b†ZÅGMvÓ¤x  b†ZÅKjv PPÆvwelqK msMVb| 1947 mvGj ˆ`k wefvGMi ci ˆ^GK ZrKvjxb cƒeÆeGã, weGklZ XvKvq mvwnZÅ-mãxZ PPÆvi cvkvcvwk b†ZÅPPÆvI weGkl ài‚Z½ cvq| ˆm mgq eyjeyj ˆPŒayix , MIni Rvwgj , mvGR`yi ingvb, g¯Ãq `vk൦ cÉgyL wk͸x b†ZÅPPÆvq ‰wMGq AvGmb| 1948 mvGj MIni Rvwgj cÉ^g cÉwZÓ¤v KGib ‘wk͸Kjv feb’ bvGg ‰KwU b†ZÅ cÉwZÓ¤vb| eyjeyj ˆPŒayixI ‰KwU `j MVb KGib| ivR‹bwZK cwieZÆb I AvZÄmsÕ•‡wZi weKvkKG͸ DrmvwnZ nGq ‰es iÞYkxj mgvGRi ö‚KzwU AMÉvnÅ KGi ZLb jvqjv mvgv`, ˆivGKqv Kwei, iIkb Rvwgj cÉgyL gwnjv wk͸xI b†ZÅPPÆvq ‰wMGq AvGmb| ZuvG`i cÉGPÓ¡vq gçÕ© nq kKz¯¦jv, ˆgN`ƒZ cÉf‡wZ b†ZÅbvUÅ| 1954 mvGj eyjeyj ˆPŒayixi g†ZzÅ nGj cGii eQi Zuvi ÕÃiGY cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq eyjeyj jwjZKjv ‰KvGWgx (evdv)| 1959 mvGj MIni Rvwgj cÉwZÓ¤v KGib RvGMv AvUÆ ˆm´Ÿvi ‰es cGii eQi QvqvbU cÉwZÓ¤vi gvaÅGg XvKvq b†ZÅ Z^v msÕ•‡wZPPÆvi bZzb w`M¯¦ DG¯ÃvwPZ nq| ‰i ci ˆ^GK wewea cÉKvi b†GZÅi PPÆvi RbÅ ‰GKi ci ‰K cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq AviI KGqKwU b†ZÅmsMVb| weGkl KGqKwU msMVb nGjv:

K^vKwj  1971 mvGji 1 Rvbyqvwi Avjcbv gygZvR ‰wU cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| gvò cuvPRb Qvòx wbGq MvBW nvDR cÉvãGY ‰i hvòv ÷i‚ nq| gvPÆ gvGm gywî×hy«¬ ÷i‚ nIqvq `xNÆmgq ‰i KvhÆò×g e®¬ ^vGK, cGi Avevi ÷i‚ nq| DœPvãb†GZÅi PPÆv K^vKwji cÉavb jÞÅ| ‰ jÞÅ mvgGb ˆiGL ˆMvÓ¤xwU Qvò-QvòxG`i b†ZÅ wkÞv ˆ`q ‰es gGç cwiGekb KGi| ‰ chƯ¦ 200 Rb Qvò-Qvòx K^vKwj ˆ^GK DœPvãb†GZÅ wkÞvjvf KGiGQb| PívwjKv, RbZv ˆhLvGb, mevi IcGi gvbyl mZÅ, DîiGYi ˆ`Gk, bKj mvGR mvRGZ gvbv, weG`Ëvnx bRi‚j, KvGeix b`xi bxGi, fvbywmsGni c`vejx BZÅvw` b†ZÅbvUÅ I Líb†ZÅ ‰i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉGhvRbv| eZÆgvGb gMevRvi evwjKv we`ÅvjGq mµ¦vGn w`b KÑvm PGj| ‰Qvov ˆMvÓ¤xwU eQGi b†ZÅwelqK ‰KwU msKjb/ÕÃiwYKvI cÉKvk KGi|

ò×vw¯¦  1967 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| eÅvwiÕ¡vi nvmvb cviGfR I mvsevw`K Kvgvj ˆjvnvbx wQGjb h^vò×Gg ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vZv mfvcwZ I mvaviY mÁ·v`K| ‰wU ‰KwU cÉMwZkxj mvsÕ•‡wZK msMVb| Õ¼vaxbZvcƒeÆ MY AvG±`vjGb ò×vw¯¦ mwò×q f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ‰B msMVGbi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉGhvRbvi gGaÅ Avgvbyj nK wbG`ÆwkZ I knx` AvjZvd gvngy` myivGivwcZ R¾jGQ Avàb ˆÞGZ LvgvGi, ‰B cG^ AfzÅ`q, w`MG¯¦ bZzb mƒhÆ, niZvj cÉf‡wZ MYRvMiYgƒjK b†ZÅbvUÅ `kÆKG`i «¼viv mgv`†Z nGqGQ|

RvGMv AvUÆ ˆm´Ÿvi 1959 mvGj MIni Rvwgj KZƆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cÉwZÓ¤vKvjxb AaÅÞ wQGjb gxi KvGkg Lvb ‰es cGi MIni Rvwgj wbGR| my`xNÆ Pvi `kK hver weivgnxbfvGe RvGMv AvUÆ ˆm´Ÿvi evsjvG`Gki b†ZÅwkG͸ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ˆiGL PjGQ| b†ZÅwkÞv I cwiGekbv Dfq ˆÞGòB RvGMv AvUÆ ˆm´Ÿvi mdjZv ARÆb KGiGQ| AvbviKwj, Igi ŠLqg, nvwdGRi Õ¼µ², gvGqi gywî×, mvgvbÅ ÞwZ, evsjvi bvixi n…`q, cÉk² mn AmsLÅ b†ZÅbvUÅ I Líb†ZÅ cwiGekb KGiGQ RvGMv AvUÆ ˆm´Ÿvi| ‰i cvkvcvwk cÉwZÓ¤vbwU b†ZÅwkÞvi KvRI PvwjGq hvGœQ| eZÆgvGb ‰i Qvò-Qvòxi msLÅv kZvwaK| `xNÆKvj iIkb Rvwgj ‰i Zî½veavGb wQGjb| eZÆgvGb ‰i AaÅGÞi `vwqGZ½ iGqGQb fiZbvUÅg wk͸x ˆejvGqZ ˆnvGmb Lvb| ‰B ˆm´ŸvGii wkw͸e†±` b†ZÅRMGZ cÉf„Z mybvGgi mGã cÉwZÓ¤v jvf KGiGQb|

w`eÅ  1991 mvGj `xcv L±`Kvi I Avjx AvmMi ˆLvKb ‰wU cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| b†ZÅ cwiGekbvi cvkvcvwk w`eÅ b†ZÅ wkÞviI eÅeÕ©v ˆiGLGQ| ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB `xcv L±`Kvi ‰i b†ZÅ wkÞGKi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi AvmGQb| cÉwZÓ¤vKvj ˆ^GKB w`eÅ ‰G`Gki wewf®² AvG±`vjGbi mGã RwoZ| knx` wgbvimn wewf®² Õ©vGb, ‰gbwK ivRcG^I bvbvwea AbyÓ¤vb KGi w`eÅ ivR‹bwZK I mvsÕ•‡wZK AvG±`vjGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivLGQ| eZÆgvGb ‰i Qvò-Qvòxi msLÅv 100 Rb| kƒbÅ ‰ eyGK, wbg¯¨Y, fvbywmsGni c`vejx, bÝx Kuv^vi gvV, Õ¼vaxbZv ˆMvjvc ˆdvUvGbv w`b BZÅvw` ‰i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwiGekbv| msMVbwU PjwZ `kGK evsjvG`Gki b†ZÅ RMGZ AbbÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGi hvGœQ|

aË‚c` KjvGK±`Ê  1983 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vZv-mÁ·v`K Kgj miKvi| ‰LvGb cÉavbZ fiZbvUÅg I gwYcyix b†ZÅ wkÞv ˆ`Iqv nq| ˆKG±`Êi b†ZÅwkÞK ÷KÑv miKvi| Zuvi ˆbZ‡GZ½ fiZbvUÅg cÉf„Z cÉmvi jvf KGiGQ ‰es RbMGYi KvGQ mgv`†ZI nGqGQ| eZÆgvGb aË‚cG`i Qvòx-msLÅv kZvwaK| Zviv wbqwgZ wewf®² gGç b†ZÅ cwiGekbvi gvaÅGg aË‚c` b†GZÅi PPÆvGK weKwkZ KiGQ| aË‚c` KjvGK±`Ê iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii fvbywmsGni c`vejx, wPòvã`v, Šgqgbwmsn-MxwZKvi ˆmvbvB gvae mn eü b†ZÅbvUÅ mdjZvi mGã gçvqb KGiGQ ‰es KiGQ|

bUivR  1990 mvGj jvqjv nvmvb KZƆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰wU gƒjZ b†ZÅ msMVb nGjI ‰i ‰KwU bvUÅ wefvMI iGqGQ| `kÆbxi wewbgGq bUivR cÉvq cÉwZgvGm b†ZÅbvUÅ, b†ZÅvbyÓ¤vb I bvUK cwiGekb KGi| ‰ msMVbwU ˆ`Gki ivR‹bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvsÕ•‡wZK AvG±`vjGb b†ZÅwk͸xG`i ˆbZ‡Z½ w`Gq ^vGK| ˆK±`Êxq knx` wgbvGi ‰Kevi b†ZÅ cwiGekb wbwl«¬ Kiv nGj ˆmB wbGlavæv fã KGi bUivRB cÉ^g ˆmLvGb weRq w`em cvjb KGi| ‰i wkw͸e†±` ivRc^, moK«¼xc, övgÅgvY UÇvK, eUZjv, eKzjZjv BZÅvw` gyî×gGç b†ZÅ I bvUÅvbyÓ¤vb cwiGekb KGi f„qmx cÉksmv ARÆb KGiGQ| iex±`Êbv^, bRi‚j, myKv¯¦ cÉgyL eGiYÅ Kwei b†ZÅbvUÅmn gywî×hy«¬, fvlv AvG±`vjb , bvixgywî× AvG±`vjb, bvixnZÅv, wk÷ AwaKvi, gvbevwaKvi, exivãbv, gwnqmx bvix, ebÅvòvY BZÅvw` welGq iwPZ b†ZÅbvUÅ cwiGekb KGi bUivR RbMYGK ‰me welGq mGPZb I AbycÉvwYZ KGi ZzjGQ| eZÆgvGb ‰i m`mÅ-msLÅv AaÆkZvwaK|

evsjvG`k eÅvGj UÇyc  1980 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vZv-cwiPvjK Avgvbyj nK A`Åvewa ‰KB `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGQb| ‰wU ‰KwU b†ZÅ msMVb I Õ•zj| ‰i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉGhvRbvi gGaÅ Avgvbyj nK wbG`ÆwkZ Avgvi Õ¼G`k Avgvi fvjevmv, KzmyGgi Õ¼µ² I eÅvUj Ad evsjvG`k b†ZÅbvUÅ `kÆKbw±`Z nGqGQ| eZÆgvGb ‰i m`mÅ msLÅv 45 ‰es Qvò-Qvòxi msLÅv 80| Zuviv wbqwgZ AbyÓ¤vb cÉ`kÆGbi gvaÅGg `kÆKG`i f„qmx cÉksmv ARÆGb mÞg nGqGQb|

ˆeYyKv  1980 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i cƒeÆ bvg wQj ˆeYyKv jwjZKjv ˆK±`Ê| ˆgvnvÁÃ` ˆMvjvg gyÕ¦vdv Lvb wQGjb ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vKvjxb mvaviY mÁ·v`K ‰es AaÅÞ| wbeÆvPGbi gvaÅGg cÉwZ `yeQi cici ‰i wbeÆvnx KwgwU MwVZ nq| eZÆgvGb msMVGbi mfvcwZ nGœQb Avey mvGjn| ‰Qvov 23 m`mÅwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU KvhÆKix KwgwU ‰es 15 m`mÅwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU DcG`Ó¡v KwgwUI iGqGQ| ˆeYyKv b†ZÅ QvovI Mvb I wPòKjvI wkÞv ˆ`q| eZÆgvGb ‰i Qvò-Qvòxi msLÅv cÉvq 200 Rb| jvjgvwUqv nvDwRs ˆmvmvBwU eGqR Õ•zGj mµ¦vGn `yw`b ˆeYyKvi KÑvm AbywÓ¤Z nq| ˆeYyKv ‰ chƯ¦ eo AvKvGii cuvPwU b‡ZÅbvUÅ ˆeYyKvi myi, nÅvwgjGbi eskxev`K, evsjvfvlv AvgvG`i evsjvfvlv, wek¼fiv cÉvY, iî×jvj AnsKvi QvovI AmsLÅ Líb†ZÅ gçvwqZ KGiGQ| Líb†GZÅi gGaÅ wk͸xi Õ¼µ², e†wÓ¡ Avgvi e†wÓ¡, Zzwg my±`i ˆn weG`Ëvnx, mvnvivi my±`ix, AfzÅ`q, Pi `Lj, evkixqv, K‡lvbxi Õ¼µ², ˆRGj mvcyGo, ˆeG`-ˆeG`bx DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ˆeYyKv Zvi wek eQi cƒwZÆ DcjGÞ RmxgD`&`xGbi ‘Kei’ KweZv AejÁ¼Gb ‰KwU b†ZÅbvUÅ cwiGekb KGi eÅvcK mybvg ARÆb KGi| b†GZÅi cvkvcvwk ˆeYyKv cÉwZeQi cÉwZÓ¤vevwlÆKxGZ ‰KwU msKjbI cÉKvk KGi|  [jvqjv nvmvb]

AviI ˆ`Lyb  b†ZÅKjv ; b†ZÅbvUÅ |