ˆ^iev` msN  ˆ^iev`x ˆeŒ«¬ gZv`GkÆi Abymvix wfÞyGMvÓ¤x| evsjvG`Gki ˆeŒ«¬ wfÞzMY ‰B agÆv`GkÆi Abymvix, ZvB ZuvG`i mgwÓ¡MZfvGe ejv nq ‘ˆ^iev` msN’| ˆ^iev` msGNi Rxeb I KgÆvPvGii msweavb nGjv webqwcUK| ‰GZ wfÞzG`i KiYxq mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ wbG`Ækbv iGqGQ|

mgËvU AGkvGKi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv ‰es Zuvi cyò gwn±` ˆ^Givi HKvw¯¦K cÉGPÓ¡vq ˆeŒ«¬agÆ fviZxq DcgnvG`Gki Mwí ˆcwiGq wewf®² ˆ`Gk weÕ¦vi jvf KGi| ò×Gg eüeÅvµ¦ ‰B aGgÆi AbykxjbKvixG`i bxwZ-msÕ•vGi wewf®² ˆ`kvPvi I AvçwjK ˆjvKvPvi AbycÉGek KGi| ‰i cÉfve cGo wfÞzG`i gGaÅI| ZvB wfÞzG`i ‰KwU Ask gƒj webq-weavGbi wKQy KGVvi bxwZgvjv wkw^j KGi AbymiY KiGZ ^vGKb| Zuviv wbGRG`i msÕ•viev`x ˆeŒ«¬c¯©x wnGmGe gnvmvswNK bvGg cwiPq ˆ`b| ‰B gnvmvswNK aviv ˆ^GK cieZÆxGZ wewf®² ˆeŒ«¬ gZv`GkÆi D«¿e NGU| wK¯§ eZÆgvb evsjvG`kmn ‰wkqvi wewf®² AçGji ˆeŒ«¬ wfÞzMY cÉvPxb ˆgŒwjK ixwZGZB wÕ©Z ^vGKb ‰es ZuvG`i mgwÓ¡B nGjv ˆ^iev` msN ev nxbhvb msN|

evsjvG`Gki wfÞzmsN mvgwMÉKfvGe ˆ^iev` msN bvGg cwiwPZ nGjI ‰es ˆ^ievG`i ŠbwÓ¤K Abymvix nGjI ài‚GfG` ZuvG`i gGaÅ bvbv wefwî× we`Ågvb| wfÞzG`i ‰B fvM ev `jGK eGj ‘wbKvq’| evsjvG`k QvovI `wÞY ‰wkqvi wewf®² ˆ`Gki ˆ^iev` msGN ‰B wbKvq wefvRb iGqGQ| evsjvG`Gk weivRgvb wbKvqmgƒGni gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjv gnvÕ©wei wbKvq, msNivR wbKvq, myagÆv wbKvq I ˆ`vniv ev ˆ`vqviv wbKvq| gnvÕ©wei I msNivR wbKvGqi AbyivMxG`i gGaÅ evsjvG`Gki mgZjxq evOvwj ˆeŒ«¬G`i msLÅvB ˆewk| ‰B `y’ wbKvGqi gGaÅ gnvÕ©wei wbKvq cÉvPxbZi| msNivR wbKvq 1864 wLËÓ¡vGõ msNivR mviGga gnvÕ©weGii ˆbZ‡GZ½ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| myagÆv I ˆ`vniv wbKvGqi AbymvixG`i gGaÅ DcRvZxq ˆeŒ«¬G`i cÉvavbÅ ˆewk| KÝevRvi, ivgy, ˆUKbvd, cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg cÉf‡wZ AçGj ‰B wbKvq«¼Gqi AbymvwiMY iGqGQb| evsjvG`Gk ˆ^iev` msGNi A¯¦fÆzî× ‰B Pvi wbKvGq agÆxq Abykxjb ixwZGZ ˆgŒwjK ˆKvb cÉGf` ˆbB| AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vGbi w`K ˆ^GK gnvÕ©wei I msNivR cÉvq Awf®²| Avevi myagÆv I ˆ`vniv wbKvGqi ixwZbxwZI cÉvq Abyi…c|  [mygb Kvw¯¦ eo~qv]