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gvjvØv AwaKvGii ci (1511) cZzÆwMRG`i eGãvcmvMGii Afů¦Gi cÉGeGki ˆPÓ¡v mdj nq ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK Pvj I eGÕ¨i mieivn wbwøZ nq| evsjvi mGã cÉ^g cGivÞ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vwcZ nq 1512-13 wLËÓ¡vGõ| 1516 wLËÓ¡vGõ w`GqGMv ˆiGbj KZ‡ÆK AswKZ ‰wkqvi gvbwPGò ÷ay DcK„jxq AçGji i…cGiLv wPwn×Z Kiv wQj; ZvGZ «¼xc I e±`Gii DGÍÏL wQj bv| KvGRB ‰àwj mÁ·GKÆ mÁ¿eZ cZzÆwMRG`i ˆKvb aviYvB wQj bv| AvjeyKvGKÆi g†ZzÅi ci ˆjvGcv ˆmvqvGiGmi wbGqvGMi dGj ivÓ¡Ë wbqw¯¨Z evwYwRÅK KvhÆò×Ggi mgvwµ¦ NGU ‰es ‰GÞGò D`vi bxwZ AbymiGYi dGj evsjvq cZzÆwMRG`i AvMgb NGU|

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RymvGZÆ ˆMŒo `ievGii cvwil`eMÆGK cÉGivwPZ KGi weËGëvi ˆ`vfvlxGK ൦Pi wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kivi eÅeÕ©v KGib| cZzÆwMRG`i Avg`vwb iµ¦vwb ÷Í• cÉ`vb ˆ^GK AeÅvnwZ `vGbi cÉwZkÉ‚wZmn ˆ`vfvlxGK ˆkl chƯ¦ evsjv ˆQGo hvevi AbygwZ ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰ eÅeÕ©vB nqZ wbqwgZfvGe evsjvq RvnvR ˆcÉiGY cZzÆwMRG`i D«¼y«¬ KGi| 1526 wLËÓ¡vGõ ivB fvh& cvwmÆiv PëMÉvg AvGm ‰es cviGmÅi ewYK LvRv kvnveyóxGbi RvnvR jy´¤b KGi| PëMÉvGgi MfbÆGii mGã LvRv kvnveyóxGbi e®¬zGZ½i dGj ‰ jy¥¤Gbi cÉwZGkva MÉnY Kiv nq| ‰fvGe ˆlvGjv kZGKi ÷i‚ ˆ^GK eÅwî× LvGZi cZzÆwMR ewYK ‰es Zvi cvkvcvwk miKvwi chÆvGqi cZzÆwMRiv wbqwgZfvGe evsjvq AvmGZ ÷i‚ KGi| dGj ZvG`i wbGRG`i gGaÅ cÉvqkB cÉPí msNlÆ evaZ| wjmeGb wKQyKvGji RbÅ ciÕ·i weGivax ev`vbyevG`i NUbv NGU| cieZÆx mgGq AvMZ BDGivcxqiv ZvG`i AvMgGbi ciciB Õ©vbxq ivR‹bwZK KgÆKvGí wjµ¦ nGq cGowQj| ZGe cZzÆwMRiv BDGivcxqG`i Zzjbvq wejGÁ¼ Õ©vbxq ivRbxwZGZ RwoZ nGjI Zviv ˆewk RwUjZvi m†wÓ¡ KGi| 1528 wLËÓ¡vGõ ‰KwU SGoi ci PëMÉvg ˆRjvi PKwiqvq AvUGK cov cZzÆwMRG`i mvnvhÅ cvevi ci Ly`v eLk Lvb ZvG`i ew±` KGib| ZvG`i gywî×i RbÅ gvwUÆb AvjdG´Öv RymvZÆ wW ˆgGjvi AvGjvPbv eÅ^Æ nGj ew±`iv cvwjGq hvIqvi ˆPÓ¡v KGi, wK¯§ aiv cGo hvq| wW ˆgGjvi Zi‚Y övZ‡Õ·yGòi nZÅvKvGíi ci, evsjvi myjZvb bymiZ kvn ‰i wei‚G«¬ eÅemvqx kvnveyóxGbi AwfhvGb ˆMvqv ˆ^GK mvnvhÅ cvIqvi kGZÆ kvnveyóxb ew±`G`i gywî×cGYi A^Æ cÉ`vb KGib|

bymiZ kvGni g†ZzÅi ci ˆMvqv ˆ^GK cuvPwU RvnvGRi eni wbGq RymvZÆ PëMÉvg ˆcuŒGQb| mw®¬ Õ©vcGbi DGóGkÅ RymvZÆ ˆMŒo myjZvb wMqvmDóxb gvngy` kvn ‰i `ievGi ‰KwU cÉwZwbwa`j ˆcÉiY KGib| wK¯§ gymjgvbG`i ‰KwU RvnvR jy´¤Gbi `vGq myjZvb cZzÆwMR cÉwZwbwa`Gji m`mÅG`i ew±` KGib| PëMÉvGgI RymvZÆ I Acivci cZzÆwMRGK ˆMɵ¦vi Kiv nq| ZvG`i gˆaÅ cuvP RbGK nZÅv Kiv nq ‰es AewkÓ¡G`i A¯¦ixY ivLv nq| ew±`G`i gywî×i RbÅ ˆMvqv ˆ^GK ‰K kwî×kvjx ŠmbÅ`j ˆcÉiY Kiv nq| ˆMŒGo AvGcvm AvGjvPbv eÅ^Æ nq ‰es RRÆ AvjGKvGKvGiGWv msjvc e®¬ ˆiGL bMixGZ Aw™² msGhvRGbi ci ˆKvb iKGg cvwjGq hvb| evsjvq ˆkikvGni AvwefÆvGei dGj AekÅ cwiwÕ©wZi cwieZÆb NGU|

bZzb msKGUi gyGL wMqvmDóxb gvngy` w`GqGMv iÅvGeGjvi mvG^ AvGjvPbvq eGmb| mÁ¿eZ w`GqGMv iÅvGeGjv wQGjb cÉ^g cZzÆwMR whwb Mãv b`x cG^ ˆMŒGo ˆcuŒGQb| ˆkikvGni wei‚G«¬ cZzÆwMRG`i mvnvGhÅi Avk¼vm ˆcGq gvngy` ew±`G`i gywî× ˆ`b| cZzÆwMRG`i mvnvhÅ mGî½I ˆkikvGni mGã hyG«¬ gvngy` kvn civwRZ nb| cZzÆwMRG`i wbGla mGZ½I gvngy` KZ‡ÆK cÉ`î 13 jÞ Õ¼YÆgy`Ëv cÉvwµ¦i AeÅewnZ cGiB ˆkikvn ˆMŒo ˆQGo hvb| evsjvq ÷Í• Awdmmn KzwV Õ©vcGbi RbÅ myjZvb ‰evi cZzÆwMRG`i AbygwZ ˆ`b| byGbv dvYÆvG±`R ˆdÌBiGK evwoi Ki Av`vGqi weGkl ÞgZv cÉ`vb cƒeÆK PëMÉvGg wbGqvM Kiv nq| ˆhvqvI ˆKvwiqv mvZMuvI-‰i ÷Í• AwdGmi `vwqZ½ MÉnY KGi| cZzÆwMR ew±`G`i gywî× ˆ`Iqv nq| ˆkikvn ˆMŒGo cÉZÅveZÆbKvGj gvngyG`i evwnbx KZ‡ÆK mvgvbÅ evavcÉvµ¦ nb| cZGbv¯ÃyL myjZvbGK iÞvi RbÅ ˆMvqv ˆ^GK cÉZÅvwkZ mvnvhÅ AGbK wejGÁ¼ ‰Gm ˆcuŒQvq| gvngyG`i g†ZzÅi dGj ˆnvGmb kvnx esGki Aemvb NGU| mvZMuvI I PëMÉvGgi ÷Í• Awdm cZzÆwMRG`i wbq¯¨GY ˆ^GK hvq|

PëMÉvg e±`Gii Dci cZzÆwMRG`i wbq¯¨Y wQj ռ͸թvqx, KviY cGbGiv kZGKi gaÅfvM ˆ^GKB ‰wU AvivKvb, wòcyiv, evsjv I evgÆvi gGaÅ weGivGai ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| 1559 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆMvqvi cZzÆwMR fvBmiq evKjvi cigvb±` ivGqi mGã ‰KwU evwYRÅ Pzwî× mÁ·v`b KGib ‰es ‰ Pzwî×i dGj cZzÆwMRiv ÷Í• cÉ`vb KGi cYÅ ò×Gqi AwaKvi jvf KGi| mdiKvix cZzÆwMR RvnvRàwjGZ Lv`Å`ËeÅ mieivGni wewbgGq Zviv evKjvGK mvgwiK mvnvGhÅi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ ˆ`q| cZzÆwMRiv mÁ¿eZ evKjvi ‰KGPwUqv evwYRÅ myweav jvGfi DGóGkÅ PëMÉvGgi eÅemv evKjvq Õ©vbv¯¦i KiGZ ˆPGqwQj| PëMÉvGg cZzÆwMRG`i wbq¯¨Y AeÅvnZ ^vGK| 1569 wLËÓ¡vGõ mxRvi ˆdÌWvwiK PëMÉvg e±`i ‰ AvVvGivwU cZzÆwMR RvnvR ˆbvãi Kiv AeÕ©vq ˆ`LGZ cvb|

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‰fvGe evsjvq cZzÆwMR mÁ·É`vq axGi axGi miKvwi I eÅwî×LvGZi ewYK, Awfhvòx I Rj`myÅ cÉf‡wZ AsGk wefî× nGq cGo| ZGe ‰B Õ¼vZ¯¨Å ˆZgb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wQj bv; myGhvM cÉvqkB ZvGZ eÅwZò×g NUvZ| ˆnvGmb kvnx esGki ò×gvebwZi dGj evsjvi DcK„jxq ‰jvKvq AvivKvb I DwolÅv kwî×i AbycÉGek NGU ‰es cÉvqkB Zviv ˆ`Gki Afů¦Gi XzGK cGo| ˆKvb ˆK±`Êxq wbq¯¨Ywenxb cZzÆwMR `jàwj `vm eÅemvi gvaÅGg Õ¼ Õ¼ AvwacZÅ cÉwZÓ¤v ÷i‚ KGi|

‰dG´Öv wW ˆgGjv KZ‡ÆK fvMxi^xi ZxGi Õ©vwcZ cÉ^g cZzÆwMR emwZ wQj mvZMuvIGq, evGíGj bq| gGb nq, mvZMuvIGq cZzÆwMRG`i KzwV Õ©vcGbi RbÅ AbygwZ ˆ`Iqv nq wb, cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰wU wQj ÷Í• Av`vGqi QvDwb| 1554 wLËÓ¡vGõi w`GK ‘ˆcvGUÆv MÉvGív’ bvGg AwfwnZ PëMÉvGgi mvG^ Zzjbv KGi cZzÆwMRiv mvZMuvIGqi bvg ˆ`q ‘ˆcvGUÆv wcKzBGbv’ (ˆQvU e±`i)| Avõyj nvwg` jvGnvixi gGZ mGZGiv kZGK wKQymsLÅK cZzÆwMR m±«¼xc ˆ^GK mvZMuvIGq ‰Gm `yMÆGewÓ¡Z wKQy feb wbgÆvY KGiwQj| mvZMuvGqi ài‚Z½ nËvm cvIqvi ci Zviv üMwji AvGkcvGk Kg LvRbvq wKQy Rwg ˆcGqwQj| wòGeYx ev mÁ¿eZ euvkevwoqvq ZvG`i emwZ 1579 wLËÓ¡vGõ AvKei ‰i digvGbi cƒGeÆKvi eGj cÉwZc®² nq| ˆmLvbKvi AvVvGiv kZGKi gw±`i, cÉvPxGii fvÕ•hÆ ‰LbI cZzÆwMRG`i ÕÆwZ enb KGi| ˆdÌWvwiGKi eYÆbvq ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ ˆh, cZzÆwMRG`i emwZ mvZMuvI m`Gi wQj bv, eis Zv w`j Avw` mµ¦MÉvg ˆÕ¡kb ‰es eZÆgvGb ÷wKGq hvIqv miÕ¼Zx b`xi ZjG`Gki gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGb| üMwjGZ A^Ævr fvMxi^xi ZxGi 1565 wLËÓ¡vGõi AvGM ˆKvb cZzÆwMR emwZ wQj bv, ˆKbbv ZLb cZzÆwMRiv ˆQvU ˆQvU ˆbŒKvq KGi ˆeGîvi (nvIovi wecixGZ) ˆ^GK mvZMuvIGq cYÅmvgMÉx cvivcvi KiZ| fvMxi^xi ZxGi AewÕ©Z wòGeYxi e`Gj cZzÆwMRG`i ˆeGîvi eÅenvGii AbÅZg KviY wQj mÁ¿eZ 1560 ˆ^GK 1567 wLËÓ¡vGõi gGaÅ DwolÅvi ivRv KZ‡ÆK wòGeYx AwaKvi|

1579 wLËÓ¡vGõi ci ˆeGîvGi cZzÆwMRG`i ˆgŒmygx emwZi cwieGZÆ üMwjGZ ZvG`i emwZ mywbwóÆÓ¡ i…c cwiMÉn KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi| AvKeGii `ievGi wdwiwãG`i DcwÕ©wZ mÁ·GKÆ Aveyj dRGji eYÆbvq ˆevSv hvq ˆh, mvZMuvI gyMjG`iB wbq¯¨Yvaxb wQj, hw`I wZwb mywbwóÆÓ¡fvGe DGÍÏL KGiGQb ˆh, mvZMuvI I üMwj Dfq e±`iB cZzÆwMRG`i AaxGb wQj| mgKvjxb divwm cwieËvRK wfG´Ö´Ÿ wj eËvsGKi ˆ`Lv mvZMuvIGqi ˆh febwUi K^v Avõyj nvwg` jvGnvix DGÍÏL KGiGQb ˆmwU AekÅB wKQyKvj ci wea»Õ¦ nGq ^vKGe| AvcvZ`†wÓ¡GZ ‰wU hywî×mãZ eGj gGb nq ˆh, ‰Kevi miÕ¼Zx b`xGZ cwj RgGZ ÷i‚ KiGj üMwj b`x w`Gq AwaK cvwb cÉevwnZ nGZ ^vGK| üMwji ò×Ggv®²wZ mGî½I fÅvb wjb&GkvGUb (ˆlvGjv kZGKi ˆklfvM) ˆ`LGZ cvb ˆh, cZzÆwMRiv ‘ebÅ ˆjvK I Rsjx ˆNvovi bÅvq’ evm KiGQ ˆhb ‘cÉwZwU gvbylB ‰K ‰KRb ivRv’|

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