পুরাণ

cyivY BwZnvm, AvLÅvb-DcvLÅvb, agÆxq wewa-weavb BZÅvw` mÁ¼wjZ ‰K ˆkÉYxi wgkÉ mvwnZÅ| mvaviY gvbyGli MÍ¸im AvÕ¼v`Gbi AvKv›Þv ˆ^GK ‰i Drcwî| DcwblG`i hyGM DœPgvGMÆi `vkÆwbK Zî½ hLb ˆkÉYxweGkGli gGaÅ mxgve«¬ nGq cGo, ZLb MYgvbyGli Pvwn`v ˆgUvGZ MGÍ¸i XGO mnR-mij fvlvq iwPZ nq cÉavbZ KvwnbxgƒjK ‰B cyivY mvwnZÅ| mvwnZÅiGmi mGã hvGZ agÆjvfI nq ˆmRbÅ agÆxq welqvw`I ‰i mGã hyî× Kiv nq|

cyivGYi mvaviY jÞY cuvPwU: mMÆ, cÉwZmMÆ, esk, g¯¼¯¦i ‰es eskvbyPwiZ| ‰i gaÅ w`Gq cyivGYi AvGjvPÅ welqI cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| mGMÆi AvGjvPÅ welq m†wÓ¡Zî½| MÍ¸œQGj ‰LvGb wek¼m†wÓ¡i KviY I c«¬wZ ewYÆZ nGqGQ| cÉwZmGMÆi welq a»sGmi ci bZzb wek¼m†wÓ¡| m†wÓ¡gvGòiB ˆhgb a»sm AwbevhÆ, ˆZgwb cÉjGqi ci bem†wÓ¡I AcwinvhÆ| cÉwZevi a»sGmi ci ‰B bem†wÓ¡i wbgÆvZv nGjb cÉRvcwZ eËþv | esGk ^vGK ˆ`eZv I FwlG`i eskZvwjKv| cÉvPxbZg Fwl I ˆ`eesk ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi gaÅcGeÆ gbyesk ‰es ˆklvsGk HwZnvwmK ivResGki eYÆbv ‰GZ cvIqv hvq| g¯¼¯¦Gii AvGjvPÅ welq gbyi esk| cÉwZevi a»sGmi ci hLb bZzb m†wÓ¡ nq ZLb ‰KRb Avw` cyi‚Gli R¯Ã nq| wZwbB gby ‰es Zuvi ˆ^GK ò×gv¯¼Gq gvbe mgvGRi D«¿e NGU| ‰K gby ˆ^GK AbÅ gbyi KvjGK eGj g¯¼¯¦i| ‰hver ˆPŒóRb gbyi AvwefÆve NGUGQ| eskvbyPwiZ meÆvGcÞv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ask| ‰LvGb ˆ`eZv, Fwl ev LÅvwZgvb ivRvG`i Kwnbx ewYÆZ nq| gnr eÅwî×G`i RxeGbi Dïvb-cZb ˆ`wLGq gvbe RxeGbi ˆkÉqcG^i wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰ cÉmGã cÉvPxb fviGZi weLÅvZ `yB ivResk P±`Êesk I mƒhÆesGki KxwZÆgvb ivRvG`i Kvwnbx weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| cyivGYi jÞYvò×v¯¦ ‰B cÉavb cuvPwU welq QvovI ‰GZ iGqGQ wewf®² agÆxq I mvgvwRK wewa-weavb (ˆhgb: eYÆvkÉg agÆ, kÉv«¬, cÉvqwøî, `vb, cƒRv, `xÞv BZÅvw`), ˆRÅvwZl , Q±` , K‡wlKvR, c÷cvjb, evwYRÅ, AvqyGeÆ`, eÅvKiY , f„GMvj, AÕ¨we`Åv BZÅvw` welq| cÉvPxb ivResGki cvkvcvwk iGqGQ AvaywbK ivResGki eYÆbv (ˆhgb: b±`esk, ˆgŒhÆesk, kƒãesk, Av®¬Ìesk, àµ¦esk BZÅvw`)| weúzcyivY, evqycyivY I grmÅcyivGY h^vò×Gg ˆgŒhÆ (326-185 wLË.cƒ), àµ¦ (320-357) ‰es Av®¬ÌesGki wbfÆiGhvMÅ BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| ‰i cvkvcvwk Avfxi, kK, heb, nƒY cÉf‡wZ ivResGki K^vI Rvbv hvq|

cyivYàwj `yB fvGM wefî× gnvcyivY I DccyivY| gnvcyivY 18 Lvbv ‰es DccyivYI 18 Lvbv, ˆgvU Qwòk Lvbv| ˆmàwj nGœQ: gnvcyivY eËþ, c«Â, weúz, wke ev evqy, fvMeZ, bvi`, gvKÆGíq, Aw™², fwelÅ ev fwelÅr, eËþ‹eeZÆ, wjã, eivn, Õ•±`, evgb, K„gÆ, grmÅ, Mi‚o I eËþví ‰es DccyivY mbrKzgvimswnZv, biwmsn, evqy, wkeagÆ, AvøhÆ, bvi`, bw±`GKk¼i, Dkbm&, Kwcj, ei‚Y, kvÁ¼, KvwjKv, gGnk¼i, Kwjã, ˆ`ex, civki, gvixP I fvÕ•i ev mƒhÆ| gnvcyivYàwj KvGji wePvGi cÉvPxbZg ‰es ‰àwji cÉvgvwYKZvI AwaK| ‰Qvov `yB cÉKvi cyivGYi gGaÅ weGkl ˆKvb cv^ÆKÅ ˆbB| fviZxq HwZnÅ AbymvGi eÅvmG`eGK cyivYàwji iPwqZv ejv nq, hw`I grmÅcyivY AbymvGi eÅvmG`e iPbv KGib AÓ¡v`k gnvcyivY ‰es ˆmàwji fvevbymvGi cieZÆxKvGj gnvcyivYàwji cwicƒiK wnGmGe iwPZ nq AÓ¡v`k DccyivY| cyivYàwji meB msÕ•‡Z fvlvq iwPZ|

cyivYàwj me ‰K mGã iwPZ nq wb| MGelKG`i gGZ cÉvPxb KGqKwU cyivY wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 4^Æ/5g kZGKi cƒGeÆB iwPZ nGqGQ ‰es AewkÓ¡àwji iPbv wLËÓ¡xq 7g kZGKi gGaÅ mgvµ¦ nGqGQ| msÕ•‡Z cyivGYi AbyKiGY gaÅhyGM evsjv fvlvq KGqKwU cyivYMÉ¯© iwPZ nq, ˆhgb: nvK±`cyivY (=agÆgãj), c«ÂvcyivY (bvivqYG`e) BZÅvw`| cieZÆxKvGji evsjv gãjKveÅàwjI cyivYGkÉYxi iPbv|

ˆcŒivwYK hyGM mbvZb aGgÆi ˆgŒwjK cwieZÆb mvwaZ nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq| ZLb Šew`K agÆ I `kÆbGK ˆjvKvqZ ˆPZbvi DcGhvMx I mvaviGYi mnRGevaÅ Kivi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq| Šew`K AvhÆG`i cÉavb agÆvbyÓ¤vb wQj `yøi hæGKw±`ÊK, wK¯§ cyivGYi hyGM ZvGK mnRmvaÅ cƒRv-cveÆY I eËZGKw±`ÊK Kiv nq| cyivGY ˆ`eG`exi gvbevqb cÉeYZv jÞÅ Kiv hvq| ˆ`eG`exi Ici gvbexq ˆ`vlàY ‰es gvbyGli Ici ˆ`eG`exi àYvewj AvGivGci ˆPÓ¡v cwijwÞZ nq| ‰GZ mvaviY gvbyl ˆ`eZvG`i mGã wbGRG`i `ƒiZ½ fzGj ˆ`eZvi Av`kÆ wbGRi RxeGb AbymiGYi ˆcÉiYv jvf KGi| ÷ay Zv-B bq, Šew`K hyGM ˆ`eG`exGK ˆhLvGb wewea fve I AgƒZÆ kwî×i cÉZxKi…Gc MÉnY Kiv nGqGQ ‰es cÉZxKwU gƒjfveGK jvf Kivi Dcvqgvò wnGmGe DcÕ©vwcZ nGqGQ, ˆmLvGb cyivGY ˆ`eG`exGKB gƒj gGb Kiv nGqGQ ‰es Zvi gƒwZÆ KÍ¸bv I Zv wbgÆvGYi Ici ˆRvi ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| wn±`yaGgÆ ˆcŒîwjKZvi exR ‰B cyivGYB wbwnZ| Šew`K Aw™² , ei‚Y, mƒhÆ cÉf‡wZ ˆ`eZvi Õ©Gj Píx , `yMÆv, MGYk BZÅvw` ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvi D«¿eI ‰ mgq| cyivGY gƒwZÆ wbgÆvGYi Dcv`vb, wewf®² ˆ`eG`exi cƒRvi mgq I DcKiY BZÅvw` ài‚GZ½i mGã ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ‰fvGe ò×gk wn±`y mgvGR Šew`K ˆ`eZvG`i ài‚Z½ nËvm ˆcGqGQ ‰es ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZvG`i ài‚Z½ e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| ‰gbwK cÉwZwU cyivY iwPZ nGqGQ ‰GKKRb ˆ`eZvi cƒRv cÉPjb, gvnvñÅ cÉPvi I ˆkÉÓ¤Z½ cÉwZÓ¤vi DGóGkÅ|

‰i ˆcQGb AekÅ ‰KwU mvgvwRK I ivR‹bwZK KviYI wQj| fviZeGlÆ ˆeŒ«¬ I ŠRb aGgÆi Dïvb ‰es AvGjKRv´£vGii fviZ Avò×gGYi (wLË.cƒ 326) dGj wn±`yagÆ wechÆÕ¦ nGq cGo| ˆgŒhÆ mgËvU AGkvGKi (wLË.cƒ 3q) mgq miKvwi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq ˆeŒ«¬aGgÆi eÅvcK cÉmvi I cÉfvGe eËvþYÅ wn±`yagÆ AviI wec®² nGq cGo| ZvB wn±`y mgvRcwZiv ˆPÓ¡v KGib wn±`y mgvRGK agÆxq AvPvi-AvPiGYi KGVvi wbqge®¬Gb Ave«¬ KiGZ, hvGZ AbÅ aGgÆi cÉfvGe wn±`yiv Õ¼agÆöÓ¡ bv nq| AviI ˆPÓ¡v KGib MÍ¸Kvwnbxi gvaÅGg wn±`yaGgÆi Zî½K^v mnRfvGe mvaviY gvbyGli gGaÅ QwoGq w`GZ| MÍ¸K^vi cÉvavbÅ ˆiGL AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vb-cÉavb aGgÆi weavb w`Gq ZvB Zuviv iPbv KGib weivU ˆcŒivwYK mvwnZÅ| Avi ‰B weavbàwjB cieZÆxKvGj wn±`yaGgÆi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Av`kÆ nGq `uvovq|

evsjvG`Gk cyivGYi cVb-cvVb eÅvcKfvGe cÉPwjZ wQj| ˆMŒoxq ŠeúemgvGR Šeúe cyivYàwji, weGklZ eËþ‹eeZÆ I fvMeZ cyivGYi Mfxi cÉfve wQj| ‰B cyivY`ywU AejÁ¼Gb ŠeúeG`i Rxeb I `kÆb MGo IGV| KGqKwU cyivY evsjvG`Gk iwPZ nGqGQ eGjI Abygvb Kiv nq| ˆmàwj nGjv: ˆ`exfvMeZ (5g-6Ó¤ kZK), ˆ`excyivY (Avby. 7g kZK), mbrKzgvimswnZv (Avby. 8g kZK), e†n®²vi`xqcyivY (Avby. 750-900), jNyfvMeZcyivY (Avby. 800-1000), eËþ‹eeZÆcyivY (Avby. 8g kZK), c«ÂcyivY (8g-14k kZK), wò×qvGhvMmvi (9g-10g kZK), AvwãimcyivY (900-1000), KvwjKvcyivY (Avby. 10g-11k), e†n«¬gÆcyivY (Avby. 13k kZK), gnvfvMeZcyivY (Avby. 13k-14k kZK), e†n®²w±`GKk¼icyivY (Avby. 14k kZK), bw±`GKk¼icyivY (Avby. 14k kZK), KwÍ•cyivY (17k kZK), cyivYmeÆÕ¼ (1474), cyivYmvi (17k), cyivYv^ÆcÉKvkK cÉf‡wZ| ‰àwji gGaÅ KGqKwU DchÆyî× Qwòk cÉKvi cyivGYi gGaÅ DwÍÏwLZ nq wb| ˆkGli wZbwU msKjb MÉ¯©| ˆMŒo `ievGii R‹bK KgÆKZÆv KzjaGii wbG`ÆGk ˆMveaÆb cvVK cÉ^gwU msKjb KGib| w«¼Zxq I Z‡ZxqwU msKjb KGib h^vò×Gg b`xqvi ivRv i‚`Ë ivq ‰es ivavKv¯¦ ZKÆevMxk| eËþ‹eeZÆcyivGYi Avw` i…cwU AÓ¡g kZGKi eGj gGb Kiv nq| `kg kZK ˆ^GK evOvwjG`i nvGZ ‰i bei…cvqY ÷i‚ nq ‰es ˆlvok kZGK Zv eZÆgvb i…c jvf KGi|

‰me cyivGYi AwaKvsk cyw^ evsjv wjwcGZ ˆjLv ‰es evsjvG`GkB cvIqv ˆMGQ| ZvQvov evsjvG`Gk ‰àwji PPÆvI nGqGQ cÉPzi| ‰ cyivYàwjGZ cÉvPxb eã mÁ·GKÆ AGbK Z^Å AvGQ| e†n«¬gÆcyivGY evOvwjG`i Qwòk cÉKvi mâi RvwZ; ivq, `vm, ˆ`ekgÆv BZÅvw` Dcvwa, kvi`xqv `yMÆvcƒRvi weGkl eYÆbv, grmÅ fÞGYi weavb, gvjmx I ˆPŒwZkv bvgK ˆjvKMxwZ BZÅvw`i DGÍÏL AvGQ| e†n®²w±`GKk¼i I bw±`GKk¼i cyivGYvî× `yMÆvcƒRv c«¬wZ ˆKej evsjvG`GkB cÉPwjZ| gnvfvMeZcyivGY fvMxi^x I c«Âvi weÕ¦vwiZ eYÆbv AvGQ| ‰gwbfvGe ˆ`Lv hvq DchÆyî× AGbK cyivGYi mGãB cÉvPxb evsjvi weGkl mÁ·KÆ wQj|

wewf®² cyivGYi Ici evOvwj iwPZ AGbK eÅvLÅvMÉ¯©I AvGQ| ˆmàwj cyivY AaÅqGbi ˆÞGò weGkl mnvqK f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQ| AvaywbKKvGj cyivY PPÆvi ˆÞGò gnvgGnvcvaÅvq cçvbb ZKÆiGði bvg weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| wZwb eãvbyev`mn AwaKvsk cyivY cÉKvk KGi evOvwji cyivY PPÆvi c^ myMg KGib| cyivGY wea†Z wewf®² welq wbGq wbKU AZxGZ Dfq eGã cÉPzi MGelYv nGqGQ| ‰GÞGò ivGR±`ÊP±`Ê nvRivi The Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs (1940) MÉ¯©wU weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| eZÆgvGbI DœPZi MGelYv PjGQ| [`yjvj ˆfŒwgK]