmvmÆ ixqvR MvGgÆ´Ÿm wjwgGUW ‰es ‰i KvhÆò×g iµ¦vwb evRvGi mÁ·ËmviY KGi| 1978 mvGj ‰KwU cÅvwim-wfwîK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wbKU 10,000wU ˆR´Ÿm kvUÆ weò×Gqi gvaÅGg ‰wU 13 wgwjqb ˆdÌ´Ö dÌvâ DcvRÆb KGi| ‰wUB wQj evsjvG`k ˆ^GK mivmwi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwbKviK cÉ^g cÉwZÓ¤vb| 1979 mvGj meÆcÉ^g ˆ`k MvGgÆ´Ÿm wjwgGUW bvGg ‰KwU bb-BKzBwU RGq´Ÿ ˆfbPvi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbv Õ©vwcZ nq| `wÞY ˆKvwiqvi `vBGqv KiGcvGikGbi mvG^ ˆ`k MvGgÆ´Ÿm wjwgGUW-‰i KvwiMwi I wecYb mnGhvwMZvi mÁ·KÆ wQj| ‰wU evsjvG`Gki cÉ^g ‰KkZ fvM iµ¦vwbgyLx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbv| ‰B KviLvbvq wQj `wÞY ˆKvwiqv ˆ^GK cÉwkÞYcÉvµ¦ 3 Rb gwnjvmn cÉvq 120 Rb AcvGiUi ‰es ‰B cÉwkÞYcÉvµ¦ KgÆxiv 1980 mvGji cÉ^g w`GK Drcv`b KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ KGi| 1980 mvGj AbÅ ‰KwU `wÞY ˆKvixq cÉwZÓ¤vb Bqvãbm KiGcvGikb UÇvKwmg wjwgGWU bvGgi ‰KwU evsjvG`kx cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mvG^ ˆhŒ^fvGe cÉwZÓ¤v KGi cÉ^g BKzBwU RGq´Ÿ ˆfbPvi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbv| evsjvG`kx Askx`viiv bZzb cÉwZÓ¤vb Bqvãbm evsjvG`k-‰ kZKiv 51 fvM BKzBwUi gvwjK nq| ‰wU cÉ^g 1980 mvGji wWGmÁ¼i gvGm evsjvG`k ˆ^GK cÅvGWW ‰es bb-cÅvGWW RÅvGKU myBGWGb iµ¦vwb KGi|

ռ͸ mgGqi gGaÅ evsjvG`kx DG`Åvî×viv wek¼ ˆcvkvKevRvi ‰es wecYGbi mvG^ mycwiwPZ nGq IGV| Zviv iµ¦vwbgyLx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbvi ˆÞGò weGklvwqZ ævGbi AwaKvix gvbemÁ·` MGo ZzjGZ mÞg nq| weG`kx ˆò×Zviv evsjvG`kGK ŠZwi ˆcvkvGKi ‰KwU AvKlÆYxq Drm wnGmGe ˆ`LGZ ÷i‚ KGi| mÕ¦vq ŠZwi ˆcvkvK cvIqvi myGhvM wbGZ weG`kx ˆò×ZvG`i AGbGK weGkl eÅeÕ©vq mvµÏvqvmÆ ˆò×wWU myweav cÉ`vb KGi|

wKQy wKQy ˆÞGò Õ©vbxq eÅvsKmgƒn BKzBwU cyuwRi Ask mieivn KGi| KvhÆPvjbv gƒjab msò×v¯¦ mgmÅvi eo aiGbi mgvavb NGU wcVvwcwV cÉZÅqcGòi (eÅvK Uz eÅvK ‰jwm) gvaÅGg, hv gvbmÁ·®² Kvco Avg`vwbGZ mnvqZv KGi| miKvi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbvi D®²qb mvaGb AMÉvwaKvi cÉ`vb KGi|

evsjvG`Gk 1982 mvGji ˆklchÆvq chƯ¦ gvò 47wU ˆcvkvK cÉÕ§ZKvix BDwbU wQj| 1984-85 mvGji w`GK ‰àwji msLÅv ˆeGo wMGq `uvovq 587 Avi 1999 mvGj nq 2,900| evsjvG`k ‰Lb weGk¼i iµ¦vwb ˆcvkvGKi evRvGi «¼v`k e†nîg mieivnKvix ˆ`k, hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi evRvGi ‰wU lÓ¤ ‰es BDGivwcqvb BDwbqb evRvGi cçg e†nîg wU-kvUÆ mieivnKvix| 1990-‰i `kGK ‰ wk͸LvGZi mÁ·ËmviY NGUGQ evwlÆK cÉvq 22 kZvsk nvGi| AZxGZ, 1980 mvj chƯ¦ evsjvG`k ˆ^GK iµ¦vwbK‡Z cYÅ ZvwjKvi kxGlÆ wQj cvU I cvURvZ `ËeÅmvgMÉx ‰es meÆGgvU iµ¦vwb AvGqi kZKiv 50 fvGMiI ˆewk AwRÆZ nGZv ‰àwj ˆ^GK| Avwki `kGKi ˆkGli w`GK ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸ cvU ‰es cvURvZ `ËeÅmvgMÉx iµ¦vwbi cwigvY QvwoGq iµ¦vwb ZvwjKvq cÉ^g Õ©vb AwaKvi KGi|

1983-84 mvGj ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb ˆ^GK Avq nq gvò 0.9 wewjqb Wjvi, hv wQj evsjvG`Gki ˆgvU iµ¦vwb AvGqi kZKiv 3.89 fvM| 1998-99 mvGj ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb ˆ^GK Avq wQj 5.51 wewjqb Wjvi hv ˆgvU iµ¦vwb AvGqi kZKiv 75.67 fvM| ZGe bxU ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb wQj gvò 30% KviY, ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i KuvPvgvj ‰es AvbylwãK DcKiY Avg`vwbGZ eÅq nq AvqK‡Z ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëvi cÉvq 70%|

ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸LvGZi Af„ZcƒeÆ AMÉMwZGZ ewnG`Ækxq ‰es Afů¦ixY Dfq cÉKvi Dcv`vGbiB Ae`vb AvGQ| ‰KwU ewnG`Ækxq Dcv`vb nGœQ MÅvU (GATT) AbyGgvw`Z gvwΟdvBevi AÅvGiéGg´Ÿ (‰g‰d‰) hv Av¯¦RÆvwZK ˆÞGò ŠZwi ˆcvkvK Drcv`Gbi Õ©vb cybeÆ¥Ÿb cÉwò×qv Z½ivw¯¼Z KGi| ‰g‰d‰-i AaxGb eo AGâi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK Avg`vwbKviK ˆ`k BD‰m‰ ‰es KvbvWv ˆKvUvi evaÅevaKZv AvGivc KGi| ‰g‰d‰ nsKs, `wÞY ˆKwiqv, wmãvcyi, ZvBIqvb, ^vBjÅv´£, gvjGqwkqv, BG±`vGbwkqv, kÉxjâv, fviZ ˆ^GK BD‰m‰ ‰es KvbvWvi gGZv ˆ`kmgƒGn ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb mxwgZ KGi ˆ`q| AbÅw`GK, ‰g‰d‰-i cÉGqvM evsjvG`Gki RbÅ AvkxeÆv` wnGmGe ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| Õ¼G͸v®²Z ˆ`k wnGmGe BD‰m‰ ‰es BDGivwcqvb BDwbqb (EU) evsjvG`kGK evwYRÅ AMÉvwaKvi cÉ`vb KGi| cÉ^g w`GK evsjvG`kGK ˆKvUvgyî× ghÆv`v ˆ`Iqv nq| wek¼ evRvGii cÉwZGhvwMZvgƒjK AeÕ©v eRvq ivLGZ eo ˆcvkvK mieivnKvixiv cyivGbv ˆ`kàwji e`Gj evsjvG`Gki gGZv ˆKvUvgyî× ‰es ˆcvkvK ŠZwii `Þ I mÕ¦v kÉwgKmg†«¬ ˆ`Gk ŠZwi ˆcvkvK KviLvbv Õ©vcGb AvMÉnx nGq IGV| Zviv evsjvG`kGK ‰KwU cÉwZkÉ‚wZkxj ˆ`k wnGmGe AvweÓ•vi KGi| dGj evsjvG`Gk ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸KviLvbv `Ë‚Z ˆeGo DVGZ ^vGK|

1985 mvj bvMv` evsjvG`k kwî×gvb ˆcvkvK mieivnKvix wnGmGe Avwef„ÆZ nq ‰es BD‰m‰, KvbvWv I BDGivGci evRvGii HwZnÅevnx mieivnKvixG`i KvGQ kwî×kvjx cÉwZGhvMx wnGmGe cwiYZ nq| 1986 mvj ^vGK evsjvG`k BD‰m‰ ‰es KvbvWvi ò×geaÆgvb ˆKvUv evaÅevaKZvi AvIZvfzî× nq| 1980-i `kGK ˆekwKQy ˆ`Gk ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸ wecwîKi AeÕ©vq cGo| Afů¦ixY mgmÅvi KviGY kÉxjâv ‰es `wÞY ‰wkqvi AbÅvbÅ KGqKwU ˆ`Gk Drcv`b LiP `Ë‚Z ˆeGo hvq| ˆò×Zviv weK͸ Drm LuyRGZ ^vGK ‰es mÕ¦v kÉwgK I eo AvKvGii iµ¦vwb ˆKvUvi myevG` evsjvG`k ‰KwU Av`kÆ weK͸ wnGmGe cÉZxqgvb nq| BDGivcxq BDwbqb evsjvG`kGK AeÅvnZfvGe ˆKvUvgyî× ghÆv`v ‰es wR‰mwc myGhvM-myweav w`GZ ^vGK| ZvQvov, BD‰m‰ ‰es KvbvWv evsjvG`Gki RbÅ ˆek eo AvKvGii ˆKvUv envj ivGL| ‰me myGhvM MÉnY KGi evsjvG`k ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwbGZ BD‰m‰, KvbvWv ‰es BDGivcxq BDwbqGbi evRvi wbwøZ KGi| ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸ ˆeGo IVvi ˆÞGò Afů¦ixY Dcv`vbàwj KvhÆKi f„wgKv ivGL ‰es cÉwkÞYcÉvµ¦ mÕ¦v kÉwgGKi mnRjfÅZv evsjvG`kGK ZzjbvgƒjK myweav ‰Gb ˆ`q| miKvGii bxwZmgƒn ‰B wk͸LvGZi `Ë‚Z mg†w«¬i ˆÞGò Ae`vb ivGL| miKvi wcVvwcwV cÉZÅqcGòi gvaÅGg ÷Í•gyî× Kvco Avg`vwb, ÷Í•vaxb à`vg eÅenvGii myweavw`, myG`i nvGi weGkl Qvo, iµ¦vwbi RbÅ bM` AG^Æ cÉGYv`bv, iµ¦vwb cÉwò×qvRvZKiY ‰jvKvi myweavw`mn wewf®² aiGbi Drmvn-Dóxcbv hywMGq ^vGK| ‰Qvov miKvi Avg`vwb I iµ¦vwb ˆÞGò KvhÆKi wKQy AvbyÓ¤vwbK c`GÞcI MÉnY KGi|

evsjvG`Gki ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸LvGZ wKQy `yeÆjZvI AvGQ|  cÉwZGhvMx ˆ`kmgƒGni AGbGKi Zzjbvq evsjvG`k ‰B LvGZ Drcv`bkxjZvq wcwQGq AvGQ| evsjvG`kx kÉwgKiv nsKs, `wÞY ˆKvwiqv ‰es AbÅvbÅ ˆ`Gki kÉwgG`i gGZv `Þ bq| ZvQvov, AwaKvsk KviLvbvq ˆh cÉhywî× eÅen…Z nq ˆmàwjI AvaywbK bq|

Avg`vwbK‡Z KuvPvgvGji Ici AwZgvòvq wbfÆikxjZv QvovI evsjvG`Gki ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸LvZ ‰LvbKvi AeKvVvGgvMZ `y`Ækvi wkKvi| we`yÅr mieivn mgmÅv, hvbevnb mgmÅv ‰es ˆhvMvGhvM mgmÅv Drcv`b e†w«¬i ˆÞGò weivU cÉwZe®¬K| ‰LvGb e±`i myweavw`I AcÉZzj, cÉvqk e±`Gi AhvwPZfvGe gvjvgvj ˆevSvB-‰i KvR AvUGK ^vGK ‰es wkcGg´Ÿ wejwÁ¼Z nq| dGj AWÆvi Abyhvqx iµ¦vwbcYÅ ˆhvMvb w`GZ AGbK ˆewk mgq ˆjGM hvq|

‰g‰d‰-i cÉGqvM AGbK ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwbKviK ˆ`Gk ˆbwZevPK cÉfve ˆdGj| ‰g‰d‰ ˆKvUvi KviGY ÞwZMÉÕ¦ ˆ`kmgƒnGK MÅvU c«¬wZi AvIZvq eÕ¨ I ˆcvkvK wk͸GK ‰Kxf„Z KGi ‰g‰d‰-i evBGi PGj ˆhGZ evaÅ KGi| dGj Di‚àGq chÆvqò×Gg 2004 mvGji ˆkl bvMv` ‰g‰d‰ cÉZÅvnvGii wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbq| ‰g‰d‰ cÉZÅvnvGii dGj eZÆgvGb ˆhme ˆ`Gki RbÅ ˆKvUv mxgve«¬Zv Pvjy AvGQ ˆmàwjmn mKj ˆ`k ˆKvUvgyî× evRvGii myweav cvGe eGj wek¼evRvGi evsjvG`Gki AeÕ©vb cvGΟ hvGe| evsjvG`kGK AwaK msLÅK cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰es kwî×kvjx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK mieivnKvix ˆ`Gki mGã cÉwZGhvwMZv KiGZ nGe| bZzb PÅvGjé ˆgvKvGejvi RbÅ evsjvG`k wKQy c`GÞc MÉnY KGiGQ| ‰i gGaÅ iGqGQ AeKvVvGgvMZ cÉwZe®¬KZv `ƒixKiY, AwZwiî× mieivn mvg^ÆÅ m†wÓ¡, Drcv`b eÅq nËvGmi ˆKŒkj AejÁ¼b ‰es cøvr-A¯¼qx wkG͸i mGã ‰Kxf„ZKiGYi gvaÅGg ŠZwi ˆcvkvK LvGZ gƒjÅ msGhvRb evovGbv|

ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i RbÅ cøvr-A¯¼qx wk͸mgƒGni gGaÅ AvGQ eÕ¨eqb, ˆmjvBGqi myZv KvUv, is Kiv, Qvc gviv ‰es wdwbwks| ‰me KvR KGÁ·vwRU wgGj ‰KGò mÁ·®² Kiv hvq A^ev Kiv hvq c†^KfvGe, Avjv`v Avjv`v BDwbGU| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`kx ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwbKviKiv wcVvwcwV (back to back) cÉZÅqcò eÅenvi KGi Av¯¦RÆvwZK gƒGjÅ eÕ¨ Avg`vwb KGi| ‰B cÉwò×qvq Avg`vwbKviKiv A^Ævr evsjvG`kx ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwbKviKiv DœPnvGi my` I AbÅvbÅ PvRÆ, Kwgkb I gaÅÕ© KvievwiG`i wd cwiGkva KGi| eÕ¨ eqb, myZv KvUv (wÕ·wbs) ‰es cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ KGÁ·vwRU KviLvbv Õ©vwcZ nGj AWÆvi MÉnY I ˆm Abyhvqx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK mieivGni gaÅeZÆx mgGqi eÅeavb KGg hvGe, gƒjÅ msGhvRb I KgÆmsÕ©vb evoGe ‰es ejvevüjÅ, Drcv`b eÅGqI mvkÉq nGe| cçg cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bvq (1997-2002) evsjvG`k miKvi wÕ·wbs-‰i mÁcÉmviGYi gvaÅGg ˆmjvBGqi myZv Drcv`Gb Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆZv ARÆGbi jÞÅ wbaÆviY KGiGQ| wÕ·wbs LvGZi Drcv`bÞgZv chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY ˆeGoGQ wVKB ZGe Zv Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq ‰LbI AcÉZzj| evsjvG`Gk ‰Lb 142wU wis wÕ·wbs wgj ‰es 15wU IGcb-‰´£ wÕ·wbs wgjmn 1,126wU eqb I wÕ·wbs KviLvbv AvGQ| ‰àwj gƒjZ Afů¦ixY evRvGii RbÅ Drcv`b KGi| Drcvw`Z ˆgvU eGÕ¨i gvò 25% ˆ`q AvaywbK KviLvbvmgƒn, Afů¦ixYfvGe Drcvw`Z evwK eGÕ¨i ˆhvMvb ˆ`q weGklvwqZ BDwbU, we`yÅrPvwjZ ZuvZ ‰es nÕ¦PvwjZ ZuvZmgƒn| ˆ`kxq Drcv`b iµ¦vwbgyLx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i RbÅ eybb eGÕ¨i ˆgvU Pvwn`vi 8 kZvsGkiI Kg ˆgUvGZ cvGi, Avi wbU eGÕ¨i Pvwn`v ˆgUvGZ cvGi cÉvq 40%|

eZÆgvGb Afů¦ixY evRvGii RbÅ Drcv`bKvix ‰es iµ¦vwbgyLx ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i RbÅ ˆmjvBGqi myZvi ˆgvU Pvwn`v cÉvq 590 wgwjqb ˆKwR ‰es 2005 mvj bvMv` ‰B Pvwn`v cÉvq 818 wgwjqb ˆKwRGZ e†w«¬ ˆcGZ cvGi| eZÆgvGb eÕ¨ cÉGqvRb 4,400 wgwjqb wgUvi ‰es 2005 mvGj eGÕ¨i Pvwn`v 6,000 wgwjqb wgUvGi e†w«¬ cvGe| AvbygvwbK wnmvGe, 2005 mvj bvMv` evsjvG`Gk cÉGqvRb nGe cÉwZwU 25,000wU UvKzmn 156wU wÕ·wbs wgj, cÉwZwUGZ 125wU ZuvZ mn 371wU ZuvZ KviLvbv ‰es cÉwZwUGZ evwlÆK 10 wgwjqb wgUvi Kvco cÉwò×qvRvZKiY ÞgZvmÁ·®² 371wU WvBs I wdwbwks BDwbU|

evsjvG`k miKvi RvZxq D®²qb cwiK͸bvq cøvr-A¯¼qx wk͸ Õ©vcGbi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ jÞÅ wÕ©i KGiGQ| cçg cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bvq ‰Z`mswkÏÓ¡ wbaÆvwiZ jÞÅ ARÆGbi RbÅ evsjvG`k miKvi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸LvGZ ˆ`kx ‰es weG`kx cÉZÅÞ wewbGqvM DrmvwnZ KiGZ AvKlÆYxq cÉGYv`bvi ˆNvlYv w`GqGQ| evsjvG`k MvGgÆ´Ÿ gÅvbydÅvKPvivmÆ AÅv´£ ‰ÝGcvUÆvmÆ AÅvGmvwmGqkb (wewR‰gB‰)-‰i mnGhvwMZvq iµ¦vwb D®²qb eyÅGiv weG`Gki evRvGi evsjvG`Gki ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wk͸ ZzGj aivi RbÅ wewf®² c`GÞc MÉnY KGi| Zviv XvKvq evwlÆK cÉ`kÆbxi AvGqvRb KGi ‰es ZvGZ kZ kZ weG`kx ˆò×Zv AskMÉnY KGi|

evsjvG`k mxwgZ KGqK ˆkÉYxi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb KGi ^vGK| evsjvG`Gki KviLvbvàwj cÉavbZ kvUÆ, RÅvGKU I cvqRvgv ŠZwi KGi ‰es ˆgvU ŠZwi ˆcvkvGKi cÉvq 60% kvUÆ, hv iµ¦vwb Kiv nq Kg `vGg| evsjvG`k hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi evRvGi eqÕ• cyi‚l I wk÷-wKGkviG`i mywZ kvGUÆi cÉavb iµ¦vwbKviK| ‰B evRvGi wbÁ²gƒGjÅ cYÅ weò×Gq evsjvG`k cÉwZGhvwMZv KGi fviZ, kÉxjâv, ˆgwÝGKv ‰es ˆm´ŸÈvj AvGgwiKvi AbÅvbÅ ˆ`Gki mvG^| evsjvG`k 1998 mvGj WRb cÉwZ 62.74 WjvGi kvUÆ weò×q KiZ| ‰B gƒjÅ wQj w«¼Zxq wbÁ²Zg| ˆWvwgwbKvb wicvewjK ‰KB aiGbi kvUÆ weò×q KiGZv meÆwbÁ² gƒjÅ cÉwZ WRb 54.79 WjvGi| fviZxq, ˆgwÝKvb ‰es kÉxjâvi kvGUÆi gƒjÅ wQj WRb cÉwZ 81.04 Wjvi, 76.26 Wjvi ‰es 74.77 Wjvi| Aciw`GK nsKs ‰es gvjGqwkqvi kvGUÆi gƒjÅ wQj WRb cÉwZ 107.34 Wjvi ‰es 134.08 Wjvi| evsjvG`Gki iµ¦vwbKviKiv AwaKvsk ˆÞGò ˆKvUv «¼viv wbaÆvwiZ aiGbi ˆcvkvK cÉÕ§Z KiZ| ZGe, ˆek wKQy eÅwZò×gI wQj| `wÞY ˆKvwiqvi KGqKwU cÉwZÓ¤vb XvKv ‰es PëMÉvg iµ¦vwb cÉwò×qvRvZKiY ‰jvKv ˆ^GK cÅvGWW RÅvGKU ‰es UÇvDRvmÆ DœPgƒGjÅ iµ¦vwb KiZ| eZÆgvGb AGbK cÉwZÓ¤vb wKQy ˆKvUv-ewnf„ÆZ AvBGUg iµ¦vwb KGi ^vGK| ‰me AvBGUGgi cwigvY LyeB Kg| mÁ·ËwZ eybb KvcGoi ˆcvkvGKi ˆPGq wbUIqÅvi ‰es ˆmvGqUvGii iµ¦vwb AwaKZi `Ë‚ZMwZGZ e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ‰GZ ˆevSv hvq, evsjvG`k ŠZwi ˆcvkvK Drcv`Gb ŠewPòÅvqb NUvGœQ|

evsjvG`k cÉvq 30wU ˆ`Gk ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb KiGjI ‰i iµ¦vwb evRvi gƒjZ hyî×ivÓ¡Ë ‰es BDGivcxq BDwbqGb ˆK±`Êxf„Z meGPGq eo Avg`vwbKviK ˆ`k hyî×ivÓ¡Ë 1998-99 mvGj evsjvG`k ˆ^GK iµ¦vwbK‡Z ŠZwi ˆcvkvGKi meÆGgvU 43.24% Avg`vwb KGiGQ| ‰KB ermi hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi ˆcvkvGKi evRvGi evsjvG`k wQj lÓ¤ e†nîg mieivnKvix ˆ`k| ZGe BDGivGci meKwU ˆ`Gki evRviGK hw` mgw¯¼Z ‰KwU ‰KK evRvi wnGmGe aGi ˆbIqv nq, ZvnGj hyî×ivÓ¡Ë cwiYZ nGe w«¼Zxq e†nîg evRvGi| 1998-99 mvGj BDGivcxq ˆcvkvK evRvGi evsjvG`k 52.38% ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb KGi| BDGivcxq BDwbqb evsjvG`k ˆ^GK wbUIqÅvi iµ¦vwbi meÆvGcÞv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ M¯¦eÅÕ©j| ‰KKfvGe RvgÆvwb evsjvG`Gk wbUIqÅvi ‰es eybbeGÕ¨i ˆcvkvGKi e†nîg BDGivcxq Avg`vwbKviK| evsjvG`Gki iµ¦vwbK‡Z eybbeÕ¨ ˆcvkvGKi 15.6% ‰es wbUIqÅvGii 14.8% hvq RvgÆvwbGZ ‰es ‰mGei ˆò×Zv wnGmGe ‰i cGii Õ©vb `ywU h^vò×Gg hyî×ivRÅ ‰es dÌvG´Öi| BDGivcxq BDwbqb ‰KwU eÐK wnGmGe evsjvG`k ˆ^GK ò×gvMZ AwaK cwigvGY ˆcvkvK Avg`vwb KGi| 1995-2000 mgGq BDGivcxq BDwbqGb evsjvG`Gki ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb e†w«¬i nvi wQj 174%| ‰B Af„ZcƒeÆ cÉe†w«¬ nvGii cÉavb KviY gƒjZ wR‰mwc myweavi myevG` BDGivcxq evRvGi cÉvq ÷Í•gyî× ‰es ˆKvUvgyî× cÉGekvwaKvi| AbÅvbÅ iµ¦vwb evRvi ˆek ˆQvU| ZGe, Rvcvb ‰es Avwmqvb ˆ`kmgƒGni evRviàwj hG^Ó¡ mÁ¿vebvgq| evsjvG`k Rvcvb ˆ^GK ˆcvkvK wk͸LvGZi cÉvq 90% ˆgwkbvwiR Avg`vwb KiGjI RvcvGbi ˆcvkvK evRvGi eo AvKvGii ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwbGZ mÞg nq wb| ‰KBfvGe, evsjvG`k Avwmqvb evRvGi cÉGek KiGZI mÞg nq wb| Avevi fviZxq evRvi ˆ^GK evsjvG`k hw`I chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY Kvco ‰es myZv Avg`vwb KGi ^vGK, ‰B ˆ`Gki evRvGiI evsjvG`Gki iµ¦vwb mxwgZ| ‰i cÉavb KviY ÷Í• ‰es ÷Í•-ewnf„ÆZ cÉwZe®¬K I wewawbGla| mÁcÉwZ evsjvG`k fviZ, `wÞY ˆKvwiqv ‰es AbÅvbÅ KGqKwU bZzb evRvGi ŠZwi ˆcvkvK iµ¦vwb ÷i‚ KGiGQ| mvKÆ-‰i m`mÅ wnGmGe evsjvG`k fviZ ‰es mvGKÆi AbÅvbÅ m`mÅ ˆ`kmgƒGni ˆcvkvK evRvGi iµ¦vwb Kivi weÕ¦vwiZ KgÆmƒwP MÉnY KGiGQ|

ˆcvkvK wk͸ LvGZ wk÷kÉwgK eRÆGbi Av¯¦RÆvwZK `vweGZ evsjvG`k BwZevPK mvov w`GqGQ| 1994 mvGji 4 RyjvB XvKvq wewR‰gB‰, AvB‰jI, BDwbGmd ‰es hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi `ƒZvevm ˆhŒ^fvGe ‰K ÕÃviKwjwcGZ Õ¼vÞi KGi ‰es evsjvG`k 1996 mvGji bGfÁ¼i gvm ˆ^GK wk÷kÉg wbwl«¬ KiGZ AãxKvive«¬ nq| ‰wU mdjfvGe KvhÆKi Kiv nq| A^Æ‹bwZK mg^Æb ˆcGj wk÷iv 15 eQi eqm chƯ¦ Õ•zGj AskMÉnY KiGZ cvGi| wewR‰gB‰ ‰es wKQy ‰bwRI ˆhŒ^fvGe kÉgRxex wk÷G`i RbÅ wKQy Õ•zj cwiPvjbv KiGQ| KviLvbvi gvwjKG`i cÉwZ `vwe nGjv AvBb ˆgGb Pjv, bƒÅbZg gRywi Pvjy Kiv, KvGRi cwiGek, BGKv-ˆjGewjs BZÅvw` ˆÞGò ˆcvkvK wk͸ kÉwgKG`i `vwe evÕ¦evqb Kiv ‰es kÉwgKG`i ˆUÇW BDwbqb MVb Kivi ‰es/A^ev ˆUÇW BDwbqGb AskMÉnY Kivi AbygwZ ˆ`Iqv| ˆcvkvK wk͸ KviLvbvàwjGZ wmwe‰ mn AGbK mwò×q ˆUÇW BDwbqb iGqGQ| iµ¦vwb cÉwò×qvRvZKiY ‰jvKvmgƒGn AewÕ©Z KviLvbvàwjGZ ˆUÇW BDwbqb ˆbB| ZGe ‰LvbKvi KviLvbvq KgÆiZ kÉwgKiv DœPZi cvwikÉwgK ‰es D®²Z myweavw` ˆfvM KGi| wewR‰gB‰ Av¯¦RÆvwZK gvb`í ˆgGb PjGZ ‰ wk͸LvZGK mnvqZv KiGZ cvGi, weGkl KGi KviLvbvq AvRy WvBmn Õ¼vGÕ©Åi cGÞ ÞwZKi iGOi KvR bv-Kiv wbwøZ Kivi gvaÅGg| evsjvG`k ‰Uv Õ¼xKvi KGi wbGqGQ ˆh, ŠZwi ˆcvkvK wkG͸i fwelÅGZi Dci ˆ`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK wbivcîv wbfÆi KiGQ| myZivs ‰g‰d‰-Dîi wek¼evRvGii bZzb PÅvGjé ˆgvKvGejvi jGÞÅ ‰B ˆÞGò weÕ¦vwiZ KgÆmƒwP MÉnY KiGZ nGqGQ|  [nvwdR wR. ‰ wmwóKx]