bvUÅGMvÓ¤x bvUÅvwfbq cÉ`kÆbKvix msMVb| 1795 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆnivwmg ˆÕ¦cvGbvwfP ˆjGeG`d KZƆK KjKvZvq ˆeãjx w^GqUvi cÉwZÓ¤vi gvaÅGg ‰i hvòv ÷i‚ nq| Zvici wewf®² Rwg`vi I bvUÅvGgv`x eÅwî×i DG`ÅvGM KjKvZvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰GKi ci ‰K bvUÅGMvÓ¤x| fviZ wefvGMi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ XvKvq bvUÅPPÆv KjKvZvi gGZv ài‚Z½ bv ˆcGjI ˆek KGqKwU bvUÅGMvÓ¤x cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj, ˆhgb: Bwjwkqvg w^GqUvi (1888), ò×vDb w^GqUvi (1890-92-‰i gGaÅ) BZÅvw`| XvKvi evBGiI KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ˆMvÓ¤x bvUÅPPÆv KiZ, ˆhgb: Lyjbv w^GqUvi (1900), KGivGbkb WÈvgvwUK KÑve (UvãvBj, 1911), w`bvRcyi bvUÅ mwgwZ (1913) BZÅvw`| 1947 mvGj fviZ wefvGMi cGi ˆhme bvUÅGMvÓ¤xi R¯Ã nq ˆmàwj nGjv: nvwee cÉWvKm´Ö (XvKv, 1952), WÈvgv mvGKÆj (XvKv, 1955), ˆLqvjx MÉ‚c w^GqUvi (ewikvj, 1969) BZÅvw`| 1971 mvGj evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nIqv ci XvKvmn mgMÉ ˆ`Gk chÆvµ¦ msLÅK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰es ‰i dGj bvUÅPPÆvi MwZ ˆeMevb nq| 1947 cƒeÆeZÆx KjKvZv ‰es eZÆgvb evsjvG`Gki DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU bvUÅGMvÓ¤xi mswÞµ¦ weeiY wbg³i…c:

AbbÅv ’79  bvUGKi gvaÅGg mgvRRxeGbi wewf®² cÉwZœQwe `kÆKG`i mvgGb ZzGj aivi cÉZÅq wbGq 1979 mvGji bGfÁ¼Gi KzwÓ¡qvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| `jwU myÕ© I mr bvUÅPPÆvi ˆÞò m†wÓ¡i jGÞÅ c†w^exi ˆhGKvb ˆ`Gki DrK‡Ó¡ bvUK gçÕ© KGi|

AbbÅvi cÉ^g cÉGhvRbv KwP L±`Kvi iwPZ R¾vjvZb| cÉwZÓ¤v eQi KzwÓ¡qv ˆRjv wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx AvGqvwRZ bvUÅ cÉwZGhvwMZvq ‰wU gçÕ© nq| `jwUi ‰hver cÉGhvwRZ bvUKàwji gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU nGjv: gybxi ˆPŒayixi Kei, ˆmwjg Avj-`xGbi evmb, ev`j miKvGii ‰es B±`ÊwRr, ivavigY ˆNvGli BwZnvm KuvG`, mybxj KzgvGii bMi feGbi bvMi BZÅvw`| `jwU KzwÓ¡qvi evBGi XvKvi wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx ‰es gwnjv mwgwZ gçmn ˆ`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb bvUÅ cÉ`kÆbxi gvaÅGg bvUÅPPÆvi avivGK ‰wMGq wbGq hvGœQ|

AwbeÆvY mvsÕ•‡wZK msMVb  1983 mvGj `kÆbvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| RvZxq msÕ•‡wZi myÕ© weKvkGK Av`kÆ wnGmGe MÉnY KGi gybxi ˆPŒayixi Kei bvUK gçvqGbi gvaÅGg ‰i hvòv ÷i‚ nq| cÉwZÓ¤vKvj ˆ^GK wbqwgZ bvUGKi cÉ`kÆbx, 1jv ŠekvGLi eYÆvXÅ KgÆmƒwP, bvGUÅvrme, wek¼ bvUÅw`emmn RvZxq w`emmgƒn D`&hvcb, mãxZ I Ave†wî AbyÓ¤vb BZÅvw` AwbeÆvGYi KgÆKvGíi cÉavb cÉavb w`K| ‰i bvUÅKwgÆe†±` mvÁ·É`vwqKZv I ŠÕ¼ivPviweGivax wewf®² AvG±`vjGb mwò×q AskMÉnY KGib|

AwbeÆvY ‰ chƯ¦ 29wU bvUK cÉGhvRbv KGiGQ| ˆmàwjGZ gvbyl, mgvR I ivGÓ¡Ëi wewf®² msKU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| ˆiwRbv´£ ˆivGRi Twelve Angry Men AejÁ¼Gb weúz emy iwPZ gvbÅei fzj KiGQb bvUGKi cÉGhvRbv weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1998 DcjGÞ bvUKwU cÉ`wkÆZ nq|  [wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb] 

Abykxjb bvUÅ`j  ivRkvnx wek¼we`ÅvjqwfwîK ‰KwU bvUÅGMvÓ¤x| bvUÅ-AvG±`vjGbi gvaÅGg mgvR cwieZÆGbi jÞÅ wbGq 1979 mvGji 8 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i ‰wU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| DG`Åvî×vG`i gGaÅ wQGjb gjq ˆfŒwgK, wU.‰g Rvwn` ˆnvGmb, myGLb gyGLvcvaÅvq, kvgmyj Avjg, Avõyj gv®²vb, ZvGni web ˆkjx cÉgyL|

`jwUi cÉ^g cÉGhvRbv gvgybyi ikxG`i Iiv K`g Avjx (1980)| `Gji ˆewki fvM m`mÅB wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Qvò-Qvòx weavq ZvG`i cÉwkÞGYi RbÅ wbqwgZ KgÆkvjvi AvGqvRb Kiv nq| ‰B bvUÅ`Gji DG`ÅvGM 1984 mvGj wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wewf®² mvsÕ•‡wZK msMVGbi mg¯¼Gq ‘ivRkvnx wek¼we`Åvjq mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆRvU’ MwVZ nq ‰es `jwU ‘evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikb’-‰i m`mÅc` jvf KGi| ‰KB eQi `jwU ‘evsjvG`k gyî×bvUK `j’-‰i KgÆKvGíi mGãI hyî× nq ‰es Dîivçjmn ˆ`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb gyî×bvUK-AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvjvi ˆÞGò ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ‰ `Gji DG`ÅvGMB 1986 mvGj evsjvG`k gyî×bvUK `Gji cÉ^g RvZxq mGÁÃjb ivRkvnx wek¼we`ÅvjGq AbywÓ¤Z nq|

Abykxjb bvUÅ`j evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikb I wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgxi ˆhŒ^ DG`ÅvGM AvGqvwRZ cÉ^g RvZxq bvGUÅvrmGe (1991) kZMÉw¯© ‰es w«¼Zxq DrmGe (1998) wKby KvnvGii ˆ^Uvi bvUK gçÕ© KGi| ˆ`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb, weGklZ DîieGã, wewf®² mgGq bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjv, ˆmwgbvi, ˆcvÕ¡vi cÉ`kÆbx, bvUÅ wbG`Ækbv, bvUÅ gçvqb BZÅvw` KgÆmƒwPi gvaÅGg ‰Kw`GK ˆhgb bvUKGK RbwcÉq KGi ZzGjGQ, AbÅw`GK cÉMwZkxj bvUÅ-AvG±`vjGbi gvaÅGg mgvR-mGPZbZv m†wÓ¡ KiGZI mÞg nGqGQ|  [Iqvwn`v gwÍÏK]

Awi±`g bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq  1974 mvGj PëMÉvGg cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU gvbeZvi cÉwZ `vqe«¬ ˆ^GK ‰es mr I ÷«¬ wk͸ m†wÓ¡i AãxKvi wbGq bvUK gçvqb KGi AvmGQ| ‰i KgÆxiv 1971 mvGji Õ¼vaxbZv hy«¬ I hyG«¬vîi cwiwÕ©wZi Ici AwaK ài‚Z½ w`Gq ^vGKb|

Awi±`g bvUÅGMvÓ¤x ‰hver PvikZvwaK cÉ`kÆbx KGiGQ| ˆmàwji AwaKvskGZB MÉvgxY Rbc` I mgvRRxeb wPwòZ nGqGQ| gçÕ© bvUKàwji gGaÅ ˆPLf, ˆeËLU I UjÕ¡Gqi gGZv bvUÅKviG`i bvUKI iGqGQ| cÉGqvMixwZGZ AwZbvUKxqZv I welqeÕ§GZ nvjKv cÉPviawgÆZv eRÆb ‰i M†nxZ bxwZ| Awi±`Ggi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKàwj nGjv: cvccyYÅ, jvjmvjy, mvRb ˆgN, w^GqUvGii eÅvKIqvj, djvdj wbÁ²Pvc, hvwgbxi ˆkl msjvc, ‰KvG¯¦i «¼±«¼, gwÍÏKvi ˆPvGL Rj, ˆfvjv gqbvi evqGÕ•vc, civò×Ggi cvGq cÉf‡wZ| bvUK gçvqGbi cvkvcvwk Awi±`g cÉ^g ˆ^GKB bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjv, ˆmwgbvi, bvGUÅvrme BZÅvw`i AvGqvRb KGi AvmGQ| PëMÉvGgi evBGiI ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x wewf®² DrmGe AskMÉnGYi gvaÅGg bvUK gçvqb I RvZxq chÆvGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ mvsÕ•‡wZK KgÆKví cwiPvjbv KGi ^vGK|  [wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

AviYÅK bvUÅ`j  1971 mvGj evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv msMÉvGgi mgq XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i bvUÅGPZbvq Õ¼vaxbZv msMÉvGgi weG`Ëvnx ˆPZbv ‰es AnsGeva weGkl Õ©vb `Lj KGi AvGQ| AviYÅK bvUÅ`j ˆ`Gki cwiewZÆZ mvgvwRK I ivR‹bwZK cUf„wgKvq gçbvUKGK bZzb AvGjvGK ˆ`LGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ‰i bvUÅfvebvq mgvGRi nZvkv, gƒjÅGevGai AeÞq, A^Æ‹bwZK ˆkÉYx‹elgÅ, KvGqwg Õ¼vG^Æi ˆkvlY, mvÁ·É`vwqKZv, ˆg w`eGmi ZvrchÆ BZÅvw` welq Õ©vb cvq| Iiv K`g Avjx bvUGKi mdj cÉGhvRbv AviYÅKGK ˆ`Gki bvUÅvãGb mycÉwZwÓ¤Z KGi| ‰GZ myweavev`x mgvGRi wei‚G«¬ KgÆRxex gvbyGli msMÉvGgi wPòwU h^v^ÆfvGe dzGU DGVGQ| bvUKwUi iPwqZv I wbG`ÆkK wQGjb gvgybyi ikx`| ‰wU QvovI Bewjk, wMwbwcM, bvbKvi cvjv, cv^i, ˆKvwiIGjbvm, AvàbgyLv, mvZ cyi‚Gli FY, Rq Rq¯¦x, cÉvK‡ZRb K^v eGj  BZÅvw` AviYÅGKi mdj cÉGhvRbv wnGmGe weGewPZ|

AviYÅK bvUÅ`Gji Avi ‰KwU w`K nGjv ˆckv`vi w^GqUvi `j ‘evOjv w^GqUvi’-‰i (1991) cÉwZÓ¤v| evOjv w^GqUvi BGZvgGaÅB ˆek KGqKwU mdj cÉGhvRbv Dcnvi w`GqGQ| Zvi gGaÅ gvbyl I ˆjGeG`d mgwaK DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

ˆ`kR I MÉvgxY ˆcÉÞvcGU AviYÅK bvUÅ`Gji ‘gyî× bvUK’ bvGg Aci ‰KwU KvhÆò×g MÉvg-MÉvgv¯¦Gi weÕ¦vi jvf KGiGQ| ‰ bvUÅ`Gji m`mÅmsLÅv cçvGkva»Æ| ZuvG`i gGaÅ dRjyi ingvb, kv¯¦v Bmjvg, dGqR Rwni, AvwRRyj nvwKg, Wwj Rüi, Zzlvi Lvb, ZgvwjKv KgÆKvi cÉgyL bvUÅeÅwî×Z½ wnGmGe LÅvwZ ARÆb KGiGQb|  [AvZvDi ingvb]

Bwjwkqvg w^GqUvi  1888 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cÉ^g w`GK ‰wU wQj ‰KwU mGLi bvUÅ`j, cGi ˆckv`vi bvUÅGMvÓ¤xGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| cÉ^Gg ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU `kÆbx QvovB Awfbq ˆ`LvGZv, cGi `kÆbxi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq|

K‡úwKGkvi emvK bvGg XvKv RR ˆKvGUÆi R‹bK ˆckKvGii DG`ÅvGM Bwjwkqvg w^GqUvi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| RM®²v^ KGjGRi AaÅÞ Kzéjvj bvM wQGjb ‰i cwiPvjK| mµ¦vGn eya I kwbevi `yw`b Awfbq cÉ`wkÆZ nGZv| Bwjwkqvg w^GqUvi gçÕ© bvUKàwji gGaÅ cÉavb nGœQ weͼgãj, kKz¯¦jv, mxZvi ebevm, cÉfvm wgjb, bxj`cÆY BZÅvw`| ˆcŒivwYK KvwnbxwfwîK weͼgãj bvUKwU Lye RbwcÉq nGqwQj| wMwikP±`Ê ˆNvl iwPZ ‰ bvUKwU Kzéjvj bvM MxwZbvGUÅ i…cv¯¦wiZ KGib|

bxj`cÆY bvUK gçÕ© KGi Bwjwkqvg w^GqUvi BsGiR miKvGii ˆivlvbGj cGo| bvUGKi weGkl wKQy AsGki Awfbq mÁ·GKÆ Õ©vbxq miKvi Avcwî Dïvcb KGi ‰es Awfbq wbq¯¨Y AvBGb ‰i Awfbq e®¬ KGi ˆ`q; dGj bvUÅ`jwU ‰K mgq e®¬ nGq hvq|

KGivGbkb WÈvgvwUK KÑve  1911 mvGj UvãvBGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆmKvGj mG¯¦vGli Rwg`viG`i cÉwZwÓ¤Z `ywU bvUÅgGç, ‰GjsMvi Rwg`viG`i cvKv gGç, wkecyGii f„uBqv evwo I AvGjvqvi Rwg`vi evwoi Avwãbvq ‰es KiwUqvi Rwg`viG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq wewœQ®²fvGe bvUÅvwfbq nGZv| 1910 mvGj UvãvBGj cÉ^g ‰KgvmeÅvcx ‰KwU cÉ`kÆbx ˆgjv AbywÓ¤Z nq| ˆmB ˆgjvq Avjx evev I gqƒi wmsnvmb bvGg `ywU bvUGKi mdj gçvqb UvãvBGji Zi‚Y mgvRGK AvK‡Ó¡ KGi ‰es ZuvivB DG`ÅvMx nGq KGivGbkb WÈvgvwUK KÑve cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| h`ybv^ fëvPvhÆ bvgK R‹bK eÅwî×i cwZZ RwgGZ Õ©vwcZ nq iãgç I KÑve| 1944 mvj chƯ¦ iãgç I KÑve ‰LvGbB wQj| ‰ mgGqi gGaÅ gçÕ© DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKàwj nGjv: ˆRÅvwZwi±`Êbv^ VvKzGii AkÉ‚gvZv, wnGZ wecixZ, Õ¼µ²gqx; wMwikP±`Ê ˆNvGli Rbv, gÅvKGe^, wmivRDGóŒjv; wW ‰j ivGqi ˆmvnive i‚Õ¦g, wmsnj weRq, cÉZvcvw`ZÅ; Ag†Zjvj emyi nxiKP„YÆ BZÅvw`| cieZÆxKvGj KÑvGei bvUÅKgÆxiv cvk¼ÆeZÆx PGii f„wg msÕ•vi KGi KGivGbkb cvKÆ MVb KGib| ‰B cvGKÆ wUGbi Pvj I ˆ`qvj ˆNiv QqkZ Avmbmn euvav gGçi ‰KwU wbRÕ¼ iãvjq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|

1956 mvGji gGaÅ KGivGbkb bvUGK eÅenvGii RbÅ wbRÕ¼ ˆcvkvK-cwiœQ`, cÉGqvRbxq ev`Åh¯¨ , `†kÅmävi DcKiY, AvGjvKmävi ˆKGivwmb ˆW-jvBU I nvIqv evwZ, gGçi Õ•vB, DBsm ‰es KvGVi ˆdÌGg KvUv ˆmUmn wewf®² DcKiY ŠZwi KGi| KÑvGei iãgçwU cieZÆxKvGj AbÅvbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvUÅvwfbq I mvsÕ•‡wZK AbyÓ¤vGbi RbÅ fvovI ˆ`Iqv nGZv| 1958 mvGj msÕ•vGii gvaÅGg ‰wUGK wmGbgv nGj i…cv¯¦wiZ Kiv nq|

eZÆgvGb 182 Rb m`mÅ wbGq KÑvewU bvUÅwelqK KvhÆò×g PvwjGq hvGœQ| 1956 ˆ^GK 1998 mvj chƯ¦ KGivGbkb 35wU bvUK cÉGhvRbv KGi| ‰me bvUGKi gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU nGjv: DÍ•v (1956), gvqvg†M (1958), ˆKivbxi Rxeb (1963), «¼xcv¯¦i (1965), Þzav (1969), bwU weGbvw`bx (1973), wKby KvnvGii ˆ^Uvi (1990), Rwg`vi `cÆY (1994) BZÅvw`| DÍ•v bvUGKB cÉ^g bvixPwiGò cyi‚Gli cwieGZÆ gwnjv wk͸xiv Awfbq KGib, hv mgGqi ˆcÉÞvcGU AvGjvob m†wÓ¡ KGiwQj| cƒwYÆgv ˆmb, MxZv `î ‰i…c mvnmx f„wgKv cvjb KGib| ‰ bvUGKB gGç KvGVi ˆdÌGg KvUv ˆmU I ˆ`vZjv ˆmGUi cÉ^g eÅenvi nq| ‰ chƯ¦ KÑvGei wewf®² bvUÅ cÉGhvRbvq wbG`ÆkGKi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib Šmq` byi‚j ü`v, ˆMvjvg AvwÁ¼qv bƒix, Avî×vi‚ävgvb Lvb, ˆK Pò×eZÆx, mywebq `vm, dvi‚K ˆKvGikx cÉgyL|

ò×vDb w^GqUvi  1890 ˆ^GK 1892 mvGji gGaÅ ˆKvbI ‰K mgq cyivb XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‘mbvZb bvUÅmgvR’ bvGg ‰KwU bvUÅ`j ˆfGã ˆMGj Zvi m`mÅiv ‰wU MGo ˆZvGjb ‰es beve evwoi mw®²KGU cƒeÆeZÆx ‘cƒeÆeã iãf„wg’ gç ˆfGã ˆmLvGb ŠZwi KGib ò×vDb w^GqUvi gç|

cÉ^g ˆ^GKB ò×vDb w^GqUvi eÅemvwqK `†wÓ¡fwã wbGq KvR ÷i‚ KGi ‰es XvKvi gGç cÉ^g Õ©vbxq AwfGbòxG`i w`Gq Awfbq Kivq| wMwikP±`Ê ˆNvGli cƒYÆP±`Ê ‰i…c cÉ^g bvUK| ò×vDb w^GqUvGi mµ¦vGn ˆmvg, eya I kwbevi wZbw`b Awfbq cÉ`wkÆZ nGZv| AwfbxZ cÉavb bvUKàwj nGjv: ŠPZbÅjxjv, bj`gq¯¦x, KcvjKzíjv, g†Yvwjbx, Rbv, cÉdzÍÏ, jvqjx-gRby , AvbviKwj, ˆK`vi ivq, myimy±`ix, gxivevC, ivR evnv`yi I Avey ˆnvGmb|

Õ©vbxq ˆjvKG`i Avcwîi KviGY ò×vDb w^GqUvi ‰K mgq beveevwoi wbKU ˆ^GK BmjvgcyGi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq; ‰KvwaKevi ‰i gvwjKvbviI cwieZÆb NGU| 1897 mvGj ‘Wvqg´£ Rywewj w^GqUvi’ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGj ‰es ‰i KwZcq AwfGbZv-AwfGbòx Dî× w^GqUvGi ˆhvM ˆ`Iqvq ò×vDGbi AvwacZÅ nËvm cvq; AviI cGi ò×vDb w^GqUvi PjwœPò ˆ`LvGZ ÷i‚ KiGj bvUÅkvjv wnGmGe ‰i AwÕ¦Z½ wejyµ¦ nq| 

[wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb] 

Lyjbv w^GqUvi  1900 mvGj KwZcq Rwg`vi, eÅemvqx I hyeGKi cÉGPÓ¡vq Lyjbv knGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| knievmxi wPîweGbv`bB wQj ‰i gƒj jÞÅ| cÉ^g w`GK Lyjbvi Avnmvb AvnÁÃ` ˆivGWi KGivGbkb MvjÆm Õ•zGji Aci cvGk¼Æ ˆLvjv gvGV gç ŠZwi KGi bvUK AwfbxZ nGZv| KGqK eQi ci ˆQvU ˆMvjcvZvi NGi cÉwZÓ¤vbwU Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| cÉwZÓ¤vZv-gÅvGbRvi wegjvb±` `vk൦ ‰es mÁ·v`K Kzéwenvix gyLvRÆxi cwiPvjbvq Lyjbv w^GqUvi avGc avGc AMÉmi nGZ ^vGK| 

1905-1906 mvGji w`GK ˆMvjcvZvi NGii Õ©vGb wUGbi Pvjv I cvKv ˆ`qvj w`Gq iãgç I ˆcÉÞvM†n ŠZwi nq| 1924 mvGj KZƆcÞ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvg cwieZÆb KGi ‘Lyjbv bvUÅgw±`i’ ivGLb| 1966 mvGji 27 ˆdeË‚qvwi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi cybivq bvg cwieZÆb KGi ‘Lyjbv bvUÅ wbGKZb’ ivLv nq| ÷i‚ ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZvi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ ‰LvGb huviv Awfbq KGiGQb Zuviv nGjb: cÉg`v `vk൦, wbgÆj ˆmb, gGbvGgvnb PGëvcvaÅvq, ˆjvwnZ eÅvbvRÆx, nweei ingvb (ˆgGSv fvB), webq ˆmb (nvi‚`v), Avõym meyi Lvb, dRjyi ingvb, AvdQviDwób AvnGÁÃ`, wMwik ˆNvl, Ag†Zjvj emy , wbgÆGj±`y jvwnox, `vbxevey, wkwkiKzgvi fv`yox , Anx±`Ê ˆPŒayix , Qwe wek¼vm, gGn±`Ê àµ¦, AvGbvqvi ˆnvGmb, Lvb Rqbyj, AvjZvd, ˆMvjvg ˆgvÕ¦dv, nvmvb Bgvg, kIKZ AvKei, AvGbvqviv, kvevbv, mvBdzóxb, ivby cÉgyL| ‰i AwfbxZ bvUGKi msLÅv mnmËvwaK| 1973 mvGj ‰LvGb NƒYÆvqgvb iãgç wbwgÆZ nq|

bvUKGK MYgvbyGli wkÞvi gvaÅg KGi ˆZvjvi jGÞÅ 1981 mvj ˆ^GK KwZcq bvUÅKgÆx bZzb AvwãK I eÅeÕ©vcbvq Lyjbv w^GqUvi cwiPvjbv ÷i‚ KGib ‰es wbRÕ¼ bvUÅKviG`i ˆjLv bvUGKi Awfbq KGib| AwfbxZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKàwj nGjv: MvRx Kvjy PÁ·veZx, güqvi cvjv, mr gv, myLx igYx, àYvB wewei ˆKœQv, Kgjv my±`ix, bÝx Kuv^vi gvV BZÅvw`|

Lyjbv w^GqUvGii ‰KkZ AvmGbi ‘Lyjbv jÅveGiUwi w^GqUvi’ bvGg wbRÕ¼ ‰KwU bvUÅ-MGelYv ˆK±`Ê AvGQ| cÉwkÞY, MGelYv, ˆmwgbvi, ˆjvKR AvwãGKi cÉGhvRbv I cÉKvkbv KGi Lyjbv w^GqUvi bvUÅ-MGelYvq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ˆiGL PGjGQ| Avwki `kK ˆ^GK eZÆgvb chƯ¦ Lyjbv w^GqUvGii bvUÅ-eÅeÕ©vcbv, Awfbq, wbG`Ækbv I iPbvq ivGk`yävgvb, wmwóKzi ingvb, ŠmGq`yi ingvb, kwdKzi ingvb gvwbK, ‰.ˆK.‰g AvjvDwób, ˆgvdvGäj ˆnvGmb, ˆ`Gjvqvi ˆnvGmb, ˆMvcvjP±`Ê `vk, Lvb ˆMvjvg mGivqvi, Õ¼cb àn, ˆgvt Ave`yÍÏvn, AvwZqvi ingvb ˆgvÍÏÅv, gwdRyj nK, bvRgyj Avnmvb cÉgyL RwoZ wQGjb I AvGQb|  [bvRgyj Avnmvb]

ˆLqvjx MÉ‚c w^GqUvi  1969 mvGji 17 wWGmÁ¼i ewikvj knGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cÉMwZkxj wP¯¦v-fvebv, evOvwj msÕ•‡wZ, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` ‰es myÓ¤z I m†Rbkxj bvUÅaviv m†wÓ¡ ‰i gƒj DGókÅ| 1969 mvGji MY-AvG±`vjb ‰es 1971 mvGji gywî×hyG«¬ ˆLqvjxi bvUÅKgÆxiv mwò×qfvGe AskMÉnY KGib| Õ¼vaxbZvi cGi 1973 mvGj Zuviv `kÆbxi wewbgGq gçbvUK cÉ`kÆbx ÷i‚ KGib ‰es cGii eQi ÷i‚ KGib c^bvUK |

1980 mvGj ˆLqvjx evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikGbi m`mÅc` jvf KGi| ‰hver ˆLqvjx cçvGkva»Æ bvUGKi cÉvq PvikZvwaK cÉ`kÆbxi AvGqvRb KGi| evsjvG`k ˆUwjwfkGbI ˆLqvjx bvUK cÉ`kÆb KGiGQ (‰K Kvjvcvnvo, 1985)| ewikvj wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx AvGqvwRZ wZbwU bvUÅ DrmGe AskMÉnY KGi ˆLqvjx `yevi ˆRjvi ˆkÉÓ¤ `j wnGmGe cyiÕ•‡Z nq|

ˆLqvjx evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikb, KzwÓ¡qvi wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx ‰es KzwgÍÏvi hvwòK AvGqvwRZ bvUÅ DrmGeI AskMÉnY KGi| ‰Qvov `jwU Õ¼qs ewikvGj cuvPevi bvUÅ Drme ‰es ‰Kevi ˆjvKmsÕ•‡wZ I MYbvUÅ DrmGei AvGqvRb KGiGQ| weMZ KGqK eQi hver ˆLqvjx Ave†wî I Awfbq wkÞvGK±`ÊI cwiPvjbv KiGQ| bvUK bvGg ‰i ‰KwU AwbqwgZ bvUÅmsKjb AvGQ| gywî×hyG«¬ weRGqi iRZRq¯¦x DcjGÞ ˆLqvjx wbRÕ¼ bvUÅKgÆx wg´Ÿz emyi bqwU bvUGKi msKjb gywî×hy«¬ I cÉwZevG`i bvUK (1996) cÉKvk KGiGQ| ˆMvÓ¤xwU evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx ‰es evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikGbi ˆhŒ^ DG`ÅvGM AvGqvwRZ RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1998-‰ Ask wbGq ˆMŒie Muv^v bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi| 

MYbvUÅ m›N  1941 mvGj fviGZi eÅvãvGjvGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cGii eQi gyÁ¼vBGq ‰i kvLv Õ©vwcZ nq ‰es 1943 mvGj ‰wU ‘fviZxq MYbvUÅ m›N’ (Indian People’s Theatre Association IPTA) bvGg meÆfviZxq msMVb wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KiGj ˆg gvGm KjKvZvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰i evsjv kvLv| ZLb w«¼Zxq wek¼hy«¬ ˆKej ˆkl nGqGQ; `ywfÆGÞ evsjvi RbRxeb wechÆÕ¦| ivRbxwZGZ nZvkv, mvgvwRK RxeGb fvãGbi welY³Zv ‰es mvsÕ•‡wZK RMGZ Pig msKU weivRgvb| gçbvUK wQj ZLb mgvR-wewœQ®² abcwZG`i KvwnbxGZ ‰KGNuGq; Zv `kÆKG`i Pvwn`v ˆgUvGZ eÅ^Æ nwœQj| mvsÕ•‡wZK AeÞGqi ‰gwb ‰KwU cwiwÕ©wZGZ cÉMwZkxj ˆjLK I wk͸xG`i mg¯¼Gq MYbvUÅ mG›Ni D«¿e nq|

1943 mvGji ˆg gvGm weRb fëvPvGhÆi Avàb ‰es webq ˆNvGli jÅveGiUwi bvUK `ywU gçvqGbi gvaÅGg mG›Ni hvòv ÷i‚ nq| ‰B cÉ^g gGç ÞzavZÆ gvbyGli AvZÆwPrKvi Avi gywÓ¡Ggq awbK ˆkÉYxi wei‚G«¬ ZxeË waØvi DœPvwiZ nq| ‰i KGqK gvm cGi AwfbxZ nq weRb fëvPvGhÆi Revbe±`x I gGbviéb fëvPGhÆi ˆnvwgIcÅvw^| ‰G`Gki eyw«¬Rxex , gaÅweî I K‡lK-gRyiG`i mvgGb ‰B bvUKàwj cybtcyb cÉ`wkÆZ nq| Revbe±`x bvUGKi wnw±` I àRivwU Abyev` AbÅvbÅ cÉG`GkI QwoGq cGo|

Revbe±`x bvUK «¼viv AbycÉvwYZ nGq MYbvUÅ m›N eyfzÞz gvbyGli cƒYÆvã Rxeb wbGq gçÕ© KGi weRb fëvPvGhÆi bev®² bvUK| 1944 mvGji 24 AGÙvei kÉxiãGg hLb ‰wU gçÕ© nq ZLb ˆcÉÞvM†nwU wQj me ˆkÉYxi `kÆGK cƒYÆ|

‰ZKvj gGç ˆcŒivwYK I HwZnvwmK bvUGKi ŠewPòÅnxb Awfbq PjwQj, Zvi Õ©Gj MYbvUÅ m›N mÁ·ƒYÆ bZzb AvwãGK ‰K bZzb eî×eÅ wbGq AvwefƃZ nq| ‰i wk͸xiv ˆKD ˆckv`vi AwfGbZv-AwfGbòx wQGjb bv, eis Zuviv wQGjb ivR‹bwZK ˆPZbvmÁ·®² wkwÞZ gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi Zi‚Y-Zi‚Yx| hvG`iGK ‰Zw`b UvBc Pwiò KGi ivLv nGZv, eveyG`i PvKi-evKGii f„wgKvq ZvivB gGç AvGm wbGRG`i K^v ejGZ| ‰fvGe MYbvUÅ m›N bev®² bvUGKi gvaÅGg evsjv bvUÅRMGZ ‰K ZxeË AvGjvob m†wÓ¡ KGi| 1947 mvGj MYbvUÅ m›N gçÕ© KGi wgZvwj eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi evÕ§wfUv bvUK| ‰wU 1947 mvGj ˆ`kfvGMi ci D«¼vÕ§ RxeGbi cUf„wgKvq iwPZ|

1949 mvGj mwjj ˆPŒayixi Rbvw¯¦K bvUGK mvwnwZÅK RxeGbi myL-`ytLGK ˆK±`Ê KGi mvaviY gvbyGli `yieÕ©vGK ZzGj aiv nq| cGi Zuvi msGKZ bvKUwUI gçÕ© nq| ‰ici MYbvUÅ m›N bvUKGK RbgyLx Kivi jGÞÅ bZzb bZzb welq wbGq bvUK gçÕ© KGi; dGj miKvGii mGã ‰i msNvZ m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es ˆKvb ˆKvb cÉ`kÆbx wbwl«¬I nGq hvq| ‰i…c KGqKwU bvUK nGjv: fvby PGëvcvaÅvGqi AvRKvj, gmxRxex, KvYvMwj, jvjgvwU, ivügyî×, nwic` gvÕ¡vi BZÅvw`| msGKZ bvgK ‰KwU bvUGKi cÉ`kÆbxI cywjwk evavq e®¬ nGq hvq; cGi ‰wU cÉwZa»wb bvGg ivgGgvnb jvBGeËwiGZ cÉ`wkÆZ nq|

MYbvUÅ m›N cÉGhvwRZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AviI KGqKwU bvUK nGjv: bxj`cÆY, g†ZzÅ ˆbB, msò×vw¯¦, ˆXD, ivGZi AwZw^, ˆg w`em, gÅvKGe^, mskµ¦K, BwZnvGmi cvZv, js gvPÆ, nvivGbi bvZ RvgvB, muvIZvj weG`Ëvn, Kqjvi iO, kiGZi ˆgN, ‰B gvwUGZ, Ai‚GYv`Gqi cG^ BZÅvw`| m›NwU ‰LbI mwò×q ‰es 1992 mvj chƯ¦ cwøgeGãi 18wU ˆRjvq ‰i 312wU kvLv MGo DGVGQ| 

MYvqb bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq  1975 mvGji 17 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i PëMÉvGg cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| MYvqb gGb KGi, bvUK ˆkvwlZ gvbyGli gGaÅ ˆkÉYxGPZbv RvwMGq ZzjGZ ‰es ZvG`iGK weG`Ëvn, AvG±`vjb, ˆkÉYxmsMÉvg I weµÏGei ggÆevYx ˆevSvGZ mnvqZv KGi| RxebwegyL msÕ•‡wZPPÆvq MYvqb wek¼vm KGi bv| 1976 mvGji 21 ˆdeË‚qvwi `Gji cÉ^g bvUK hvq w`b dvàGbv w`b gçÕ© nq| ‰wU wQj ‰KwU c^bvUK|

1977 mvGji 3 ˆdeË‚qvwi MYvqb PëMÉvg wgDwbwmcÅvj gGWj nvBÕ•zGji gyî×gGç `kÆbxi wewbgGq Mdzi Avwgbv msev` I PhÆvcG`i nwiYx bvgK `ywU bvUK gçÕ© KGi| ‰ Qvov wewf®² mgGq RvZxq chÆvGq AbywÓ¤Z wewf®² bvGUÅvrmGe MYvqb ‰KwU AevÕ¦e M͸, wfGUgvwU, ˆNvov ‰j knGi, AeGkGl ˆRbvGij, ˆkl msjvc, gvjç gvjv bvUKàwj gçÕ© KGi| MYvqb ‰ chƯ¦ 26wU bvUGKi 8 kZvwaK cÉ`kÆbx mÁ·®² KGiGQ| ‰me bvUK wbeÆvPb I gçvqGb mgvR I msMÉvgx RbMY cÉvavbÅ ˆcGqGQ| MYvqb bvGg ‰i ‰KwU AwbqwgZ cÉKvkbv iGqGQ| ˆMvÓ¤xwU PëMÉvGg wbqwgZ bvUÅPPÆv ‰es MÉ‚c w^GqUvi AvG±`vjGbi ‰KwU mwò×q `j wnGmGe Zvi KgÆKví PvwjGq hvGœQ| 

[wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

ˆMÉU bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi  KjKvZvi ‘wn±`y bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi’-‰i cwiewZÆZ bvg| 1873 mvGj fzebGgvnb wbGqvMx KZƆK KjKvZvi weWb wÕ¡ËGU (eZÆgvb wgbvfÆv w^GqUvGii Õ©Gj) ‘ˆMÉU bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi’ gç cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGj ˆmLvGb ‰B ˆMvÓ¤xwU Awfbq ÷i‚ KGi| 1874 mvGji RvbyqvwiGZ bxj`cÆY I weaevweevn bvUK `ywU gçvqGbi gvaÅGg ‰i hvòv ÷i‚ nq| ‰ mgq wMwik ˆNvl ˆhvM w`Gj w^GqUvGi bZzb cÉvY mçvi nq| wZwb ewâgPG±`Êi g†Yvwjbx I wele†Þ DcbÅvGmi bvUÅi…c ˆ`b ‰es Õ¼qs cÉavb f„wgKvq Awfbq KGib| g†Yvwjbx bvUGKi AwfbGq w^GqUvi hG^Ó¡ mybvg ARÆb KGi|

1874 mvGji 19 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i bGM±`Êbv^ eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi b†ZÅMxZ mg†«¬ ‰KwU bvUGK bvixB cÉ^g bvixPwiGò i…c`vb KGi; ‰i AvGM cyi‚liv bvixPwiGò Awfbq KiZ| w^GqUvGii AbÅvbÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUK nGjv: gaymƒ`Gbi K‡úKzgvix, ewâgPG±`Êi KcvjKzíjv, ˆRÅvwZwi±`ÊbvG^i cyi‚weò×g, wKwçr RjGhvM; bGM±`Êbv^ eG±`Åvcv`ÅvGqi mZx wK Kjwâbx; gÅvKGe^, Avb±` Kvbb BZÅvw`| ‰i A͸Kvj cGiB ˆMÉU bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi wechÆGqi gyGL cGo| gÅvGbRvi cG` cybtcyb cwieZÆGbi dGj AvñKjn ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es cwiYvGg `jwU ˆfGã hvq| 

[MGYk gyGLvcvaÅvq]

Rbvw¯¦K bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq  1978 mvGj KzwgÍÏvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| bvUÅPPÆvi gvaÅGg HwZGnÅi Abym®¬vb Kiv `jwUi Av`kÆ| ‰B Av`kÆGK mvgGb ˆiGL Rbvw¯¦K RxebgyLx bvUÅPPÆvGK cÉvavbÅ w`Gq Zvi KvhÆò×g PvwjGq hvGœQ| `jwU RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1991-‰ iex±`ÊbvG^i wemRÆb bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi| Rbvw¯¦GKi ‰ chƯ¦ cÉGhvRbv 29wU ‰es cÉ`kÆbx 183wU| XvKvmn ˆ`Gki wewf®² ˆRjvq DrmGe I cÉwZGhvwMZvq Rbvw¯¦K bvUK gçvqb KGi| bvUÅ cÉ`kÆbxi cvkvcvwk wewf®² RvZxq I Av¯¦RÆvwZK w`eGm AvGjvPbv mfv, bvUÅwelqK ˆmwgbvi cÉf‡wZiI AvGqvRb KGi ^vGK| [wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

Wvqg´£ Rywewj w^GqUvi  ˆ`Lyb bvUÅgç|

WÈvgv mvGKÆj  XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆK±`Êxq Qvò msMVb ‘WvKmy’-i DG`ÅvGM 1956 mvGji 6 AGÙvei cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i ˆbZ‡GZ½ wQGjb WvKmyi ZrKvjxb cÉGgv` mÁ·v`K gxi gKmy`ym mvGjnxb| ‰B ˆMvÓ¤xi cÉavb jÞÅ wQj ˆckv`vi gçixwZi evBGi bZzb avivi bvUK gçvqb Kiv| ‰RbÅ ˆMvÓ¤xi KgÆxiv bvUGKi `†kÅmäv, i…cmäv, AvGjvKmäv I AwfbGq bZzbZ½ Avbqb KGib|

WÈvgv mvGKÆj cÉGhvwRZ cÉ^g bvUK Keq (cGq´Ÿvim Ae Bmdvnvb-‰i ebdzjK‡Z Abyev`) ˆMvÓ¤xi cÉwZÓ¤vw`eGmB XvKvi KvRÆb nGj gçÕ© nq| ‰GZ Awfbq KGib gvngy` nvmvb, ZIwdK AvwRR Lvb, RniZ Aviv, Avwe` ˆnvGmb, ˆgviGk` ˆPŒayix cÉgyL| ‰ eQiB ˆMvÓ¤xwU KjKvZvq Avwbm ˆPŒayixi gvbwPò gçÕ© KGi; cGi ‰wU cvwKÕ¦vGbI AwfbxZ nq| lvGUi `kGK ˆMvÓ¤xi cÉvYcyi‚l gKmy`ym mvGjnxb I eRjyj Kwig weG`k PGj ˆMGj cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGR Škw^jÅ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nIqvi ci Avevi Zv cybi‚äxweZ nq| KvRÆb nj, BwéwbqvmÆ BbwÕ¡wUDU, gvwKÆb Z^ÅGK±`Ê, weËwUk KvDw´Öj wgjbvqZb ‰es gwnjv mwgwZ gGç WÈvgv mvKÆj cÉGhvwRZ wewf®² bvUK gçÕ© nq|

WÈvgv mvGKÆj ˆgŒwjK bvUGKi cvkvcvwk wMÉK I BsGiwR bvUGKi evsjv Abyev` I i…cv¯¦i, aË‚c`x KveÅbvUK, b†ZÅ I mãxZmg†«¬ bvUK, mvsGKwZK I i…cKvkÉqx bvUKI cÉ`kÆb KGi| ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x cÉGhvwRZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU bvUK nGjv: gybxi ˆPŒayix Abƒw`Z ˆKD wKQy ejGZ cvGi bv (1957), iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii iî×Kiex (1958), ZvGmi ˆ`k (1961), ivRvivYx (1961); Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvn&i ewncxi, Šmq` Avjx Avnmvb Abƒw`Z ivRv BwWcvm (1962), eRjyj Kwig Abƒw`Z mevB Avgvi ˆQGj (1959), KvjGejv (1962), AvgÆm AÅv´£ w` gÅvb (1963), mvRvGbv evMvb (1980), Pzc Av`vjZ PjGQ (1984) cÉf‡wZ| [Abycg nvqvr]

XvKv w^GqUvi  1973 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆ`Gki bebvUÅ AvG±`vjGbi AbÅZg cyGivav ‰ `jwUi ˆek KGqKRb m`mÅ 1971 mvGji gywî×hyG«¬ mivmwi AskMÉnY KGib, hvi cÉfve `jwUi bvUÅ-cÉGhvRbvq cwijwÞZ nq| `Gji bvUÅKgÆxiv bvUGKi fvlv I AvwãGK ˆ`Gki Avengvb KvGji cwiPq I gvbyGli euvPvi msMÉvGgi Õ¼i…c ZzGj aivi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| ˆ`k-weG`Gk `jwUi bvUÅ-cÉGhvRbv myÓ¤z wk͸Geva I ˆgŒwjKGZ½i RbÅ cÉkswmZ nGqGQ| AaÅvcK ˆmwjg Avj-`xb ‰i cÉavb bvUÅKvi ‰es Zuvi bvUGKi welqeÕ§ HwZnÅevnx gãjKveÅ , Šggbwmsn-MxwZKv , m¯¦ KweG`i iPbv cÉf‡wZ| ˆewki fvM bvUGKi wbG`Ækbv `vb KGiGQb bvwmiDwób BDmyd|

XvKv w^GqUvi ‰ chƯ¦ 26wUi gGZv bvUK gçÕ© KGiGQ; ˆmàwji gGaÅ gybZvmxi dÅv´Ÿvmx, dwYgbmv, wKîbGLvjv, ˆKivgZ gãj, nvZ n`vB, PvKv ‰es ebcvs÷j mgwaK cÉwm«¬| ‘weG`kx bvUÅ KvhÆò×g’ ‰B wkGivbvGg XvKv w^GqUvi ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLGUi `Å ˆiwmGÕ¡ej ivBR AÅv´£ dj Ae AvGZÆvGiv DB-‰i i…cv¯¦i aƒZÆ DB ‰es ˆkÝcxqGii gvGPÆ´Ÿ Ae ˆfwbm-‰i Abƒw`Z i…c gçvqb KGi| ‘MÉvg w^GqUvi’ bvGg XvKv w^GqUvGii DG`ÅvGM evsjvG`Gki wewf®² MÉvgvçGj ‰KwU eÅvcK gyî×bvUK KvhÆò×g Pvjy AvGQ| ‰ bvUKàwj MÉvGgi mvaviY gvbylG`i w`Gq ˆhGKvb ˆLvjv RvqMvq AwfbxZ nq|

XvKv w^GqUvGii m`mÅG`i gGaÅ bvwmi‚wób BDmyd, wkgyj BDmyd, ügvqƒb dwi`x, myeYÆv gyÕ¦dv, ivBmyj Bmjvg Avmv`, cxhƒl eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq, knx`yävgvb ˆmwjg, kgx Kvqmvi cÉgyL weGklfvGe cwiwPZ| [AvZvDi ingvb]

XvKv c`vwZK  1980 mvGji 13 gvPÆ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| bvUGKi welqeÕ§ wbaÆviGY evsjvG`Gki gvwU, gvbyl I ZvG`i Rxeb-msMÉvGgi `xNÆ HwZnÅGK XvKv c`vwZK meÆvwaK ài‚Z½ ˆ`q| ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi KgÆxiv wek¼vm KGib ˆh, bvUGKi ˆkKo gvbe-RxeGbi MfxGi ˆcÉvw^Z ‰es ˆmB ˆkKGoi m®¬vGbB Zuviv bvUÅPPÆv KGib|

`Gji cÉ^g gçÕ© bvUK ‰m.‰g ˆmvjvqgvGbi gyGLvgywL Ksm| 1990 mvGji 23 Rvbyqvwi bvMwiK bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq AvGqvwRZ bvUÅ DrmGe XvKv c`vwZK gwnjv mwgwZ gGç ‰B ˆ`Gk ‰B ˆeGk bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi; ‰ hver bvUKwUi kZvwaK cÉ`kÆbx nGqGQ| gywî×hyG«¬i 20 eQi DcjGÞ RvZxq bvUÅ Drme-1991-‰ XvKv c`vwZK wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx gGç ˆnbwiK BeGmGbi AÅvb ‰wbwg Ae w` wccj bvUGKi i…cv¯¦i RbZvi kò‚ cÉ`kÆb KGi; RvZxq bvUÅ Drme-1998-‰ gçÕ© KGi i…cv¯¦wiZ bvUK welv`-wm®¬z| XvKv c`vwZK cÉGhvwRZ AbÅvbÅ bvUGKi gGaÅ iGqGQ: ÞÅvcv cvMjvi cuÅvPvj (c^bvUK), ˆmvRb evw`qvi NvU, ‰GjKkvb KÅvwiGKPvi, ZvjcvZvi ˆmcvB, B´ÖGcÙi ˆRbvGij, BswMZ (kZvwaK cÉ`kÆbx nGqGQ), ivÞm ˆLvØm, mGò×wUGmi m®¬vb, Mwb wgqv ‰Kw`b, Avn KgGiW, wePvi weövU, Avwgbv my±`ix, welv`-wm®¬z (2q ceÆ), ˆdiv, i…cKzgvi, e†î, hv`yKi, Mvav evRvi BZÅvw`|

XvKv c`vwZGKi gç I c^bvUGKi ˆgvU cÉ`kÆbx msLÅv mnmËvwaK| XvKvi evBGi wewf®² ˆRjv knGi ‰B bvUÅ`Gji wewf®² bvUK cÉ`wkÆZ nGqGQ; KjKvZvq AbywÓ¤Z bvUÅ DrmGeI ‰ `j Ask wbGqGQ| bvUÅKgÆxG`i `ÞZv e†w«¬i DGóGkÅ `jwU gvGSgvGSB bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjvi AvGqvRb KGi| ‰Qvov XvKv c`vwZK evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikb I mwÁÃwjZ mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆRvGUi wewf®² mvsÕ•‡wZK KgÆKvGíI mwò×qfvGe AskMÉnY KGi ‰es wek¼ bvUÅ w`em, wewf®² RvZxq w`em, ˆg w`em BZÅvw` DcjGÞ wewf®² KvhÆò×g MÉnY KGi| 

[wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

XvKv wjUj w^GqUvi  wk÷-wKGkvi bvUÅ msMVb wnGmGe 1978 mvGji 1 AGÙvei XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vZvG`i gGaÅ wQGjb dGqR AvnGg`, wmivRyj Bmjvg ˆPŒayix, bvRgv ˆRmwgb ˆPŒayix, ˆgviGk`yj Bmjvg, gvhnvi‚j Bmjvg cÉgyL| DcG`Ó¡vG`i gGaÅ wQGjb bvwmiDwób BDmyd I AvdRvj ˆnvGmb| ‰wU cÉwZÓ¤vi gƒj DGókÅ myÕ© I RxebagÆx bvUK cÉGhvRbv ‰es cÉwkÞGYi gvaÅGg wk÷-wKGkviG`i gvbwmK weKvk mvab Kiv|

XvKv wjUj w^GqUvi cÉGhvwRZ cÉ^g bvUK ZvGmi ˆ`k gçÕ© nq 1979 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvGm| iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii gƒj bvUK AejÁ¼Gb bvRgv ˆRmwgb ˆPŒayix ˆQvUG`i DcGhvMx KGi ‰wU i…cv¯¦wiZ KGib| 1999 mvj chƯ¦ bvUKwUi 41wU cÉ`kÆbx nGqGQ| wjUj w^GqUvi cÉGhvwRZ cÉavb bvUKàwj nGjv: ˆhgb Lykx mvGRv, eRÊvbj, nxiK ivRvi ˆ`Gk, mv`v cv^Gii ˆ`Gk, P±`b eqvwZi MuvI, Avevi Ai‚GYv`q, fq KiGjB fq, ˆfwbm mI`vMi, ˆMvgi duvm, RyRyeywo BZÅvw`|  [Abycg nvqvr]

Zi‚Y mÁ·É`vq  1978 mvGji 19 RyjvB wmivRMGé cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| bvUK RbMGYi wk͸ ‰ Av`kÆGK mvgGb ˆiGL ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi m`mÅiv bvUÅPPÆv KGib; Zuviv ˆgnbwZ gvbyGli cÉwZwbwaZ½ Kivi cÉwZ AãxKvie«¬| 1999 mvj chƯ¦ Zi‚Y mÁ·É`vq 25wU bvUK cÉGhvRbv KGi, ˆhàwji gGaÅ 22wU gçbvUK I 3wU c^bvUK| gç bvUKàwj nGjv: weGb cqmvi ˆfvR, ˆcvÕ¡-gvÕ¡vi, ˆPvi ˆPvi, Iiv K`g Avjx, ‰Lb `ytmgq, Bewjk, cv^i, cÉÕ§wZ ‰evi w`b e`Gji, mvZ cyi‚Gli FY, BswMZ, ‰B ˆ`Gk ‰B ˆeGk, ‰GjKkvb KÅvwiGKPvi, ‰KvîGii Þzw`ivg, ˆLjv ˆLjv, ˆKvj e`Gji ˆLjv, Aei‚«¬ BwZnvm, weœQy, evmb BZÅvw`; c^bvUK wZbwU nGjv: giv, Av`ve I ÞÅvcv cvMjvi cuÅvPvj|

Zi‚Y mÁ·É`vq gyî× bvUGKi aviYvq wek¼vmx| ‰ DGóGkÅ Zuviv ‰Kevi wmivRMGéi ˆLvKkvevwo BDwbqGbi kÉwgKG`i wbGq 10 w`Gbi ‰K KgÆkvjv cwiPvjbv KGib; ‰KBfvGe cvebvi Ck¼iw`, eàovi Kvnvjy ‰es ivRkvnxi cev DcGRjvi 10wU KGi MÉvg wbGq gyî× bvUK iPbv I cwiGekb KGib|

wZhÆK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x  PëMÉvGgi wZhÆK bvUÅ`j 1990 mvGj w«¼av wefî× nGj Zvi ‰KwU Ask ‰B bvGg cwiwPZ nq| wkG͸i RbÅ wk͸ bq, RbMGYi RbÅB wk͸ wZhÆK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x ‰B Av`GkÆ wek¼vmx| ‰i gƒj jÞÅ bvUÅKvi, bvUÅKgÆx I bvUGKi `kÆK m†wÓ¡ Kiv ‰es RxebgyLx bvUK gçÕ© Kiv| 1999 mvj chƯ¦ wZhÆK 26wU gçbvUK I ‰KwU c^bvUK gçÕ© KGi; ‰i cÉ`kÆbx msLÅv cÉvq cuvPk|

wZhÆGKi gçÕ© bvUKàwji gGaÅ 13wU wbRÕ¼ bvUÅKviG`i iwPZ; evwKàwj ˆ`wk-weG`kx bw±`Z bvUÅKviG`i iPbv huvG`i gGaÅ iGqGQb gybxi ˆPŒayix , ˆmwjg Avj-`xb, ev`j miKvi, md`vi nvkgx, DBwjqg ˆkÝcxqi, ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLU, Av¯¦b ˆPLf, IGj ˆmvBsKv cÉgyL| ‰i dGj bvUÅvwfbGq ŠewPòÅ mvwaZ nGqGQ|

wZhÆK cÉGhvwRZ bvUKmgƒGni gGaÅ c^bvUK ˆmvqvZ RvnvR 71 ‰es gçbvUK AvZZvqx, KvGVi ˆNvov, Kei, mgvwµ¦, AbÅiKg, Rbbxi g†ZzÅ ˆbB, ‰ÅvR BD jvBK BU, Zx^Æhvòv BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| wZhÆK PëMÉvGgi evBGi XvKvmn ˆ`Gki wewf®² AçGjI Awfbq cÉ`kÆb KGi|

wZhÆK 1977 mvGj ‘wZhÆK wjUj w^GqUvi’ bvGg PëMÉvGg ‰KwU wk÷bvUÅ KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ KGi ‰es ‰ kvLvq 3wU bvUGKi 11wU cÉ`kÆbx mÁ·®² nGqGQ| 1977 mvj ˆ^GK wZhÆGKi Zî½veavGb ‰KwU ŠògvwmK cwòKv wZhÆK cÉKvwkZ nGœQ| ‰ QvovI bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjv I ˆmwgbvimn RvZxqwfwîK wewf®² mvsÕ•‡wZK KgÆKvGí wZhÆK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x wbqwgZ AskMÉnY KGi|

wZhÆK bvUÅ`j  1974 mvGji 16 ˆg PëMÉvGg cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1990 mvGji AGÙvei gvGm ‰i KGqKRb bvUÅKgÆx c†^KfvGe ‘wZhÆK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x’ bvGg wf®² `j MVb KGi| wefî× nevi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ wZhÆGKi gçvwqZ bvUGKi msLÅv wQj 20wU ‰es cÉ`kÆbx msLÅv 315wU|

1990-‰i ci ˆ^GK ‰ chƯ¦ wZhÆK bvUÅ`Gji gçbvUK ‰es c^bvUK wgwjGq cÉGhvRbv 20wU ‰es gçvqb-msLÅv 849wU| bvUÅ wbeÆvPGbi ˆÞGò wZhÆK ˆ`k-weG`Gki weLÅvZ bvUÅKvi I Nivbvi cÉwZ `†wÓ¡ w`Gq ^vGK| wZhÆK cÉGhvwRZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKàwj nGjv: WvKNi, wemRÆb, iî×Kiex, eyo mvwjGKi NvGo ˆiuv, gvGPÆ´Ÿ Ae ˆfwbm, BwWcvm, wMiwMwU, AvR m†wÓ¡ myGLi DÍÏvGm, mgy`Ë wccvmv BZÅvw`|

RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1991-‰ wZhÆK bvUÅ`j mnR mij c^ bvUK gçÕ© KGi| 1992 mvGji 7 AGÙvei `jwU PëMÉvGgi ˆK±`Êxq knx` wgbvGi gywî×hyG«¬i evÕ¦e NUbvwfwîK bvUÅvGjLÅ ÕÆwZ-71 cwiGekb KGi| 1993-i 16 ˆg PëMÉvGgi gymwjg nGj wZhÆK bvUÅ`j ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLGUi mgvavb bvUGKi kZZg gçvqb mÁ·®² KGi| PëMÉvGgi MÉ‚c w^GqUvGii ˆKvb bvUGKi ‰UvB cÉ^g kZZg gçvqb| evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikb AvGqvwRZ ‘fvjevwm evsjv fvlv, fvjevwm wek¼RGbi gvZ‡fvlv’ kxlÆK RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-2000 DcjGÞ 22 ˆdeË‚qvwi gwnjv mwgwZ gGç ‰B bvUÅ`j bRi‚Gji gaygvjv  bvUK gçÕ© KGi|

1991 mvj ˆ^GK cÉwZeQi wZhÆK bvUÅ`j wZhÆK bvUÅGgjv, bvUÅ KgÆkvjv I ˆmwgbvGii AvGqvRb KGi AvmGQ| 1993 mvGji 12 wWGmÁ¼i wZhÆGKi Avg¯¨GY ˆPK cÉRvZ¯¨ ˆ^GK AvMZ The Association of Theatrical Activities PëMÉvGgi gymwjg nGj `ywU bvUK cwiGekb KGi| wZhÆK eyGjwUb bvGg ‰i bvUÅwelqK ‰KwU ŠògvwmK cwòKv iGqGQ| 

[wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

w^GqUvi (ˆeBwj ˆivW)  1972 mvGji 7 ˆdeË‚qvwi XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cÉwZÓ¤vZviv nGjb Kexi ˆPŒayix (mfvcwZ), ivGg±`y gRyg`vi (mvaviY mÁ·v`K), Ave`yÍÏvn Avj gvgyb, BKevj evnvi ˆPŒayix I ˆdiG`Œmx gRyg`vi; cGi ‰uG`i mGã ˆhvM ˆ`b ˆgvnvÁÃ` RvKvwiqv, ˆKivgZ gvIjv, ggZvRD`&`xb Avng` cÉgyL| mr I RxebagÆx bvUGKi wbqwgZ cÉGhvRbv I bvUÅwelqK cwòKv cÉKvk ‰i gyLÅ DGókÅ|

w^GqUvGii cÉ^g cÉ`kÆbx ÷i‚ nq gybxi ˆPŒayixi Kei bvUK gçvqGbi gvaÅGg| ivGg±`y gRyg`vGii wbG`Ækbvq 1972 mvGji 21 ˆdeË‚qvwi knx` w`eGm evsjv ‰KvGWgx gGç ‰wU gçÕ© nq| ‰KB eQi bGfÁ¼i gvGm ‰i gyLcò wnGmGe cÉKvwkZ nq ŠògvwmK w^GqUvi cwòKv| 1974 mvGji 19 ‰wcÉj XvKvi gwnjv mwgwZ gGç Ave`yÍÏvn Avj gvgyGbi wbG`Ækbvq ZuviB iwPZ bvUK myePb wbeÆvmGb AwfbxZ nq| `kÆKbw±`Z ‰ bvUGK Õ¼vaxbZv-Dîi mvgvwRK gƒjÅGevGai AeÞq ZzGj aiv nq|

Ave`yÍÏvn Avj gvgyGbi Aci bvUK ‰Lb `ytmgq-I (3 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i 1974) gçmdj nq; ‰GZ KvGjvevRvwi KZƆK ebÅvZÆ gvbyGli ˆkvlGYi wPò AwâZ nGqGQ| bvUÅGMvÓ¤xi meGPGq mdj cÉGhvRbv nGjv Šmq` kvgmyj nGKi KveÅbvUK cvGqi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq| gywî×hy«¬wfwîK ‰B bvUKwU Ave`yÍÏvn Avj gvgyGbi wbG`Ækbvq gwnjv mwgwZ gGç 1976 mvGji 25 bGfÁ¼i cÉ^g gçÕ© nq| 1981 mvGji gvGPÆ wmDGj AbywÓ¤Z Z‡Zxq weGk¼i bvGUÅvrmGeI ‰wU cÉ`wkÆZ nq| ‰ eQGiiB 9 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i gwnjv mwgwZ gGç gçÕ© nq gybxi ˆPŒayix I Kexi ˆPŒayix Abƒw`Z ˆkÝcxqGii IG^Gjv bvUK|

1982 mvGji ˆMvovi w`GK w^GqUvi bvUÅGMvÓ¤x `ywU fvGM fvM nGq hvq| gƒj avivwU ‘w^GqUvi (ˆeBwj ˆivW)’ ‰es bZzb avivwU ‘w^GqUvi (AvivgevM)’ bvGg cwiwPZ nq| ‰i `yeQi ci gƒj aviv ˆ^GK AviI ‰KwU bZzb avivi m†wÓ¡ nq, hvi bvg ‰Lb ‘w^GqUvi (ˆZvcLvbv)’|

w^GqUvi (ˆeBwj ˆivW)-‰i DG`ÅvGM ‰hver eü bvUK gçÕ© nGqGQ; ˆmàwji gGaÅ gÅvKGe^ (1983), ò×xZ`vm (1983), NGi-evBGi (1985), w^GqUvGii cvjv e`j (1985), Kzimx (1988), weljÞÅvi Qywi (1989), `ÅvGki gvbyl (1991), Avw¯¦GMvGb (1992), K‡úKvG¯¦i DBj (1994), ˆgivR dwKGii gv (1995), wPwV (1995) I Õ¼µ²wMwi (1998) DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| bvUÅGMvÓ¤xi AbÅvbÅ KgÆKvGíi gGaÅ iGqGQ 1989 mvGj ‘gybxi ˆPŒayix mÁÃvbbv c`K’ cÉeZÆb, 1990 mvGj Awfbq-welqK ‘w^GqUvi Õ•zj’ Pvjy, 1997 mvGj ‘ˆgvnvÁÃ` RvKvwiqv ÕÆwZ c`K’ cÉeZÆb, wewf®² mgGq w^GqUvi IqvKÆkc I bvUÅwelqK Drme-AbyÓ¤vb-ˆmwgbvGii AvGqvRb, Mɯ© I ÕÃiwYKv cÉKvkbv cÉf‡wZ| ‰me KgÆmƒwPi gaÅ w`Gq w^GqUvGii AMÉhvòv AvRI AeÅvnZ iGqGQ|

w^GqUvi (AvivgevM)-‰i ˆbZ‡GZ½ iGqGQb ˆKivgZ gvIjv, ggZvRD`&`xb Avng`, bGik fuƒBqv, ˆiRvDj ‰Kivg cÉgyL| ‰i c†^K hvòv ÷i‚ nq 1983 mvGji 21 ˆg gxi gkviid ˆnvGmb iwPZ Rwg`vi `cÆY bvUK gçvqGbi gvaÅGg| ˆMvÓ¤x cÉGhvwRZ AbÅvbÅ bvUGKi gGaÅ iGqGQ ÞZweÞZ (1984), bxj`cÆY (1985), gnvcyi‚l (1986), mvZNvGUi KvYvKwo (1989), M¯¦eÅ eü`ƒi (1991), ivÞzmx (1991), wKs jxqvi (1993), ˆkl iÞv (1994), i…cfvb (1996), LvgvLv LvgvLv (1998) cÉf‡wZ| ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x 1986-i AGÙveGi w`wÍÏ, KjKvZv I RqcyGi Rwg`vi `cÆY, 1992-‰ KjKvZvq mvZNvGUi KvbvKwo I ivÞzmx, 1997-‰ KjKvZvq i…cfvb ‰es 1998-‰ wkwjàwoGZ LvgvLv LvgvLv, i…cfvb I AvMiZjvq LvgvLv LvgvLv gçÕ© KGi|

‰B ˆMvÓ¤x cÉGhvwRZ meÆvwaK gçÕ© bvUK mvZNvGUi KvbvKwo| ‰wU `yB kZvwaKevi gçÕ© nGqGQ| ˆMvÓ¤xwU wewf®² bvUGKi mnmÅ gçvqb DcjGÞ 1999 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwiGZ mµ¦vneÅvcx Drme cvjb KGi| ˆm DrmGe KjKvZvi `ywU ‰es wkwjàwoi ‰KwU bvUÅ`jI Ask ˆbq| wbqwgZ bvUK gçvqb QvovI ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x wewf®² mgGq bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjvi AvGqvRb KGi ‰es mvsÕ•‡wZK AãGbi wewf®² eÅwî×Z½GK mseaÆbv ˆ`q|

w^GqUvi (ˆZvcLvbv)-i cÉavb KgÆxiv nGjb Lvqi‚j Avjg meyR, nvwdRyi ingvb myi‚R, ˆiLv AvnGg`, Avwmd gybxi, kvnbvR jxbv cÉgyL| ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi wbRÕ¼ cÉGhvRbv nGjv: ˆZvZvivg, cybwjÆLb cÉf‡wZ| [Abycg nvqvr] 

w^GqUvi ’73  1973 mvGji 13 ˆdeË‚qvwi PëMÉvGg cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰B bvUÅ`jwU bvUGK RxeGbi cÉwZdjb cÉZÅvkvq bvUÅPPÆv KGi| ‰wU PëMÉvg wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgxmn knGii AbÅvbÅ gGç wbqwgZ cÉ`kÆbx QvovI XvKvi wU.‰m.wm gGç, evsjvG`k ˆUwjwfkGb ‰es AvGgwiKvb w^GqUvi IqvKÆkGc bvUK cwiGekb KGi| w^GqUvi ’73 cÉGhvwRZ AwaKvsk bvUKB ˆ`kxq bvUÅKviG`i iwPZ| ‰i…c cÉavb KGqKwU bvUK nGjv: gÅvmvKvi, Õ·vUÆvKvm, djvdj wbÁ²Pvc, nwiY wPZv wPj, ÷öv my±`i KjÅvYx Avb±`, ‰GjGeGj, Zi‚Y I engvb ÞZ, cjvZK cvwjGq ˆMGQ, Kei, `iRvq KivNvZ, Av`g ÷gvix, KweKvwnbx, Õ¼MÆ DcmMÆ, wbÓ˜vw¯¦i cG^, nqGZv bqGZv, eÅwZò×g BZÅvw`|

w^GqUvi ’73 KÝevRvGi AbywÓ¤Z evsjvG`Gki cÉ^g iµ¦vwb ˆgjvq `ywU bvUK gçÕ© KGi| 1976-77 mvGj ‰es 1977-78 mvGj evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx AvGqvwRZ cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq RvZxq bvGUÅvrmGe w^GqUvi ’73 AskMÉnY KGi ‰es ‰GjGeGj bvUGKi DcÕ©vcbvq K‡wZGZ½i RbÅ cyiÕ•vi jvf KGi| `jwU ‰hver 17wU bvUGKi 138wU cÉ`kÆbx mÁ·®² KGiGQ| bvUK gçvqGbi cvkvcvwk bvUÅKgÆkvjvi AvGqvRb ‰es bvUÅwelqK KgÆKvGí hyî× ˆ^GK w^GqUvi ’73 PëMÉvGg MÉ‚c w^GqUvi AvG±`vjGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivLGQ|

[wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

w`bvRcyi bvUÅ mwgwZ  1913 mvGj w`bvRcyGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i AvGM 1904 mvGj w`bvRcyi knGii ˆÞòxcvovq nwiPiY ˆmGbi DG`ÅvGM ‘Wvqg´£ Rywewj w^GqUvi’ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj, wK¯§ KgÆxG`i gZv‹bGKÅi KviGY c†^KfvGe bvUÅ mwgwZ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vq f„cvjP±`Ê ˆmGbi AMÉYx f„wgKv wQj| Rwg`vi ivavGMvwe±` ˆPŒayix, gnvivRv RM`xkbv^ ivq, Wvî×vi hvwgbx ˆmb, wbwkKv¯¦ ivqGPŒayix, wMwiRvGgvnb wbGqvMx, gvinvgvZ ˆnvGmb cÉgyGLi mnGhvwMZvq P±`Ê൦ bvUK gçvqGbi gvaÅGg w`bvRcyi bvUÅ mwgwZi hvòv ÷i‚ nq| KzGjv` evey, Kzby evey, wef„wZ Puv`, wniYÄq evey cÉgyL Õ¨x-PwiGò Awfbq KGi mybvg ARÆb KGib|

1913 ˆ^GK 1947 mvj chƯ¦ KjKvZv ˆKw±`ÊK cÉGdkbvj w^GqUvGi AwfbxZ cÉvq me DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKB w`bvRcyi bvUÅ mwgwZ mvdGjÅi mGã gçÕ© KGi| weGki `kGK bvUÅ mwgwZi àYMZ cwieZÆb NUGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ZLb ˆ^GK mwgwZ weîevbG`i Aby`vb I gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv jvf KGi ‰es ò×gk `kÆKe†G±`i Ici wbfÆikxj nGq IGV| ‰ mgq cÉdzÍÏ, ivRv nwiø±`Ê, kvRvnvb, ivRv b±`Kzgvi BZÅvw` bvUK gçÕ© nq| ˆ`kfvGMi ci cuvP eQi wbwÓ˜q ^vKvi ci cybivq ‰i KgÆKví ÷i‚ nq|

1963 mvj ˆ^GK w`bvRcyi bvUÅ mwgwZ cÉwZeQi Av¯¦tGRjv bvGUÅvrme I Awfbq cÉwZGhvwMZv ÷i‚ KGi| ‰B bvGUÅvrme ˆ^GK mwgwZ wbqwgZ `kÆbxi wewbgGq bvUK gçÕ© KGi AvmGQ| 1981 ˆ^GK 1988 mvj chƯ¦ AvBbMZ KviGY ‰i KvhÆò×Gg weN³ NGU ‰es 1983 mvGji ci bvGUÅvrme e®¬ nGq hvq| 1994 mvGj cybivq Zv Pvjy nq| gqgbwmsn Av¯¦tGRjv bvGUÅvrmGe f„wgKGÁ·i cGi bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi bvUÅ mwgwZ 11wUi gGaÅ 9wU cyiÕ•vi jvf KGi| eü evav-wecwîi gaÅ w`Gq msMVbwU ‰LbI Zvi KvhÆò×g AeÅvnZ ˆiGLGQ|  [bvRgyj Avnmvb] 

bei…cx  1963 mvGj w`bvRcyGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| mgKvjxb msÕ•‡wZGZ weivRgvb Õ©weiZv I MZvbyMwZKZvGK `ƒi KGi ZvGZ bZzb cÉvY mçvi KivB ‰i jÞÅ| evi N¥Ÿv kxlÆK bvUK gçvqGbi gvaÅGg ‰i KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ nq| cieZÆxKvGj bvUÅwefvGMi cvkvcvwk mãxZ I mvwnZÅ wefvGMi KgÆKvíI ÷i‚ nq| ‰hver bei…cxi bvUÅ-cÉGhvRbvi msLÅv 50wU ‰es ˆgvU cÉ`kÆbx 167wU| 1977 mvGj evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx AvGqvwRZ cÉ^g RvZxq bvGUÅvrmGe bei…cx BZÅvw` aiGbi cÉf‡wZ bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi cyiÕ•‡Z nq| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1991-‰ bei…cx wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx gGç wenvb KvG±` ˆmB Av®¬vGi bvUKwU cÉ`kÆb KGi| ‰ QvovI `jwU AbÅvbÅ ˆRjvq bvGUÅvrmGe AskMÉnY KGi wewf®² cyiÕ•vi ARÆb KGiGQ|  [wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb] 

bvMwiK bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq  1968 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| wefvMcƒeÆ KvGj XvKvq bvUÅPPÆv ‰KwU mGLi welq wQj| gvGS-gGaÅ gçbvUK wbGq gbbkxj I ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KvR nGjI Zv Õ©vwqZ½ jvf KGi wb| gywî×hyG«¬i cGi bvUÅPPÆvi ài‚Z½ evGo| `j wnGmGe bvMwiK wek¼vm KGi ˆh, ‰KwU fvGjv bvUK ˆ`k-KvGji mxgvGiLvi EGa»Æ ‰es Zvi DîivwaKvi wek¼gvbe wnGmGe mKGjB `vwe KiGZ cvGi| bvMwiGKi ‰i…c Šewk¼K fvebv ZvG`i bvUÅ cÉGhvRbvq cÉfve ˆdGjGQ| ‰i 30wU bvUÅ cÉGhvRbvi gGaÅ ˆkÝcxqi, ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLU, ‰WIqvWÆ ‰Åvjwe, AviDBb k, KvjÆ myÅLgvqvi, gwjGqi, AvjGeqvi KÅvgy, mÅvgyGqj ˆeGKU, Av¯¦b ˆPLf, iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi cÉgyGLi wek¼bw±`Z bvUKàwj iGqGQ; ‰Qvov Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvn , Šmq` kvgmyj nKmn AviI AGbGKi bvUKI gçÕ© nq|

`kÆbxi wewbgGq bvMwiGKi cÉ^g wbqwgZ cÉGhvRbv evwK BwZnvm ‰es cieZÆx cÉGhvRbv mr gvbyGli ˆLuvGR, ˆ`Iqvb MvRxi wKm&mv, mvRvnvb, APjvqZb, ˆKvGcwbGKi KÅvG¶Ÿb, bƒij`xGbi mvivRxeb, MGWvi cÉZxÞvq, MÅvwjwjI I ClÆv `kÆKG`i wecyj cÉksmv ARÆb KGiGQ| bvMwiGKi bvUÅ cÉGhvRbvi AvKlÆYxq w`K nGjv cÉvmwãKZv, myÓ¤z wk͸Geva I bv±`wbKZv| bvMwiK fviZ, hyî×ivRÅ I hyî×ivGÓ¡Ë wewf®² bvUÅ cÉGhvRbv wbGq ‰KvwaKevi mdi KGiGQ| `Gji cÉavb eÅwî×iv nGjb Avjx hvGKi, AvZvDi ingvb, Aveyj nvqvZ, mviv hvGKi, Avmv`yävgvb bƒi, LvGj` Lvb, wecvkv nvqvZ cÉgyL weGklfvGe cwiwPZ|

bvUÅGK±`Ê  1990 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| `jwU bexb nGjI bvUÅwP¯¦v, i‚wP I mdjZvq `kÆKG`i `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆGY mÞg nGqGQ| cÉ^vMZ bvUÅPPÆvi wecixGZ bvUÅGK±`Ê beÅ bvUÅavivi cÉeZÆb KGi| `jwU wek¼vm KGi ˆh, w^GqUvi nGjv eügvwòK ‰K cwicƒYÆ wk͸gvaÅg, hvi mGã gvbeRxeGbi mÁ·KÆ AZů¦ Mfxi| ZvB gçbvUGKi gaÅ w`Gq ‰i KgÆxiv gvbyGli eügyLx Rxeb-msMÉvGgi wPò ZzGj aiGZ cÉqvmx|

gwjGqGii `Å Õ•vDG´£Èj Õ•Åvwcb AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ weœQy-i mdj cÉGhvRbvi gvaÅGg bvUÅGK±`Ê ˆ`Gki bvUÅvGgv`x gnGj weGkl cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| BGZvgGaÅ ‰i 150wU cÉ`kÆbx cƒYÆ nGqGQ| fviGZi wMwik KvbÆvGWi `yi…n bvUK ZzNjK I nqe`b bvUÅGK±`Ê K‡wZGZ½i mGã gçÕ© KGi| `jwU wek¼LÅvZ bvUÅKvi Av^Ævi wgjvGii ˆkÉÓ¤ bvUK `Å ò×zwmeÅj gçvqGbI cÉwZfvi Õ¼vÞi ivGL| wgkixq bvUÅKvGii `ywU Þz`ËvqZb bvUK ˆ`Gki ˆcÉÞvcGU i…cv¯¦i KGi myL I ˆRiv bvg w`Gq mdj gçvqb KGi| bvUÅGK±`Ê cÉavbZ wbD ˆeBjx ˆivGWi gwnjv mwgwZ I MvjÆm MvBW gç eÅenvi KGi| XvKvi evBGiI wewf®² cÉGhvRbv gçÕ© KGiGQ| ZvwiK Avbvg ‰i cÉavb bvUÅeÅwî×Z½| wZwb bvUK iPbv, wbG`Ækbv I AwfbGq `ÞZvi cwiPq w`GqGQb|

bvUÅPò×  1972 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| gywî×hyG«¬i ˆPZbvcyÓ¡ ‰ `jwU ‰ chƯ¦ 35wU cƒYÆ bvUK ‰es 6wU c^bvUK gçÕ© KGiGQ| cÉ^g w`GKi ˆgŒwjK bvUKàwji gGaÅ mgËvU I cÉwZ«¼w±«¼MY, Rw´£m I wewea ˆejyb, wKs÷K ˆh gi‚GZ `kÆKmgvGRi cÉksmv ARÆb KGiGQ| ‰i cieZÆx cÉGhvRbvmgƒGni gGaÅ gwjGqGii bvUGKi i…cv¯¦i fóiGbvK, Ruv cj mvGòÆi bvUGKi Abyev` cÉZxÞvi cÉni ‰es ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLGUi bvUGKi i…cv¯¦i PK mvGKÆj `kÆKwcÉq nq|

bvUÅPò× bvUÅcÉGhvRbvi cvkvcvwk 1977 mvj ˆ^GK ‘bvUÅwkÞvãb’ bvGg ‰KwU w^GqUvi Õ•zj cwiPvjbv KGi AvmGQ| ‰GZ ‰K eQi ˆgqvw` bvUGKi Zvwî½K I eÅenvwiK w`K mÁ·GKÆ wkÞv`vb Kiv nq| ˆUwjwfkb cÉGhvRK, bvUÅmsMVK I wbG`ÆkK g nvwg` bvUÅPGò×i cÉavb wnGmGe KvR KGi AvmGQb| AwfGbòx dvÍšybx nvwg` ‰es w^GqUvi msMVK I wbG`ÆkK ˆ`ecÉmv` ˆ`ebv^ bvUÅPGò×i mGã mwò×qfvGe RwoZ|  [AvZvDi ingvb]

bv±`wbK bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq  1977 mvGji 16 AGÙvei XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆhGKvb ˆ`Gki D®²Z wk͸gvbmÁ·®² bvUK gçvqb bv±`wbGKi AbÅZg Av`kÆ| ‰i cÉ^g cÉGhvRbv Avgvi ˆmvbvi nwiY PvB cÉwZÓ¤veGlÆB gwnjv mwgwZ gGç AwfbxZ nq| 1978 mvGj gçÕ© nq iex±`ÊbvG^i weGb cqmvi ˆfvR ‰es ˆPLGfi M͸ AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ hvwgbxi ˆkl msjvc| 1979 mvGj bv±`wbK cÉGhvRbv KGi iex±`ÊbvG^i M͸ AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ kvwÕ¦ bvUK ‰es cGii eQi iî×Kiex| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1991-‰ kvwÕ¦ bvUKwU cybivq gçÕ© nq ‰es ‰i cÉ`kÆbx msLÅv ˆgvU 56|

‰Qvov `Gji AbÅvbÅ cÉGhvRbvi gGaÅ iGqGQ ügvqƒb AvngG`i b†cwZ, ˆkÝcxqGii nÅvgGjU, iex±`ÊbvG^i ivRv, ˆPLGfi iPbv AejÁ¼Gb wMiwMwU, ivRxe ügvqƒGbi bxj cvwbqv cÉf‡wZ| ‰hver bv±`wbK bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq cÉGhvwRZ 15wU bvUGKi ˆgvU gçvqb msLÅv 200| evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikGbi R¯Ãj™² ˆ^GKB ‰i KvhÆò×Ggi mGã bv±`wbK hyî× iGqGQ|

bvivqYMé w^GqUvi  1976 mvGji 20 AvMÕ¡ bvivqYMGé cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| gywî×hyG«¬i ˆPZbvcyÓ¡ ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU m†Rbkxj bvUÅ-cÉGhvRbvi jÞÅ wbGq bvUÅPPÆv KiGQ| ‰hver cÉvq AaÆkZ bvUGKi `yki gGZv cÉ`kÆbxi gvaÅGg bvivqYMé w^GqUvi bvUÅRMGZ weGkl f„wgKv ˆiGLGQ| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1991 I 1998-‰ bvivqYMé w^GqUvi h^vò×Gg wò×GÕ¡vdvi gvGjÆvi WÙi dÕ¡vmÆ ‰es KzZzeDwób AvnGgG`i Ni ˆ^GK NGi bvUK gçÕ© KGi|

bvivqYMé w^GqUvi bvUK gçvqGbi cvkvcvwk wewf®² mgGq ‰KK Awfbq cÉwZGhvwMZv, bvUÅ cÉwZGhvwMZv, bvGUÅvrme, bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjv BZÅvw` AbyÓ¤vGbi AGqvRb KGi| XvKvmn ˆ`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb AbywÓ¤Z bvUÅ cÉwZGhvwMZv I bvUÅwelqK DrmGe AskMÉnY ‰es bvUK gçvqb KGi bvivqYMé w^GqUvi cyiÕ•‡Z nGqGQ|

c`vwZK bvUÅ msm`  1978 mvGji 21 Rvbyqvwi XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vZviv cƒGeÆ wQGjb Kvjv¯¦i bvUÅGMvÓ¤xi (1976) KgÆx| ‘bvUK ˆnvK RxebhyG«¬i nvwZqvi, bvUK ˆnvK RxeGbi cÉKvwkZ mZÅ’ ‰B ˆkÏvMvbGK mvgGb ˆiGL c`vwZK Zvi KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ KGi| ˆjvKR msÕ•‡wZi avivGK ‰wMGq wbGq hvIqv ‰es gywî×hyG«¬i ˆPZbvGK mgy®²Z ivLv ‰B ˆMvÓ¤xi Av`kÆ| ‰B Av`kÆGK AbymiY KGi 1978 mvGj c`vwZK cÉ^g gçÕ© KGi RmxgD`&`xGbi ˆmvRb evw`qvi NvU| ‰GZ b`xweGaŒZ MÉvgevsjvi ‰K Avw`g msÕ•‡wZi i…cvqY NGUGQ| ‰ici cÉGhvRbv KGi RmxgD`&`xGbi KweZv AejÁ¼Gb bvUK Kei| evsjv fvlvi AbÅZg Agi KweZv ‘Kei’-‰i bvUÅi…cvqGYi gaÅ w`GqI c`vwZK evsjvi AvGiK msÕ•‡wZ ZzGj aGi| evjÅweevGni ˆivgvçKi Abyf„wZ, evwjKveaƒi AeyS fvGjvevmv, `xNÆ `vÁ·ZÅ RxeGbi gayi ÕÆwZ ‰es evaÆGKÅ Õ¨xweiGni welv`gq eYÆbv bvUKwUGK `kÆKbw±`Z KGiGQ| 

1978 mvGj gywî×hyG«¬i ˆPZbvwfwîK c^bvUK ÞÅvcv cvMjvi cuÅvPvj gçÕ© nq ˆK±`Êxq knx` wgbvGii cv`G`Gk| evsjvG`Gk c^bvUK AvG±`vjGbi ˆÞGò ‰B bvUKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| XvKv I XvKvi evBGi bvUKwUi kZvwaK cÉ`kÆbx mÁ·®² nGqGQ|

gbmvi cvjv, eÍÏfcyGii i…cK^v, gv, AvRGKi msev`, ivRv KÅvwbqyU, ci÷ivGgi wPwKrmv weövU, P±`ÊveZx BZÅvw` c`vwZGKi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU cÉGhvRbv| 1984 mvGj gÅvwÝg ˆMvwKÆi DcbÅvm gv`vi AejÁ¼Gb ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLGUi gv bvUKwU gwnjv mwgwZ gGç AwfbxZ nq| ‰GZ gv-PwiGò kvnxbv AvKZvi KvRGji Awfbq, Rvwgj AvnGgG`i w«¼Zj ˆmU wWRvBb, Kvgi‚ävgvb i‚byi AvGjvK cwiK͸bv I KvgvjDwób bxjyi wbG`Ækbv wecyjfvGe cÉkswmZ nq| ‰B bvUKwUi cÉ`kÆbx msLÅv 65| c`vwZK ‰hver 18wU gç I c^bvUK cÉGhvRbv KGiGQ ‰es ˆmàwji cÉ`kÆbxmsLÅv cÉvq Pvik|

c`vwZGKi KvhÆò×g XvKvi evBGiI weÕ¦vijvf KGiGQ| 1980 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwiGZ bvivqYMGé MVb Kiv nq msmG`i cÉ^g kvLv msMVb ‘c`vwZK bvUÅ msm`’| ‰B kvLvi DG`ÅvGM wbwgÆZ c^bvUK I gçbvUGKi msLÅv 9 ‰es cÉ`kÆbx msLÅv 101| DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKàwji gGaÅ iGqGQ Zzdvb AvBwZqvGQ" mveavb, gnvivRvi AeÕ©vb, AiwÞZ gwZwSj, ivRvq ivRvq, ˆkl `†GkÅi cGi  BZÅvw`|

c`vwZK wewf®² mgGq XvKv I PëMÉvgmn AbÅvbÅ ˆRjvq AbywÓ¤Z gç I c^bvUK DrmGe bvUÅcÉ`kÆbx QvovI bvUÅwelqK wewf®² KgÆkvjv I AvGjvPbv AbyÓ¤vGb AskMÉnY KGi| ‰Qvov wewf®² RvZxq w`em D`&hvcb DcjGÞ mvsÕ•‡wZK AbyÓ¤vb AvGqvRGbi cvkvcvwk evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikb I mwÁÃwjZ mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆRvGUi wewf®² KvhÆò×GgI ‰ `jwU mwò×q f„wgKv ivGL| 

dwi`cyi w^GqUvi  1990 mvGji 1 ˆdeË‚qvwi dwi`cyi knGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikGbi m`mÅ dwi`cyi w^GqUvi R¯Ãj™² ˆ^GKB AvaywbKZv I bZzbGZ½ AvMÉnx| ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU c^bvUÅ I gçbvUÅ QvovI ˆjvKbvGUÅi PPÆv KiGQ ‰es XvKvmn ˆ`Gki wewf®² Õ©vGb bvUK gçvqb Qvov bvUÅwelqK wewf®² KgÆkvjv I ˆmwgbvGi AskMÉnY ‰es bvUÅFw«¬ bvGg ‰KwU gyLcò cÉKvk KGi AvmGQ|

dwi`cyi w^GqUvGii DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉGhvRbvi gGaÅ iGqGQ iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii bvUK Wvî×vi, Šggbwmsn-MxwZKvi cvjv AejÁ¼Gb KvRj ˆiLv, we`ÅvcxV cÉf‡wZ| ‰ chƯ¦ dwi`cyi w^GqUvi cÉGhvwRZ 20wU c^bvUKmn ˆgvU cÉGhvRbv 31wU| ‰me bvUGKi cÉ`kÆbx-msLÅv w«¼-kZvwaK| [wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

eàov w^GqUvi  1980 mvGji 29 ˆg eàovq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆ`Gki ivR‹bwZK cUcwiZÆb, gywî×hy«¬GdiZ Zi‚YG`i nZvkv ‰es ˆ`Gk weivRgvb ŠbivRÅGK ˆgvKvGejv Kivi gvbGm KwZcq Zi‚Y bvUKGK nvwZqvi wnGmGe ˆeGQ wbGq ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| ‰i cÉwZÓ¤vi ˆÞGò XvKv w^GqUvi cwiPvwjZ MÉvg w^GqUvi AvG±`vjGbiI ˆcÉiYv wQj|

eàov w^GqUvGii cÉ^g mfvcwZ I mÁ·v`K wQGjb h^vò×Gg ‰.‰BP Avhg Lvb I ˆZŒwdK nvmvb gqbv| KjÅvYgƒjK eügyLx KgÆKvGíi gvaÅGg ˆMvÓ¤xwU A͸w`GbB wecyj LÅvwZ ARÆb KGi| cÉwZÓ¤v eQi ˆ^GK ŠekvLx ˆgjvi cÉeZÆb ‰i ‰KwU cÉksmbxq DG`ÅvM; ‰QvovI Aejyµ¦cÉvq wk͸ixwZi cybi‚«¬vi I hyGMvcGhvMx DcÕ©vcb, cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvGMi mgq `yMÆZ gvbyGli cvGk `uvovGbv, wUKv`vb KgÆmƒwP MÉnY, evOvwj MYmsÕ•‡wZi RvMiYgƒjK bvUK wbeÆvPb I gçvqb ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi Av`kÆ|

1998 mvGji ˆg chƯ¦ eàov w^GqUvi 57wU bvUGKi mnmËvwaK cÉ`kÆbx KGiGQ| ‰i mdj cÉGhvRbvàwji gGaÅ iGqGQ ÞÅvcv cvMjvi cuÅvPvj, ‰GjKkvb KÅvwiGKPvi, ‰B ˆ`Gk ‰B ˆeGk, nÍÏvGevj, ˆmvbvfvGbi cvjv BZÅvw`| wewf®² bvGUÅvrmGe AskMÉnY KGi eàov w^GqUvi cyiÕ•‡Z nGqGQ; ˆUwjwfkGbI ‰i bvUÅcÉ`kÆbx nGqGQ| mxwgZ myGhvMmyweav wbGq msMVbwU AvRI wUGK AvGQ|

eàov bvUÅGMvÓ¤x  1972 mvGji 15 ˆdeË‚qvwi eàovq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| cÉwZÓ¤vZv mfvcwZ I mvaviY mÁ·v`K wQGjb h^vò×Gg Wvî×vi bbxGMvcvj ˆ`e`vm I kÅvgj fëvPvhÆÅ| eàovq MÉ‚c w^GqUvi AvG±`vjGb AvÕ©vkxj bvUÅGMvÓ¤x ‰wUB cÉ^g| ‰i Av`kÆ nGjv bvUK ÷ay RxeGbi cÉwZœQwe bq, RxeGbi cwiK͸bvI; bvUK wbQK mgqGÞcGYi cÉwò×qvgvò bq, RxeGbi Aãxf„Z wk͸KgÆI| cÉ^g `k eQi ‰i bvUÅKgÆxiv ‰B Av`GkÆ AwePj ˆ^GKB bvUÅPPÆv KGiGQb|

1906 mvGj ‘‰WIqvWÆ WÈvgvwUK AÅvGmvwmGqkb’ bvGg eàovq ˆh ‰Kgvò bvUÅmsÕ©vwU Õ©vwcZ nGqwQj, Zvi ˆkl chÆvGqi KgÆxiv eàov bvUÅGMvÓ¤xGZ ˆhvM ˆ`b| ZvB cÉexY I bexbG`i mwÁÃjGb eàov bvUÅGMvÓ¤x AwPGiB bvUÅPPÆvi ˆÞGò cÉ^g mvwiGZ Õ©vb jvf KGi| 1977 mvGj XvKvi wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx AvGqvwRZ cÉ^g RvZxq bvGUÅvrmGe gybxi ˆPŒayixi `íKviYÅ gçÕ© KGi bvUÅGMvÓ¤x cÉksmv ARÆb KGi| ‰ici ˆ^GK RvZxq bvGUÅvrmGe AskMÉnY Kiv QvovI ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU ˆ`Gki cÉvq meÆò bvUK gçÕ© KGiGQ; ˆiwWI I ˆUwjwfkGbi gçbvUGKI Ask wbGqGQ| ‰i DG`ÅvGM ‰ chƯ¦ 38wU bvUGKi 326wU cÉ`kÆbx nGqGQ|  [kÅvgj fëvPvhÆÅ]

ewikvj bvUK  1977 mvGji 7 ‰wcÉj ewikvj knGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| MÉ‚c w^GqUvGii Av`GkÆ bvUÅwelqK wewf®² KvhÆò×Gg ‰wU AskMÉnY KGi| ‰ chƯ¦ ‰i cÉGhvwRZ bvUGKi msLÅv wZwiGki AwaK ‰es ˆmàwji gçvqb msLÅv kZvwaK| cÉGhvwRZ bvUKmgƒGni gGaÅ myePb wbeÆvmGb, AveZÆ, ˆfvGii wgwQj, mvRvGbv evMvb, Iiv K`g Avjx, Rwg`vi `cÆY, mgvR I jvjmvjy DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1991-‰ ewikvj bvUK hy«¬ ‰es hy«¬ bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi| 

eüePb  1972 mvGji 2 ˆdeË‚qvwi XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| gywî×hy«¬GdiZ KGqKRb Zi‚Y AÕ¨ ˆQGo bvUÅPPÆvq D«¼y«¬ nGq ‰ `jwU MVb KGib| eüePb bvUKGK ˆKej weGbv`Gbi gvaÅg wnGmGe bv ˆ`GL eis ‰i gvaÅGg RxeGbi MfxiZg welGqi cÉwZ BwãZ Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi|

1972 mvGji 3 Ryb BwéwbqvmÆ BbwÕ¡wUDU wgjbvqZGb `kÆbxi wewbgGq gçÕ© nq ‰i cÉ^g bvUK jxjvjvmÅ| H eQiB ‰KB gGç gçÕ© nq mfvcwZ ejGeb, Avwg ivRv ne bv, mcÆ welqK M͸ ‰es wbiéb wdGi ‰Gmv| cieZÆxKvGj cÉGhvwRZ bvUKàwj nGjv: 750 wmsn, wec®² avivcvZ, NvZK ˆ`kKvj, bw±`Z biGK, cÉwZw`b ‰Kw`b, ˆbKGo, PvKfvãv gay, BwWcvm, Õ¼G`kx bÝv, Õ¼µ²GjvGKi Pvwe, h¯¨Z¯¨ BZÅvw`|

RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1998 DcjGÞ gwnjv mwgwZ gGç eüePb gçÕ© KGi ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLGUi w^Ë ˆcwb AGciv AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ wZb cqmvi cvjv| eüePb bvUÅcÉGhvRbv QvovI bvUÅKjvi wewf®² welq wbGq ˆmwgbvi I AvGjvPbv mfviI AvGqvRb KGi|

evMevRvi AÅvGgPvi w^GqUvi  1867 mvGj ‰K`j gaÅweî evOvwj hyeGKi «¼viv KjKvZvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆmKvGj bvUÅvwfbq KwZcq mÁÀv¯¦ abxi cÉvmvG`B mxgve«¬ wQj; mvaviY gvbyGli ˆmLvGb cÉGekvwaKvi wQj bv; ZvG`i weGbv`Gbi RbÅB evMevRvi AÅvGgPvi w^GqUvi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| mxwgZ mvGaÅi gGaÅI cÉv^wgK cÉGPÓ¡vÕ¼i…c ‰B `j 1867 mvGj gaymƒ`b `Gîi kwgÆÓ¤v bvUK gçÕ© KGi| cGii eQi `yMÆvcƒRvi mgq evMevRvGii cÉvYK‡ú nvj`vGii evwoGZ Zuviv `xbe®¬z wgGòi maevi ‰Kv`kx bvUGKi Awfbq KGib| ‰ `Gji cieZÆx Awfbq weGq cvMjv eyGov cÉmnb I jxjveZx mvgvwRK bvUK| 1872 mvGji 11 ˆg kÅvgevRvGii ivGR±`Êbv^ cvGji evwoGZ AwfbxZ nq ‰ `Gji ˆkl bvUK|

AÅvGgPvi w^GqUvGii AwfGbZvG`i gGaÅ wQGjb wMwikP±`Ê ˆNvl, bGM±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆx, Ag†Zjvj gyLvRÆx, AGaƱ`yGkLi gyÕ¦wd , ˆÞòGgvnb Mvãyjx, gGn±`Ê emy, gwZjvj myi cÉgyL| cieZÆxKvGj ‰uivB mvaviY evsjv iãvjGqi kxlÆ AwfGbZvi…Gc AvwefƃZ nb; Avi evMevRvi AÅvGgPvi w^GqUvGii gvaÅGgB mvaviY iãgGçi hvòv ÷i‚ nq|  [MGYk gyGLvcvaÅvq]

ˆevab w^GqUvi  1979 mvGji 26 AvMÓ¡ KzwÓ¡qvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i bvUÅKgÆxiv ÷ay AwfbGqi RbÅ wKsev `kÆGKi gGbviéGbi RbÅB bvUK Kivq wek¼vmx bb; Zuviv Pvb `kÆKGK bZzbfvGe Rxeb I RMr mÁ·GKÆ wP¯¦vfvebv Kivi ˆcÉiYv ˆRvMvGZ| eÕ§Z ‰ jÞÅ wbGqB ˆevaGbi bvUÅwelqK KgÆKví cÉYxZ nq|

ˆevab w^GqUvi 1980 mvGj meÆcÉ^g `kÆbxi wewbgGq bvUK cÉ`kÆb KGi| 1982 mvGj `jwU KzwÓ¡qvq msÕ•‡wZPPÆvi wewf®² mgmÅv mgvavbKG͸ Õ©vbxq mvsÕ•‡wZK `j mg¯¼Gq ‘mwÁÃwjZ mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆRvU’ MVb KGi| ‰B ˆRvU ˆm´Öiwenxb bvUK cÉ`kÆbxi cGÞ AeÕ©vb ˆbq|

1985 mvGj KzwÓ¡qvq AbywÓ¤Z evsjvG`k MÉ‚c w^GqUvi ˆdWvGikGbi 5g RvZxq mGÁÃjGb ˆevab weGkl `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi; ‰Qvov ˆdWvGikGbi bvUÅwelqK wewf®² KgÆKvGíI wbqwgZ Ask ˆbq| cÉwZÓ¤vKvj ˆ^GK ‰ chƯ¦ ˆevab w^GqUvi 11wU gçbvUK I 4wU c^bvUGKi 146wU cÉ`kÆbx mÁ·®² KGiGQ| bvUKàwj nGjv: ÞÅvcv cvMjvi cuÅvPvj, ˆKvUÆ gvkÆvj, Iiv K`g Avjx, wgwQj, nxiK ivRvi ˆ`Gk, BswMZ, ˆPvi ˆPvi, AvGjv ‰KUz AvGjv BZÅvw`| ‰àwji gGaÅ cÉ^g `ywUi h^vò×Gg 37wU I 19wU cÉ`kÆbx nGqGQ|

ˆevab w^GqUvGii `jxq bvUÅKviG`i gGaÅ iGqGQb gvmyg ˆiRv, ˆkL gnt gwnDwób ‰es ˆgvt Avmjvg Avjx| KzwÓ¡qvi evBGi iscyi, KzwgÍÏv, wmGjU, nweMé, wSbvB`n, ˆgGnicyi, ˆfovgviv BZÅvw` Õ©vGbI ˆevab bvUK gçÕ© KGiGQ| 1983 mvGj ‘iscyi wkLv msm`’ AvGqvwRZ bvUÅ cÉwZGhvwMZvq ‰es 1985 mvGj ˆdWvGikGbi RvZxq bvUÅ DrmGe AskMÉnY KGi ˆevab ˆkÉÓ¤ cÉGhvRbvi cyiÕ•vi jvf KGi| RvZxq I Õ©vbxq chÆvGq iex±`Êbv^ VvKzGii R¯ÃevwlÆKx, ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwi , wek¼ bvUÅ w`em ‰es wewf®² RvZxq w`eGm bvUÅwelqK KgÆKví AeÅvnZ ˆiGLI ˆevab w^GqUvi msMVGbi KgÆxG`i ˆgav weKvGki jGÞÅ wbqwgZ cvVPò× I wkÞv mdGii AvGqvRb KGi ^vGK| 

hvwòK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x  1975 mvGji 23 Ryb KzwgÍÏv knGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| Õ¼vaxbZv-Dîi evsjvG`Gk MÉ‚c w^GqUvi wfwîK bvUÅPPÆv ˆ^GK AbyGcÉiYv ˆcGq ˆMvÓ¤xi KgÆxiv KvR KGi hvGœQb| bvUGK gvbyGli Š`bw±`b Rxeb, wP¯¦v-ˆPZbv I gbGbi cÉwZdjb ^vKGe ‰i…c jÞÅ I Av`kÆ wbGq Zuviv bvUK KGib| ‰hver hvwòGKi bvUÅ cÉGhvRbvi msLÅv 44wU; Zvi gGaÅ 39wU gçbvUK ‰es 5wU c^bvUK| hvwòK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x `jxq bvUÅKviG`i cvkvcvwk ˆ`wk-weG`kx bvUÅKviG`i bvUKI gçÕ© KGi|

hvwòGKi cÉ^g cÉGhvRbv Ave`yÍÏvn Avj gvgyb iwPZ myePb wbeÆvmGb| KzwgÍÏv bMi wgjbvqZGb ‰i cici wZbwU cÉ`kÆbx nq| hvwòK cÉGhvwRZ AbÅvbÅ bvUGKi gGaÅ iGqGQ: we`ÅvjsKvi ˆcÉm, ˆeŒw`i weGq, ŠZj msKU I we`™¬ igYxKzj, QywUi duvG`, Kei, Iiv K`g Avjx, Pvwiw`GK hy«¬, mvRvGbv evMvb, Pvcv cov gvbyl, P±`ÊveZx, MvRx Kvjy PÁ·veZx, Bewjk, Rxeb ˆhŒeb BZÅvw`|

hvwòK bvUÅGMvÓ¤x KzwgÍÏv knGi bvUÅPPÆvGK wbqwgZ ‰es ˆeMevb Kivi cÉqvGm bvUÅ cÉGhvRbv QvovI bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjvi AvGqvRb KGi ‰es XvKvmn wewf®² ˆRjvi bvGUÅvrme I ˆmwgbvi- wmGÁ·vwRqvGg AskMÉnY KGi| bvbvwea cÉwZK„jZv mGî½I ‰ bvUÅGMvÓ¤xwU Zvi KgÆKví AeÅvnZ ˆiGLGQ| 

[wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb] 

iãi…c bvUÅ ‰KvGWgx  bvUÅcÉwkÞY-welqK ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb, 1975 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆm´ŸÈvj ˆivGW wQj ‰i AÕ©vqx KvhÆvjq| wewkÓ¡ AwfGbZv Ievq`yj nK miKvi AaÅÞ ‰es AwfGbZv Avbmvi wQGjb cwiPvjK| evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgxGZ wkÞv^ÆxG`i KÑvm ˆbIqv nGZv| cÉv^wgK chÆvGq wkÞv^Æx wQGjb 297 Rb ‰es wkÞK wQGjb Ievq`yj nK miKvi, AvwRR wgwmi, AvGbvqvi ˆnvGmb cÉgyL| bvUGKi BwZnvm I ZGî½i cvkvcvwk ‰LvGb Awfbq mÁ·GKÆ eÅenvwiK wkÞvI ˆ`Iqv nGZv| ‰KvGWgxi ˆKvmÆwfwîK cÉGhvRbv wQj we`ÅvjsKvi ˆcÉm bvUK| ZrKvjxb ivÓ¡ËcwZ eãe®¬z ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq ‰wU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj ‰es Zuvi g†ZzÅi (15 AvMÕ¡ 1975) ci ‰i KvhÆò×g e®¬ nGq hvq| 

ˆjvKbvUÅ `j  1981 mvGji 6 RyjvB XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| wewkÓ¡ msÕ•‡wZKgÆx wjqvKZ Avjx jvKx ‰B `Gji cÉavb cwiPvjK| cÉwZÓ¤vi ci ˆ^GK 1999 chƯ¦ ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x 27wU bvUK cÉGhvRbv KGiGQ| bvUK gçvqb QvovI ‰i AbÅvbÅ KvhÆò×Ggi gGaÅ iGqGQ bvGUÅvrme I bvUÅ-mwÁÃjGbi AvGqvRb, c`K cÉ`vb, bvUÅZ^Å eÅvsK Õ©vcb, cÉ`kÆbx, cÉKvkbv, cÉwkÞY, bvUÅ mswkÏÓ¡ AbÅvbÅ msMVb I msÕ©vi mGã mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb BZÅvw`|

ˆjvKbvUÅ `j cÉGhvwRZ cÉavb bvUGKi gGaÅ iGqGQ A®¬ bMixi ˆPŒcvU ivRv (fviGZ±`y nwiø±`Ê), ‰ wgWmvgvi bvBUm wWÈg (ˆkÝcxqi), i^hvòv (iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi), wewa I eÅwZò×g (ˆeUÆΟ ˆeËLU), gvbyl (gybxi ˆPŒayix), wk͸x (KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg), Kéym (gwjGqi), ˆnGjb (BDwiwcw`m), c«Âvb`xi gvwS (gvwbK eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq), ˆmvbvB gvae (ˆjvKMv^vi bvUÅvqb), wm´£vGijv (ˆRvGe`v Lvbg), ivRv I ivRG`Ëvnx (iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi), gaygvjv (KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg) BZÅvw`| gwjGqGii `Å gvBRvi AejÁ¼Gb ZvwiK Avbvg KZƆK XvKvBqv fvlvq Abƒw`Z Kéym evsjvG`Gki bvUÅPPÆvi BwZnvGm meÆvwaK 355 evi (Rvbyqvwi, 2000 chƯ¦) gçÕ© nGqGQ|

1991 mvj ˆ^GK ˆjvKbvUÅ `j wewkÓ¡ bvUÅKgÆxG`i RbÅ ‘mÁÃvbbv c`K’ Pvjy KGi; H eQi ˆgvnvÁÃ` RvKvwiqv ‰ mÁÃvb jvf KGib| ZLb ˆ^GK cÉwZeQi wbqwgZ ‰ cyiÕ•vi cÉ`vb Kiv nq| ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x 1998 mvGj XvKvq 7 w`b eÅvcx bvUÅ Drme cvjb KGi| ˆjvKbvUÅ `j w`wÍÏ, PíxMo, KjKvZv, wkwjàwo, KUK ‰es nsKs-‰ bvUK gçÕ© KGi| 1990 mvGj ‰i DG`ÅvGM wk÷-wKGkviG`i RbÅ ‘wPjGWÈb w^GqUvi MÉ‚c’ Pvjy nq| ‰i mnGhvMx msMVb ‘wccjm w^GqUvi AÅvGmvwmGqkb’-‰i mnvqZvq 1995, 1997 I 1999 mvGj wk÷ I wKGkvi bvGUÅvrme AbywÓ¤Z nq| ˆMvÓ¤xi AvGiKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KvR nGjv bvUÅwelqK msMÉnkvjv ‘bvUÅZ^Å eÅvsK’ Õ©vcb; ‰wU fwelÅGZ bvUK mÁ·wKÆZ MGelYvi KvGR gƒjÅevb Dcvî mieivn KiGe|  [Abycg nvqvr]

kõvejx MÉ‚c w^GqUvi  1978 mvGji 3 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i ewikvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| myÕ© I cÉMwZkxj bvUÅPPÆv ‰i Av`kÆ| ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xwU gywî×hyG«¬i ˆPZbvGK aviY KGi agÆxq KzmsÕ•vi, mvÁ·É`vwqKZv I ŠÕ¼ivPviweGivax bvUÅPPÆvq wbÓ¤vevb; wZwb gywî×`vZv ‰i ‰gbB ‰KwU bvUK| mxwgZ mvgG^ÆÅi gGaÅ kõvejx wbRÕ¼ bvUÅgç MGo ZzGj ewikvGji bvUÅ AvG±`vjGb bZzb avivi m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ| bvUÅKgÆxG`i mÁÃvbx cÉ`vGbi cÉ^v kõvejxB cÉ^g Pvjy KGi|

1991 mvGj kõvejx cÉ^g ‰es ‰Kgvò Õ¡zwWI w^GqUvi ŠZwi KGi| bvUGKi cÉGqvRGb cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK wkÞv jvGfi Ici ài‚Z½ w`Gq bvUÅGMvÓ¤xwU BGZvgGaÅ 5wU cÉwkÞY KgÆkvjv mÁ·®² KGiGQ| ‰hver ‰i cÉGhvwRZ 31wU bvUGKi 482wU cÉ`kÆbx mÁ·®² nGqGQ| Õ¡zwWI w^GqUvGii cÉGhvRbv 11wU| 

kõvejx wewf®² mgGq XvKvi wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx I gwnjv mwgwZ gGç bvUK gçÕ© KGiGQ| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1998-‰ ‰i cÉGhvRbv wQj hyMj bvUK| kõvejx ˆUwjwfkb (`cÆnix, 14 bGfÁ¼i 1997) I ˆeZvGiI (cvGqi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq, 1981) bvUK gçÕ© KGiGQ| Avengvb evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZnÅ ZzGj aivi RbÅ kõvejx bvUÅvwfbGqi cvkvcvwk bvbv aiGbi AbyÓ¤vGbiI AvGqvRb KGi| evsjv 1400 mvjGK eiY DcjGÞ ‰i bvUÅKgÆxiv ewikvj knx` wgbvi PZ½Gi ŠekvLx ˆgjvi AvGqvRb KGi| ˆgjvq jvwVGLjv, Rvwi, mvwi I KweMvb cwiGewkZ nq| 

wkLv msm`  1966 mvGji 23 gvPÆ iscyGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i dGj H AçGj bvUÅwelqK KgÆKví e†w«¬ cvq| evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nIqvi cici fviGZi ˆgw`bxcyGi AbywÓ¤Z wbwLj fviZ ‰Kvâ bvUK cÉwZGhvwMZvq wkLv msm` AskMÉnY KGi; cGi KjKvZvi ‰Kvâ bvUK cÉwZGhvwMZvqI ˆhvM ˆ`q| 1978 mvj ˆ^GK wkLv msm` iscyGi Av¯¦tGRjv bvUK cÉwZGhvwMZvi AvGqvRb KGi AvmGQ| 1997 mvGj KzPwenvi kni D®²qb mwgwZ AvGqvwRZ bvGUÅvrmGe wkLv msm` ˆbGcb `vGivMvi `vqfvi bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi weGkl LÅvwZ ARÆb KGi| ‰KB eQi wWGmÁ¼i gvGm fviZ-evsjvG`k wgjb ˆgjvq fviGZi evjyiNvGU ˆQuovZvi bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi| RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1998-‰ wkLv msm` gwnjv mwgwZ gGç K‡lvY P±`Gii Kvwnbx AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ weò×g I Av`vjZ bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi|

m®¬vbx bvUÅPò×  1981 mvGji 4 ‰wcÉj wmGjU knGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| Õ¼vaxbZv-Dîi evsjvG`Gki bZzb mvgvwRK ˆcÉÞvcGU bebvUÅ AvG±`vjGbi gvaÅGg wk÷-wKGkviG`i myµ¦ cÉwZfv RvMÉZ Kivi gvbGm m®¬vbx ‰wMGq AvGm| ‰w`K ˆ^GK m®¬vbxi Õ¼Z¯¨ Pwiò I f„wgKv iGqGQ| 1985 mvj ˆ^GK mwÁÃwjZ bvUÅ cwil` ˆh wmGjU bvGUÅvrmGei AvGqvRb KGi AvmGQ, m®¬vbx bvUÅPò× ZvGZ wbqwgZ AskMÉnY KiGQ| 1989 mvj ˆ^GK wmGjGUi ‘bvUÅvqb’ AvGqvwRZ Av¯¦tGRjv bvUÅ cÉwZGhvwMZv I DrmGe m®¬vbx bvUÅ cÉ`kÆbx KGi AvmGQ| ‰hver m®¬vbxi bvUÅ cÉGhvRbvi msLÅv 27wU ‰es cÉ`kÆbx 158wU| DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bvUKmgƒGni gGaÅ iGqGQ `yB fvB, ˆeŒw`i weGq, wns wUs QU&, ˆ`vjGbi msjvc, gvgjvi dj, D¯Ãv` mvÞvrKvi, kqZvGbi eÐvW-ˆcÉmvi, Avjxevev I PwÍÏk ˆPvi, ˆkŒhÆ ˆZvgvi PiYZGj, ˆevev wgbvi, ÞÅvcv cvMjvi cuÅvPvj, evN mveavb wkqvj AvmGQ, Mi‚i Mvoxi ˆnWjvBU, AvjnvR¾ ˆRbvGij, AvgvG`i m¯¦vGbiv BZÅvw`|

RvZxq bvGUÅvrme-1998-‰ m®¬vbx `vqe«¬ bvUKwU gçÕ© KGi| gvbyGli KjÅvGYB m®¬vbxi hveZxq bvUÅ AvGqvRb; ZvB ‰i bvUÅKgÆxiv evsjvG`Gki gvwU, gvbyl, Zvi msMÉvGgi HwZnÅ, gnvb gywî×hy«¬ BZÅvw`GK bvUGKi cÉavb DcRxeÅ wnGmGe ˆeGQ wbGqGQb| bvUÅ cÉ`kÆbx QvovI m®¬vbx bvUÅwelqK KgÆkvjv, bvGUÅvrme, ŠekvLx ˆgjv BZÅvw` AbyÓ¤vGbi AvGqvRb KGi ^vGK| 

myigv w^GqUvi  1983 mvGji 22 AGÙvei wmGjGU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| myigvcvGoi myi, msÕ•‡wZ I Rxebmn ˆjvKR HwZnÅ ZzGj aivi jÞÅ wbGq ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi hvòv ÷i‚ nq| ‰hver myigv w^GqUvi cÉGhvwRZ bvUGKi msLÅv 19wU ‰es cÉ`kÆbxi msLÅv mvGo wZbkiI ˆewk| DwbkwU bvUGKi gGaÅ 18wUB `Gji KgÆx we`yÅr KGii iPbv| cÉavb bvUKàwj nGjv: myigv KvG±`, ‰B wQj KcvGj, BwZnvm eZÆgvb, Kvwj`vm, ˆMvjvg ˆnvGmb Reve `vI, weÞzº¬ evsjvq ˆnvGmb, gwY KvçGbi NvU, MÉvg bMGii wfGo, myGLi ˆLuvGR myLjvj, `yRÆb `ƒi n, AZxZ eZÆgvb w`bKvj, `vg w`Gq wKGbwQ evsjv, Mvo~jx Qov, fvGãv eÅvwiGKW fvGãv, iGOi wewe iwãjv ‰es eÅvwiGKW Pvwiw`GK|

myigvi cÉavb KGqKwU cÉ`kÆbx nGjv 1985 mvGji 19 ‰wcÉj evsjvG`k ˆUwjwfkGb mivmwi mÕ·ÉPvwiZ gçbvUK AbyÓ¤vGb myigv KvG±`, wewUwfi wbGe`b AbyÓ¤vGb MxwZbvUÅ gwY KvçGbi NvU (1986), XvKvi gnvKvj bvUÅ mÁ·É`vq AvGqvwRZ cÉ^g c^bvUÅ mµ¦vn-1987-ˆZ fvGãv eÅvwiGKW fvGãv, ˆK±`Êxq knx` wgbvGi 3q RvZxq c^bvUÅ Drme-1990-‰ `vg w`Gq wKGbwQ evsjv ‰es evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx AvGqvwRZ mµ¦vneÅvcx RvZxq bvUÅvbyÓ¤vb-1990-‰ Pv evMvGbi kÉwgKG`i RxebwfwîK bvUK myGLi ˆLuvGR myLjvj| ‰QvovI mwÁÃwjZ bvUÅ cwil` I gnvb ‰KzGki ˆPZbvq AvGqvwRZ bvGUÅvrmGe myigv w^GqUvi wbqwgZ AskMÉnY KGi AvmGQ| wmGjGUi evBGiI ‰i bvUÅwelqK KgÆKví cÉmvwiZ|  [wRÍÏyi ingvb Rb]

nvwee ˆcÉvWvKk´Ö  bvUÅ cwiPvjK I cÉGhvRK nvweeyj nGKi (1920-1965) bvgvbymvGi 1952 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| bvUÅKgÆx wnGmGe ZLb ‰i mGã hyî× wQGjb we.‰ Lvb, KvRx byi‚m ˆmvenvb, ˆkL jyrdi ingvb, Ievq`yj nK miKvi, Avwe` ˆnvGmb cÉgyL| ‰B ˆMvÓ¤x bvUÅGÞGò Kvwnbx wbeÆvPb, gçmäv I cwiGekbvq bZzbZ½ AvGb| ˆMvÓ¤xi cÉ^g bvUK kPx±`Êbv^ ˆmbàGµ¦i bvwmÆs ˆnvg 1952 mvGji 27-29 wWGmÁ¼i KvRÆb nGj gçÕ© nq| cGii eQi 6-7 ˆg ‰m.‰g nvweei ingvGbi gvwUi gvbyl ‰es 13-14 ˆg Zvivkâi eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi Kvwj±`x gçvqb KGi nvwee ˆcÉvWvKm´Ö `kÆKgnGji cÉksmv ARÆb KGi| Kvwj±`x bvUGK Awfbq KGib ˆnvmGb Aviv, Avwe` ˆnvGmb, RniZ Aviv, gwbgybGbmv, Ievq`yj nK miKvi, bvivqY Pò×eZÆx, MxZv `î, mvBdzGóŒjv ‰es cwiPvjK kixdzj Avjg| wZb eQGii gv^vq ‰B ˆMvÓ¤xi KgÆKví e®¬ nGq hvq; ZGe wefvGMvîi XvKvi bvUÅPPÆvq ˆMvÓ¤xMZ ˆPZbv m†wÓ¡GZ nvwee ˆcÉvWvKkG´Öi HwZnvwmK ài‚Z½ iGqGQ|  [Abycg nvqvr] 

AviI ˆ`Lyb  bvUÅgç |