`vwi`ËÅ  ‰gb A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©v, hLb ‰KRb gvbyl Rxebhvòvi bƒÅbZg gvb ARÆGb ‰es ռ͸ AvGqi KviGY RxebaviGYi AcwinvhÆ `ËeÅvw` ò×q KiGZ AÞg nq| `vwiG`Ëi `†kÅgvb cÉZxK nGœQ AcywÓ¡, f™²Õ¼vÕ©Å, RxYÆkxYÆ evmÕ©vb, wbiÞiZv ‰es ˆeKviZ½ A^ev Avav ˆeKviGZ½ wbcwZZ i‚™²-`yeÆj gvbyl| mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆÕ¼œQvPvwiZv I AvMÉvmb, RbmsLÅvi Pvc, A^Æ‹bwZK `y`Ækv, mvgvwRK I ivR‹bwZK mgmÅv ‰es ebÅv , RGjvœQ¾vm , Liv BZÅvw`i gGZv cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvM `vwi`ËÅ m†wÓ¡ KGi|

1980-i `kGK `vwi`ËÅ cwigvGci RbÅ evsjvG`Gk ‰KwU mnR I ‰KgvwòK msæv eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ msævbyhvqx `vwi`ËÅ nGœQ Lv`Å MÉnGYi ‰gb ‰KwU Õ¦i hv ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq kwî× mçGqi RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY wKGjv-KÅvjwi cvIqv hvq bv| `vwi`ËÅcxwoZ RbmsLÅvi cÉvØjb KGqKwU c«¬wZGZ cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq| cÉ^gZ, ˆfvM AfÅvm ‰es eÅGqi gGaÅ mg¯¼q KGi ‰KwU Lv`Å ZvwjKv wPwn×Z Kiv nq hv wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY cywÓ¡ Z^v cÉGZÅK eÅwî×GK cÉwZw`b 2,112 wKGjv KÅvjwi ‰es 58 MÉvg ˆcÉvwUb mieivn KiGZ cvGi| cieZÆxGZ DwÍÏwLZ Lv`ÅZvwjKvi eÅq AGcÞv 1.25 àY Kg gv^vwcQy AvqmÁ·®² cwieviàwjGK gaÅg ˆkÉYxi `wi`Ë ‰es wbaÆvwiZ cÉviwÁ¿K AvGqi ˆPGq 85% Kg gv^vwcQy AvqmÁ·®² cwieviàwjGK Pig `wi`Ë cwievi wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kiv nGZ ^vGK| mvaviYZ cÍÏx AçGji `vwiG`Ëi AvcZb ‰es Õ¦i cwigvGci RbÅ DcwiDî× c«¬wZ eÅenvi Kiv nGZv| ˆcŒi ‰jvKvi `vwi`ËÅ cwigvGci ˆÞGò KÅvjwi MÉnGYi cÉviwÁ¿K gvòv wQj cÍÏx ‰jvKvi RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ gvòv AGcÞv wKQyUv DœPZi| AekÅ, wewf®² mgGq cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZ ‰es bxwZgvjvi KviGY RbcÉwZ wKGjv KÅvjwii cÉviwÁ¿K gvòv wewf®² mgGq cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ| ‰B c«¬wZGZ `vwi`ËÅveÕ©v cÉvØjGbi RbÅ eÅen…Z Z^Å I Dcvî evsjvG`k cwimsLÅvb eyÅGivi Lvbv-eÅq wbaÆviY Rwic ˆ^GK ˆbIqv nq|

evsjvG`k cwimsLÅvb eyÅGivi (wewe‰m) cÉvØjb Abyhvqx MÉvgvçGji 47.1% ˆjvK `vwi`ËÅmxgv ‰es 24.6% ˆjvK Pig `vwi`ËÅmxgvi wbGP evm KGi| Aciw`GK, knivçGji 49.7% `vwi`ËÅmxgv ‰es 27.3% Pig `vwi`ËÅmxgvi wbGP evm KGi| `vwiG`Ëi AvcZb I Õ¦i cwigvGci RbÅ wewe‰m 1995 mvGj ˆgŒwjK Pvwn`vi LiP cÉwò×qv eÅenvi KGi| ‰ c«¬wZGZ `wi`ËGK `wi`Ë ‰es AbGcÞ `wi`Ë"‰ `yfvGM wPwn×Z Kiv nq ‰es ˆ`Gki ˆgvU RbmsLÅvi 35.6% AbGcÞ `wi`Ë I 53.1% `wi`Ë wnGmGe wPwn×Z nq| `vwiG`Ëi eügvwòK cwigvGci ˆÞGò AGbKàwj àYMZ welq ev PjK Z^v cywÓ¡, Õ¼vÕ©Å, cqtwbÓ•vkb, wbivcîv, evmÕ©vb myweav, cvbxq Rj, wkÞv, Avqy, mÁ·G`i Askx`vwiZ½ I ˆfvGMi AwaKvi ‰es mgmÅvewji mvG^ gvwbGq Pjv ev mgmÅv nËvm Kivi RbÅ cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK myweavw` I ÞgZv BZÅvw` weGePbv Kiv nq| ‰me PjK ev Rxeb aviGYi àYMZ cÉGqvRb ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ gvbe mÁ·` D®²qb mƒPGKi weGePbvq evsjvG`k 2000 mvGj weGk¼i 132Zg ˆ`k wnGmGe wPwn×Z nGqGQ|

evsjvG`Gki Pjgvb `vwi`ËÅveÕ©vi RbÅ eüwea welq, h^v AwZwiî× RbmsLÅvi Pvc, gv^vwcQy mxwgZ cÉvK‡wZK mÁ·`, mÁ·G`i e¥Ÿb I eÅenvi, AwkÞv, gv^vwcQy bMYÅ cwigvY Avev`GhvMÅ Rwg I ebf„wg, i‚™²Õ¼vÕ©Å I Õ¼vÕ©ÅeÅeÕ©v, cqtwbÓ•vkb mgmÅv, cwiGeGki AeÞq, eb a»sm, K‡wli Ici AwZ wbfÆikxjZv, cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvM, bvix wbhÆvZb I bvixG`i ewçZKiY ‰es `yeÆj cÉkvmwbK eÅeÕ©v `vqx|

1947 mvGj fviZ wefvGMi ci cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi cÉwZ cÞcvwZZ½gƒjK bxwZ AbymiY KGi| cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi mvivG`Gki mÁ·` eÅenvi KGi cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGbi eÅwî×LvZGK mweGkl c†Ó¤GcvlKZv cÉ`vb KGi| cÞv¯¦Gi, cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vbGK bƒÅbZg A^Æ eivó-cƒeÆK miKvwi LvGZi Ici wbfÆikxj ^vKGZ evaÅ Kiv nq| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi AvGq cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGb wk͸vqb KvhÆò×g PvjvGbv nq| Avi cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vbGK KGi ivLv nq ‰Kv¯¦B K‡wlwbfÆi| dGj 1958 mvGj cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ‰KRb bvMwiGKi Mo Avq `uvovq ‰KRb cwøg cvwKÕ¦vwbi AvGqi 74%| ‰ KviGY cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb `vwi`ËÅ cwiwÕ©wZ AeÅvnZ ^vGK ‰es Zv Õ¼vaxbZv-Dîi evsjvG`kGKI MÉvm KGi| 1985 mvGj ‰KRb evsjvG`kxi gv^vwcQy Mo Avq wQj ‰KRb cvwKÕ¦vwbi gv^vwcQy AvGqi gvò 40%, ‰KRb ^vB bvMwiGKi 19% ‰es ‰KRb `wÞY ˆKvixq bvMwiGKi gvò 7%|

evsjvG`Gki `xNÆGgqvw` `vwi`ËÅ cwiwÕ©wZi Aci ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KviY iGqGQ| weMZ 50, 100 ev 150 ermi cƒGeÆ Avq e¥ŸGbi wbÁ²mxgvq hZ msLÅK ˆjvK wQj, eZÆgvGb Zvi msLÅv AGbK Kg| 1830-‰i `kGK K‡wl gRywii Š`wbK nvi wQj 6 ˆKwR PvDj| 1880-i `kGK wQj Zv 5 ˆKwR AGcÞv mvgvbÅ ˆewk| 1930-i `kGK ‰KRb K‡wlkÉwgK Zvi ‰Kw`Gbi gRywi «¼viv mvGo cuvP ˆKwR ˆgvUv Pvj wKbGZ cviZ, eZÆgvGb ‰Kzk kZGKi ÷i‚GZI Zv ‰KB chÆvGq iGq ˆMGQ| wK¯§ ‰KRb K‡lK ev K‡wlkÉwgGKi RbÅ ‰KB A^ÆbxwZGZ wk͸ I K‡wli evwYRÅ kGZÆ fvimvgÅ eüjvsGk AebwgZ nGqGQ| ‰GZ cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, cƒGeÆi ˆh ˆKvb mgGqi ˆPGq eZÆgvGb evsjvG`Gki cÍÏx AçGji ‰KRb eÅwî× AviI Lvivc AeÕ©vq Rxebhvcb KiGQ|

1971 mvGji Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬i a»smhGæi gGaÅ wbwnZ iGqGQ evsjvG`Gki RbMGYi ˆfvMvw¯¦i AvGiKwU KviY| bq gvmeÅvcx hyG«¬ evsjvG`Gki ˆgvU mÁ·G`i cÉvq ‰K-Z‡Zxqvsk a»sm nGq hvq ‰es ÷i‚GZB ˆ`Gki A^ÆbxwZ gvivZÄK RwUjZvi mÁÃyLxb nq| wbRÕ¼ mxwgZ mÁ·` I cÉvµ¦ ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi «¼viv evsjvG`kGK fviZ ˆ^GK wdGi Avmv 10 wgwjqb kiYv^Æx ‰es ˆ`Gki wfZGi AeÕ©vbKvix cvwKÕ¦vwb a»smhGæ meÆÕ¼v¯¦ 20 wgwjqb ˆjvKGK cybeÆvwmZ KiGZ nGqGQ| Z`ycwi wek¼eÅvcx A^Æ‹bwZK g±`v, Lv`Å, R¾vjvwb, mvi BZÅvw`i gƒjÅe†w«¬ ‰es ˆjbG`b fvimvGgÅi ò×geaÆgvb NvUwZ evsjvG`Gki A^ÆbxwZGZ ài‚Zi AvNvZ nvGb| 1974 mvGj kmÅnvwb ‰es ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ cÉvwµ¦GZ fvUv I wkw^jZv ˆ`Gki A^ÆbxwZGK AviI bvRyK AeÕ©vi w`GK ˆVGj ˆ`q| dGj 1974 mvGj evsjvG`k cÉvq `ywfÆGÞi «¼vicÉvG¯¦ ˆcuŒGQ hvq| ‰i dGj wbtÕ¼ ˆjvGKi msLÅv evoGZ ^vGK ‰es 1975 mvGj ˆ`Gki ˆgvU RbmsLÅvi cÉvq 83% `vwi`ËÅmxgvi wbGP evm KiGZ ^vGK| cieZÆxGZ ‰ AeÕ©vi mvgvbÅ D®²wZ nq ‰es `vwi`ËÅmxgvi wbGP emevmKvix ˆjvGKi msLÅv 1981-82 mvGj 74%-‰ ˆbGg AvGm| ‰ici `vwi`ËÅ cwiwÕ©wZi wKQyUv D®²wZ NUGZ ^vGK| wKQy mgq ci Avevi ˆ`Gki D®²qb Õ©wei nGq cGo ‰es 1987 I 1988 mvGji cÉjâKix ebÅvi dGj evsjvG`k cybivq Av^Æ-mvgvwRK wechÆGqi mÁÃyLxb nq| ebÅv-cieZÆxKvGj 1988-89 mvGj ˆ`Gk Lv`ÅkGmÅi evÁ·vi djb nq ‰es A^Æ‹bwZK cÉe†w«¬GZ wKQyUv AMÉMwZ cwijwÞZ nq| wK¯§ ‰i cieZÆx 2-3 ermi ˆ`Gki `vwi`ËÅ cwiwÕ©wZi ˆKvb wÕ©wZkxj D®²qb NGU wb|

f„wgi ŠelgÅgƒjK weZiY ‰es AcƒYÆ eÅenvi, f„wg I Af„wg-ewnf„ÆZ mÁ·G`i Ici `wi`ËG`i `Lj`vwiGZ½i Afve, KvwiMwi I cÉGKŒkjMZ cøv`MwZ, ŠelgÅgƒjK Avqe¥Ÿb ‰es ivR‹bwZK AwÕ©wZkxjZvi KviGY 1990-‰i `kGK ˆ`Gki gvbyl AgvbweK `vwiG`Ëi wkKvi nq| gv^vwcQy gvò 386 gvwKÆb WjvGii mgcwigvY (1999-2000) Avq wbGq evsjvG`k weGk¼i ‰KwU `wi`ËZg, Rbeüj ‰es Aby®²Z ˆ`Gki cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| ˆ`Gki ˆcŒi I cÍÏx Dfq ‰jvKvi cÉvq AGaÆK ˆjvK `vwiG`Ëi MÉnYGhvMÅ mxgvi wbGP AeÕ©vb KGi| evsjvG`Gki RbmsLÅvi e†n`vsk cÍÏx AçGj emevm KGi, ˆhLvGb Avq‹elgÅ I ˆeKviZ½ cÉwZwbqZ `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ cvGœQ| 1963/64 mvGji wÕ©igƒGjÅ 1973/74 mvGj evsjvG`Gki cÍÏx I ˆcŒi ‰jvKvi Avq e¥ŸGbi wMwb mƒPK wQj h^vò×Gg 0.340 I 0.375| 1985/86 mvGj 0.362 I 0.365 ‰es 1995-96 mvGj Zv wQj h^vò×Gg 0.384 I 0.444|

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ewaÆZ nvGi KgÆmsÕ©vGbi myGhvM m†wÓ¡i jGÞÅ miKvi AK‡wl LvGZi D®²qb I mÁcÉmviGYi RbÅ wewf®² KgÆmƒwP evÕ¦evqb KiGQ| ‰ mKj ‰KK I mgw¯¼Z DG`ÅvGMi dGj `wi`ËG`i AwaKvi wKQyUv nGjI Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆcGqGQ ‰es ZvG`i mvgvwRK I A^Æ‹bwZK mGPZbZv e†w«¬i dGj ZvG`i ÞgZvqbI NUGQ| ZGe mvgwMÉKfvGe `vwi`ËÅveÕ©vi D®²qGb ‰ mKj cÉ^vMZ KgÆmƒwPi Ae`vb ˆZgb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ bq| evsjvG`k cwimsLÅvb eyÅGivi gGZ 1996 mvGj RvZxq chÆvGq `wiG`Ëi nvi wQj 47% hv 1999 mvGj gvò 44.7%-‰ nËvm Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ZvB evsjvG`Gk `vwi`ËÅ weGgvPb ‰LbI ‰KwU PÅvGjé| `vwiG`Ëi ˆgvKvGejv Kivi RbÅ `iKvi h^vh^ cwiK͸bv, ivÓ¡Ëxq I ivR‹bwZK cÉwZkÉ‚wZ I ‰KvMÉZv ‰es mGeÆvcwi `Þ I mgw¯¼Z evÕ¦ewfwîK DG`ÅvM I KgÆGcÉiYv|  [‰m. ‰g gvndzRyi ingvb]