`yMÆvcƒRv evOvwj wn±`yG`i cÉavb agÆxq
Drme| ZGe fviGZi AbÅvbÅ cÉG`Gki AevOvwjivI wf®² wf®² bvGg ‰ Drme cvjb
KGi| ˆhgb KvkÄxi I `vwÞYvGZÅ AÁ¼v I AwÁ¼Kv, àRivGU wnãyjv I i‚`ËvYx,
KvbÅKzGô KjÅvYx, wgw^jvq Dgv ‰es KzgvwiKv cÉG`Gk KbÅvKzgvix bvGg ˆ`exi
cƒRv I Drme cvwjZ nq|
`yMÆv
ˆcŒivwYK ˆ`eZv| wZwb Av`Åvkwî×, gnvgvqv, wkevbx, fevbx, `kfzRv, wmsnevnbv
BZÅvw` bvGg AwfwnZ nb| `yMÆ ev `yMÆg bvgK Š`ZÅGK ea KGib eGj Zuvi bvg
nq `yMÆv| RxGei `yMÆwZ bvk KGib eGjI ZuvGK `yMÆv ejv nq|
eËþvi eGi cyi‚Gli AeaÅ gwnlvmyi bvGg ‰K `vbe Õ¼MÆivRÅ `Lj KiGj
ivRÅnviv ˆ`eZviv weúzi kiYvc®² nb| weúzi wbG`ÆGk mKj ˆ`eZvi ˆZRtcyé
ˆ^GK ˆh ˆ`exi R¯Ã nq wZwbB `yMÆv| ˆ`eZvG`i kwî×GZ kwî×gqx ‰es
wewf®² AGÕ¨ mwäZv nGq ‰B ˆ`ex hyG«¬ gwnlvmyiGK ea KGib| ZvB ˆ`exi
‰K bvg nq gwnlgw`Æbx| KvjxwejvmZ¯¨, KvwjKvcyivY, ˆ`exfvMeZ,
gnvfvMeZ, e†n®²w±`GKk¼icyivY, `yMÆvfwî×ZiwãYx, `yGMÆvrmeweGeK,
`yGMÆvrmeZî½ cÉf‡wZ
MÉG¯© ˆ`ex `yMÆv mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ eYÆbv AvGQ| |
|
`yMÆvcƒRv |
[Qwe: ivgK†ú
wgkb, XvKv] |
`yMÆvcƒRvi
cÉPjb mÁ·GKÆ cyivGY wjwLZ nGqGQ ˆh, cyivKvGj ivRÅnviv ivRv myi^ ‰es
Õ¼RbcÉZvwiZ mgvwa ŠekÅ ‰Kw`b ˆgam gywbi AvkÉGg hvb| ˆmLvGb gywbi civgGkÆ
Zuviv ˆ`ex `yMÆvi cƒRv KGib| cƒRvq ZzÓ¡v ˆ`exi eGi ZuvG`i gbÕ•vgbv cƒYÆ
nq| ‰B cƒRv em¯¦KvGj nGqwQj eGj ‰i ‰K bvg ‘evm¯¦x’ cƒRv|
K‡wîevmx
ivgvqY ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, ivgP±`Ê iveYeGai RbÅ AKvGj kirKvGj ˆ`exi cƒRv KGiwQGjb| ZLb ˆ^GK ‰i bvg nq
AKvjGevab ev kvi`xqv `yMÆvcƒRv| evm¯¦x cƒRv nq ŠPGòi ÷KÑcGÞ, Avi kvi`xqv
cƒRv nq mvaviYZ Avwk¼Gbi KLbI ev KvwZÆGKi ÷KÑcGÞ| eZÆgvGb kvi`xqv cƒRvB
mgwaK cÉPwjZ| ‰mgq ÷KÑv lÓ¤xwZw^GZ ˆ`exi ˆevab nq ‰es mµ¦gx, AÓ¡gx I
bgex (gnvbegx)-ˆZ cƒRv w`Gq `kgxi w`b cÉwZgv wemRÆb ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰w`b `Gkvnivi
ˆgjv nq| wn±`y mÁ·É`vGqi ˆjvKRb bZzb ˆcvkvK cGi `Gkvnivi ˆgjvq hvq|
ˆgjvi w`b ˆbŒKv evBP weGkl AvKlÆGYi welq| mKGj ˆKvjvKzwj, cÉYvg, AvkxeÆv` BZÅvw`i gvaÅGg
÷GfœQv wewbgq KGi|
`yMÆvcƒRv
wZb cÉKvi: mvwî½K (Rc, hæ I wbivwgl ˆfvM «¼viv cƒRv), ZvgwmK (wKivZG`i
RbÅ wewnZ; ‰GZ Rc, hæ I g¯¨ ˆbB; g`Å, gvsm cÉf‡wZ «¼viv cƒRv Kiv
nq) I ivRwmK (c÷ewj I Avwgl ˆfvM «¼viv cƒRv Kiv nq)| AZxGZ `yMÆvcƒRvi
mgq QvM, ˆgl, gwnl, nwiY, kƒKi, Mívi, eÅvNË, ˆMvmvc, KœQc ev cvwL
ewj ˆ`Iqv nGZv; ˆKvb ˆKvb MÉG¯© biewji weavbI AvGQ| eZÆgvGb AekÅ
ewji cÉPjb ˆbB ejGjB PGj| |
|
`yGMÆvrme |
ˆ`ex
mvaviYZ `kfzRv, ZGe kvÕ¨vbymvGi Zuvi evüi msLÅv nGZ cvGi Pvi, AvU, `k,
ˆlvGjv, AvVvGiv ev Kzwo| cÉwZgvi is nGZ cvGi AZmxcyÓ·eYÆ ev Zµ¦KvçbeYÆ,
KLbI ev iî×eYÆ| cÉwZgv QvovI cƒRv nGZ cvGi `cÆGY, Abve†Z f„wgGZ, cyÕ¦GK,
wPGò, wòkƒGj, kGi, LGÿ ev RGj| `yMÆvcƒRvq wn±`yG`i mKj eGYÆi ˆjvGKivB
AskMÉnY KiGZ cvGi|
ejv
nGq ^vGK ˆh, eãG`Gk cÉ^g `yMÆvcƒRvi cÉPjb KGib mgËvU AvKeGii (1556-1605)
ivRZ½KvGj ivRkvnx ˆRjvi ZvwnicyGii ivRv KsmbvivqY, gZv¯¦Gi b`xqvi ivRv
K‡úP±`Ê ivq (1710-1783)| wK¯§ RxgƒZevnGbi (Avby. 1050-1150)
`yGMÆvrmewbYÆq, we`ÅvcwZi (1374-1460) `yMÆvfwî×ZiwãYx,
kƒjcvwYi (1375-1460) `yGMÆvrmeweGeK, K‡wîevm ISvi (Avby. 1381-1461)
ivgvqY , evPÕ·wZ wgGkÉi (1425-1480) wò×qvwP¯¦vgwY,
iNyb±`Gbi (15k-16k kZK) wZw^Zî½ BZÅvw` MÉG¯© `yMÆvcƒRvi weÕ¦‡Z
eYÆbv ^vKvq Abygvb Kiv nq ˆh, evsjvq `yMÆvcƒRv `kg A^ev ‰Kv`k kZGKB
cÉPwjZ wQj| nqGZv KsmbvivqY wKsev K‡úPG±`Êi mgq ˆ^GK Zv RuvKRgGKi mGã
AbywÓ¤Z nGZ ^vGK| Dwbk kZGK KjKvZvq gnvmgvGivGn `yMvÆcƒRv AbywÓ¤Z nGZv|
AÓ¡v`k kZGKi ˆkl Awõ BDGivcxqvbivI `yGMÆvrmGe AskMÉnY KiZ| abxG`i M†Gn
evBwR, bZÆKx ‰es MvwqKviv AskMÉnY KiZ| ˆKv^vI ˆKv^vI hvòvMvb, cuvPvwj
I KweMvGbi Avmi emZ|
cƒRvi
AvGM Lo-gvwU w`Gq cÉwZgv ŠZwi KGi ZvGZ KvçbeGYÆi is jvMvGbv nq| AZxGZ
ˆRvovmuvGKvi VvKzievwomn AviI KGqKwU mÁ·®² cwievi cÉwZgvq `vwg kvwo,
‰gbwK ˆmvbvi Mnbv chƯ¦ civZ ‰es Zrmn cÉwZgv wemRÆb w`Z| evsjvG`Gki
meÆòB `yMÆvcƒRv AbywÓ¤Z nq| ˆKD eÅwî×MZfvGe KGi, ˆKDev mgwÓ¡MZfvGe|
mgwÓ¡MZ cƒRvGK ejv nq evGivqvwi ev meÆRbxb `yGMÆvrme|
`yGMÆvrme
DcjGÞ Avñxq-Õ¼Rb mKGj ‰Kò wgwjZ nq| XvKvi meÆRbxb `yMÆvcƒRv AbywÓ¤Z
nq XvGKk¼ix gw±`Gi| ‰Qvov kZvwaK gw±`Gi cƒRv AbywÓ¤Z nq| cƒRv DcjGÞ
Mwie-`ytLxG`i gGaÅ Lv`Å I eÕ¨ weZiY Kiv nq| XvKvÕ© ivgK‡ú wgkb-gw±`Gi
AÓ¡gxi w`b AvU/bq eQGii ‰KwU evwjKvGK `yMÆv mvwRGq Kzgvix cƒRv Kiv nq| `kgxi w`b miKvwi QywU ^vGK| ‰w`b msev`còmgƒn weGkl ˆò×vocò
cÉKvk KGi ‰es ˆeZvi-ˆUwjwfkGb weGkl AbyÓ¤vb nq| `kgxi w`b mKvj ˆ^GK
PGj wemRÆGbi AvGqvRb| wgwQj mnKvGi cÉwZgv wbGq weGKj ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nq wbKUÕ©
b`x-Lvj-wej wKsev cyKzGi wemRÆGbi cvjv| XvKvi AwaKvsk cÉwZgv wemRÆb
ˆ`Iqv nq eywoMãvi RGj| ‰fvGe wemRÆGbi gaÅ w`Gq ˆkl nq cuvPw`b eÅvcx
`yGMÆvrme|
[`yjvj
ˆfŒwgK]
