avOo (ˆg^i, Svoy`vi)   wbÁ² Õ¦Gii ˆckvRxex mÁ·É`vq hviv kni, bMi, e±`i, Mé ev Rbeüj ‰jvKvq wewf®² aiGbi gqjv weGklZ gj, gƒò, giv, cPv, evwm I AbÅvbÅ cwiZÅî× AveRÆbv mvd KGi ^vGK| Õ©vbxq nvUevRvGi ‰iv ˆg^i, fuƒBgvwj ev Svo~`vi wnGmGeI cwiwPZ| avOo kõwUi A^Æ c÷cvjK ev K‡lK| avb + Mo ‰B kõ`ywU wgGj avOo nGqGQ| avOoG`i mÁ·GKÆ fviZxq eËþcyivY-‰i KvwnbxGZ ejv nGqGQ, gywb wek¼vwgGòi AwfkvGci dGj Zvi KGqKRb cyGòi AcZÅMY ‘A®¬Ì’ ˆkÉYxi bxP RvwZGZ cwiYZ nq| cGi ZvG`i Õ©vb ˆ`Iqv nq AvhÆG`Gki evBGii cÉv¯¦fvGM `wÞY ‰jvKvq we®¬Å ceÆGZi KvGQ| ˆmLvGb Zviv Kvinv DcZÅKvi cvk aGi weÕ¦xYÆ PviYf„wgGZ emevm KiGZ ^vGK| ZvG`i cÉavb RxweKv wQj K‡wlKvR I c÷cvjb| f„wgnxb avOoG`i ˆKvb Õ©vqx evmÕ©vb wQj bv| dmj ˆevbv I KZÆGbi mgq Zviv f„Õ¼vgxG`i RwgGZ AÕ©vwqfvGe Ni ŠZwi KGi emevm KiZ| cGi AbÅò PGj ˆhZ| ‰fvGe Zviv Rxeb I RxweKvi ZvwMG`I `vwÞYvZÅ ˆQGo fviZeGlÆi wewf®² ‰jvKvq QwoGq cGo| Õ©vb e`Gji mGã mGã ‰G`i ˆckvI e`j nq| K‡wl I c÷cvjb ˆQGo Zviv MÉnY KGi gqjv I AveRÆbv cwiÓ•vGii KvR|

cÉvPxb evsjvq ˆg^i ev avOo e†wîavixG`i mÁ·GKÆ wbw`ÆÓ¡fvGe ˆKvb wKQy Rvbv bv ˆMGjI wewf®² mƒGò mgGMvòxq e†wîRxexG`i K^v Rvbv hvq| wn±`y agÆwfwîK RvwZGf` cÉ^v Abyhvqx cÉvPxb fviZ I evsjvi wewf®² AçGj Aby®²Z mÁ·É`vGqi wbÁ²Õ¦Gii KwZcq ˆckvRxex wQj, hvG`i AwÕ¦Z½ cieZÆxKvGjI eRvq ^vGK| ‰iv nGœQ Pvgvi, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ˆRGj, eÅva, ˆRvjv, ˆWvg , hvhvei| mgvGR ‰G`i Õ©vb PZzeÆYÆ A^Ævr eËvþY, Þwòq, ŠekÅ ‰es kƒG`Ëi evBGi ‘cçg’ wnGmGe| AwfRvZ DuPz ˆkÉYxi Õ·kÆ ˆ^GK AGbK `ƒGi wQj ‰G`i AeÕ©vb| fviZxq agÆ I mgvRwfwîK eÅeÕ©vq avOoG`i Õ©vb ‰GKevGi bxPzÕ¦Gi| Zviv AKzjxb I AÕ·†kÅ| ZvG`i aiv-GQuvqv ev LvIqv ˆKvb wRwbm eÅenvi KivI AwfRvZ wn±`yG`i KvGQ ÷ay wbwl«¬ bq, cvc wnGmGeI MYÅ wQj| avOoiv mbvZb wn±`y agÆvejÁ¼x nGjI DuPz eGYÆi wn±`yG`i mGã ‰KGò gw±`Gi eGm Dcvmbvi AwaKvi ˆ^GK ewçZ| eYÆwn±`yiv ZvG`iGK wbR agÆxq mÁ·É`vqfzî× eGj gGb KGi bv| ‰ KviGY avOo RvZxq ˆjvKRb wewf®² mgGq DuPzeGYÆi ˆjvKG`i «¼viv nZÅv I wbhÆvZGbi wkKvi nGqGQ| fviZeGlÆi gvbeZvev`x ˆbZv ˆgvnb`vm KigPuv` Mv®¬x wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK avOomn A¯¦ÅR ˆkÉYxi ˆjvKG`i ‘nwiRb’ wnGmGe AvLÅv w`GjI AeÕ©vi weGkl ˆKvb cwieZÆb nq wb| AvGiKRb ivR‹bwZK ˆbZv we. Avi AvGÁ¼`Kvi wbGR A¯¦ÅR ˆkÉYxfzî× nGqI nwiRbG`i mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi D®²qGbi RbÅ KvR KGi mdj nb wb| fviZxq AÕ·†kÅ nwiRbG`i K^v Õ©vb ˆcGqGQ cÉLÅvZ ˆjLK gƒjKivR Avb±` (AvbUvGPej), mZxbv^ fv`yox (ˆXuvovBPwiZ gvbm), mGZű`Êbv^ `î (KweZvq) cÉgyGLi iPbvqI|

XvKvq ˆckvRxex wnGmGe ˆg^i ev avOoG`i AvwefÆve nq 1624-26 wLË.| H mgq gM `myÅiv XvKvq b†ksm nZÅvhæ Pvjvq| ‰B a»smhGæi jvk mivGbvi RbÅ ˆg^i wbGqvM Kiv nq| 1830 mvGj XvKv KwgwU ‰es 1864 mvGj XvKv ˆcŒimfv MVGbi ci bMi RxeGbi wewf®² `vwqZ½ cvjGbi cvkvcvwk cwiÓ•vi-cwiœQ®²Zvi KvRwUI ˆcŒi KZƆcÞ MÉnY KGi| ‰iB Ask wnGmGe avOoiv ˆeZbGfvMx kÉwgK ev w`bgRywii wfwîGZ gqjv cwiÓ•vi-cwiœQ®² Kivi KvR ˆbq| 1905 mvGj eãfGãi ci XvKv beMwVZ cƒeÆeã I Avmvg cÉG`Gki ivRavbx nq| ˆcŒimfvi `vwqZ½ ZLb AviI ˆeGo hvq| ˆmB mGã ÷i‚ nq evowZ avOo msMÉn| ˆcŒi KZƆcÞ ZLb fviGZi Kvbcyi, gv`ËvR I bvMcyi ˆ^GK `wi`Ë avOo (bvix I cyi‚l) Avbvi eÅeÕ©v KGi| ˆcŒimfvq ZvG`i PvKwimn wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKvq (ˆhgb, wUKvUzwj, AvMv mvG`K ˆivW) emevGmi Õ©vb ˆ`Iqv nq| cieZÆx chÆvGq evsjvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ knGiI avOo ev ˆg^i wbGqvM Kiv nq| 1940-‰i `kGK hy«¬, Afve, ˆ`kfvM BZÅvw` KviGY Pig msKGUi m†wÓ¡ nq| ZLb evaÅ nGq AGbK ˆ`kxq evOvwj ˆcŒimfvq avOoe†wî MÉnY KGi| ZGe Zviv cÉv^wgK chÆvGq nvjKv aiGbi KvR, ˆhgb ivÕ¦vNvU ev Awdm Av`vjGZ Svo~ ˆ`Iqvi KvR ˆbq| 1974 mvGj ebÅvcieZÆx `ywfÆGÞi KviGY AviI wecyjmsLÅK evsjvG`kx ‰B ˆckvq wbGqvwRZ nq|

evsjvG`Gki wewf®² AçGj AeÕ©vbiZ fviZ ˆ^GK AvMZ avOoG`i gGaÅ gv`ËvwR, Kvbcywi I bvMcywiB cÉavb| ‰G`i RxebvPvi I mgvR-eÅeÕ©vi gGaÅ wKQy wKQy ˆÞGò cv^ÆKÅ iGqGQ| gv`ËvwRG`i gyGLi fvlv ˆZGjà ev Zvwgj| Avi bvMcywi I KvbcywiG`i gyGLi fvlv wnw±` ev wnw±`-D`yÆ wgwkÉZ| me cyi‚lB aywZ, cvMwo I nvZKvUv AvPKvb cGi ^vGK| ZGe Zviv AvRKvj cÅv´Ÿ-kvUÆI cGi| ˆgGqiv cwiavb KGi kvwo I eÐvDR, Avi Ajâvi wnGmGe cGi `yj, ˆMvUv, weQv, Pzwo, nuvmywj, bvKdzj, nvi, Kov BZÅvw`| cyi‚l avOoiv exiGZ½i cÉZxK wnGmGe kixGi mvc, fvjyK, wmsn, evN I luvGoi DwÍ• ‰GuK ^vGK| Avi ˆgGqiv ˆKvgjZvi cÉZxK wnGmGe kixGi bvbv aiGbi dzGji DwÍ• AuvGK| avOoG`i wcÉq Lv`Å kƒKGii gvsm I g`| Drme I cvjv-cveÆGY ‰B `ywU Lv`Å cÉavb ZvwjKvq ^vGK| AGbK avOoB DcvRÆbgƒjK KvR wnGmGe kƒKi cvjb KGi|

agÆxq I mvgvwRK KviGY avOoiv kZ kZ eQi aGi wbcxob I ŠelGgÅi wkKvi nGq AvmGQ| Zviv wbGRivI wkÞv-`xÞv, D®²wZ I KjÅvGYi eÅvcvGi ZZUv mGPZb bq| Zey wKQy `iw` I mGPZb eÅwî×i cÉqvGm ‰G`i D®²wZ I KjÅvGYi RbÅ wKQy msMVb MwVZ nGqGQ| 1873 fviGZi fviGZi gnvivGÓ¡Ë MwVZ nq mZÅmvaK mgvR| 1892 mvGj Õ©vwcZ nq gv`ËvR Avw` `Ëvweo Rbmfv| 1932 mvGj gnvñv Mv®¬xi DG`ÅvGM cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq meÆfviZxq AÕ·†kÅZv weGivax jxM| ˆkGlvî× msMVbwU nwiRb ˆmeK msN bvGg cwiwPwZ nq| we. Avi AvGÁ¼`KvGii DG`ÅvGM 1936 mvGj ‰KwU kÉwgK msMVb ‰es 1942 mvGj wmwWDj KvÕ¡ ˆdWvGikb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1936 mvGj XvKvq MwVZ nq XvKv ˆRjv avOo BDwbqb| 1941 mvGj XvKvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq nwiRb ˆmeK mwgwZ, eZÆgvGb hv evsjvG`k nwiRb ˆmeK mwgwZ bvGg cwiwPZ| 

[Abycg nvqvr]