ZzwKÆ (RvwZ) òGqv`k
kZvõxi cÉviGÁ¿ cÉ^g gymwjg weGRZv BLwZqviDóxb gynÁÃ` eLwZqvi LjRxi mGã
evsjvq ZzwKÆG`i AvMgb NGU| eLwZqvi LjRx wQGjb ZzwKÆ RvwZi LjRx
ˆMvòmÁ¿„Z| ‰uiv wmÕ¦vGbi cƒeÆ mxgvG¯¦i Mogwmi bvgK Õ©vGb emwZ Õ©vcb
KGib| eZÆgvGb Õ©vbwUi bvg `vk&Z-B-gvGMÆv| eLwZqvi I AbÅvbÅ ZzwKÆiv
D®²ZZi RxweKvi m®¬vGb R¯Ãf„wg ˆQGo ˆewiGq cGob| ˆMŒo (jßYveZx) I Zvi
cvk¼ÆeZÆx ivRÅmgƒGn gymwjg AwaKvi cÉwZÓ¤vi ci eLwZqvi LjRx kvmbKvGhÆi
myweavi RbÅ Zuvi AaxbÕ© ivRÅGK KGqKwU BKZvq wefî× KGib ‰es wZbRb cÉwZwbwai
Ici ‰àwji kvmbfvi bÅÕ¦ KGib| ‰uiv wQGjb Avjx g`Ævb LjRx , gynÁÃ`
wkivY LjRx I ümvgDóxb BIR LjRx | ‰Qvov wZwb gymwjg mgvR
weKvGkI KwZcq c`GÞc MÉnY KGib| ‰mGei gGaÅ wQj gmwR`, gv`Ëvmv ‰es mydx
mvaKG`i RbÅ LvbKvn cÉwZÓ¤v| eLwZqvi LjRxi g†ZzÅi ci Zuvi wZb
ˆmbvcwZ gynÁÃ` wkivY LjRx, Avjx g`Ævb LjRx I ümvgDóxb BIR LjRxi gGaÅ
ÞgZvi «¼±«¼ m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰uiv ‰GKi ci ‰K ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb| ‰B LjRx gvwjKG`i
gGaÅ ümvgDóxb BIR LjRx wQGjb meGPGq mdj kvmK| wZwb wQGjb kv¯¦, myPZzi,
wePÞY I ZxÞ° wePvieyw«¬mÁ·®²| 1212 wLËÓ¡vGõ ÞgZv MÉnGYi ci wZwb myjZvb
wMqvmDóxb BIR LjRx Dcvwa aviY KGib| wZwb ˆek wKQy RbKjÅvYgƒjK KvR KGib
hvi gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj gnvmoK wbgÆvY I ebÅv wbq¯¨Y| ˆKŒkjMZ KviGY wZwb
‰KwU `yMÆ wbgÆvY I ‰KwU ˆbŒeni MGo ˆZvGjb|
evsjv
hLb LjRxG`i kvmbvaxGb ZLb Bjevwi ZzwKÆMY w`wÍÏGZ ivRZ½ KiwQGjb| Zuviv
jßYveZxGZ LjRx mveÆGfŒgZ½GK mybRGi ˆ`GLb wb| myjZvb kvgmyóxb BjZzrwgk
wQGjb Bjevwi ZzwKÆ| wZwb jÞÄYveZxi Õ¼vaxbZv ˆgGb wbGZ cvGib wb| 1227
wLËÓ¡vGõ wZwb BIR LjRxGK civwRZ KGi jßYveZx w`wÍÏ mvjZvbvGZi A¯¦fzÆî×
KGib| LjRxiv ZvG`i ÞgZv cybi‚«¬vGi eÅ^Æ nq| cieZÆx lvU eQi jßYveZx kvmb
KGib w`wÍÏi BjevwiMY| 1236 wLËÓ¡vGõ BjZzrwgGki g†ZzÅi ci ZzwKÆ AwfRvZMY
ÞgZvkvjx nGq IGVb ‰es myjZvbMY ZuvG`i nvGZi ò×xobGK cwiYZ nb| w`wÍÏ
ˆ^GK ˆcÉwiZ evsjvi MfbÆiMY wQGjb ZzwKÆ AwfRvZ ˆkÉYxfzî×| Zuviv mKGjB
wQGjb DœPvwfjvlx| KLbI KLbI Zuviv jßYveZxi ÞgZv `LGji RbÅ ‰GK AGbÅi
wei‚G«¬ jovB KGib| dGj jßYveZxi gymwjg ivGRÅi mÁ·ÉmviY eÅvnZ nq| w`wÍÏi
myjZvb wMqvmDóxb ejeb ‰i g†ZzÅi (1287) ci Kjn AviI PiGg ˆcuŒGQ|
‰ myGhvGM 1290 wLËÓ¡vGõ Rvjvjyóxb wdi‚R kvGni ˆbZ‡GZ½ LjRxMY w`wÍÏi
wmsnvmb AwaKvi KGib| ejeGbi cyò eyMiv Lvb evsjvq Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYv
KGi myjZvb bvwmi‚óxb gvngy` Dcvwa MÉnY KGib| ‰fvGeB w`wÍÏGZ Bjevwi ZzwKÆiv
ÞgZv nvivb ‰es LjRxMY Zv `Lj KGib| AbÅw`GK BjevwiMY evsjvi ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z
nb|
1290
ˆ^GK 1324 wLËÓ¡vGõi gaÅeZÆx mgq evsjvi gymwjg ivRÅ mvZMuvI ,
ˆmvbviMuvI , gqgbwmsn I wmGjU chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z nq| 1324 wLËÓ¡vGõ
w`wÍÏi myjZvb wMqvmDóxb ZzMjK ‰K Awfhvb PvwjGq jÞÄYveZx `Lj KGib| evsjvq
ZzMjK (KvivDbv ZzwKÆ) kvmb 1338 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ envj wQj| 1338 wLËÓ¡vGõ
dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn ˆmvbviMuvGq Õ¼vaxb ivRZ½ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| w`wÍÏ
mvgËvGRÅi AbÅvbÅ AsGk myjZvb gynÁÃ` web ZzMjGKi eÅÕ¦Zvi myGhvM wbGq
AvjvDóxb Avjx kvn jßYveZxGZ Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYv KGib| AeGkGl wmwRÕ¦vb
ˆ^GK AvMZ ZzwKÆ fvMÅvG¯¼lx nvRx Bwjqvm jßYveZxi wmsnvmb `Lj KGi myjZvb
kvgmyóxb Bwjqvm kvn Dcvwa aviY KGib| Zuvi mveÆGfŒgZ½ cÉwZÓ¤vi
mGã mGã evsjvq ZzwKÆ kvmGbi behyGMi mƒPbv nq| Bwjqvm kvn mgMÉ evsjv
Õ¼xq AwaKvGi AvGbb ‰es jßYveZx ivRÅGK ‘evãvjvn’ ivGRÅ i…cv¯¦wiZ KGib|
evsjvq Bwjqvm kvn I Zuvi DîivwaKvixG`i ivRZ½Kvj 1487 wLËÕ¡võ chƯ¦ Õ©vqx
wQj| ‰i gaÅeZÆx 23 eQi (1412 ˆ^GK 1435 wLË.) ivRv MGYk I Zuvi
DîivwaKvixMY ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z wQGjb| Bwjqvm kvnx esGki meÆGkl myjZvb Rvjvjyóxb dGZn kvn Zuvi nvekx ò×xZ`vm KZ‡ÆK wbnZ nGj evsjvq ZzwKÆ kvmGbi Aemvb
NGU|
nvekxiv
ռ͸ mgGqi RbÅ ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z wQGjb| myjZvb AvjvDóxb ˆnvGmb kvn ZvG`i ÞgZvP„ÅZ KGib| wZwb wQGjb Šmq` eskxq| 1538 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆkikvn ‰i ÞgZv `LGji dGj ˆnvGmb kvnx ivResGki cZb NGU ‰es evsjvq Õ¼vaxb myjZvwb
AvgGji Aemvb nq| AvdMvbiv evsjv kvmb KGib 1576 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦| Zvici
÷i‚ nq gyMj kvmb| gyMjiv weËwUk ivRZ½ cÉwZÓ¤vi cƒeÆchƯ¦ ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z
wQGjb| ‰ `xNÆ mgqKvGj ZzwKÆG`i fvMÅ mÁ¼G®¬ wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| Zviv ‰G`kxq
mgvGR `†pfvGe wgGk hvq, ˆKD ˆKD nqZ gyMjG`i PvKwiGZI ˆhvM ˆ`q| kvnRvnvb ‰i ivRZ½KvGj gynÁÃ` Kzjx ˆmwjg bvGg ‰KRb weLÅvZ ZzwKÆ Kwe wQGjb|
cieZÆxKvGji bvwRgG`i gGaÅ AGbGKB wQGjb ZzwKÆ esGkv«¿„Z| ZzwKÆG`i cÉvavbÅ
cybivq ÷i‚ nq myRvDóxb gynÁÃ` Lvb ‰i (1627-1639) mgq ˆ^GK| wZwb Zuvi k¼÷i gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb ‰i g†ZzÅi ci gywkÆ`vevG`i gmbG` AwawÓ¤Z nb| wZwb wQGjb ‰KRb
Avdmvi ˆMvòxq ZzwKÆ| Avjxew`Æ Lvb I Zuvi ˆRÅÓ¤
övZv nvRx Avng` DwolÅvi bvGqe myevn`vi myRvDóxb gynÁÃ` LvGbi `ievGi
wewkÓ¡ cG` wbGqvwRZ wQGjb| Zuviv wQGjb ZzwKÆ esGkv«¿„Z|
myRvDóxb
hLb gywkÆ`vevG`i bvwRg cG` AwawÓ¤Z nb, ZLb Avjxe`Æx, nvRx Avng` I Zuvi
wZb cyò ài‚Z½cƒYÆ c` jvf KGib| nvRx Avng` wQGjb bIqvGei cÉavb DcG`Ó¡vG`i
‰KRb| Avjxe`Æx Zuvi wZb KbÅvi weevn ˆ`b wZb övZzÓ·yGòi mGã| ‰uiv mKGjB
wQGjb nvRx AvngG`i cyò| myRvDóxGbi g†ZzÅi ci Zuvi cyò midivR Lvb
gmbG` Avmxb nb| midivR LvbGK civwRZ KGi Avjxe`Æx Lvb gmb` `Lj KGib|
myZivs gywkÆ`Kzjx LvGbi g†ZzÅi (1727) ci ZzwKÆ esGkv«¿„Ziv gyMjG`i AaxGb
evsjvq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGib|
ZzwKÆG`i
AvMgb I ZzwKÆkvmb evsjvi RbÅ wQj AvkxeÆv`Õ¼i…c| ZzwKÆ kvmKMY evsjvq
gymwjg mgvR cÉwZÓ¤vq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| Zviv Bmjvwg msÕ•‡wZGK
‰KwU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ i…c `vb KGi| kvmbvgGji ÷i‚GZB Zviv gmwR`, gv`Ëvmv I LvbKvn
wbgÆvGY eËZx nq| Djvgv I mydx mvaKG`i agÆ cÉPvi I msÕ•vi KvGhÆ c†Ó¤GcvlKZv
cÉ`vb ZvG`i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ae`vb| ZzwKÆ kvmKMY ‰es mÁ¿eZ Acivci ZzwKÆivI
evsjvq AvGm Õ©vwqfvGe emevGmi RbÅ ‰es ‰ ˆ`kGKB Zviv wbGRG`i Avevmf„wg
wnGmGe MÉnY KGib| Zviv KLbI evsjvi mÁ·` I mwçZ abG`ŒjZ Õ¼G`Gk cvPvi
KGi wb wKsev ‰G`k ZÅvM Kivi AwfcÉvqI ZvG`i wQj bv| Zviv Õ©vcZÅ I nÕ¦wjwcGZ
AvMÉnx wQj| ZvG`i ŠZwi wKQy gmwR` ‰LbI we`Ågvb| ‰àwj my`†kÅ I mywbwgÆZ|
Õ©vcZÅ wbgÆvGY ZzwKÆiv ˆcvov BU eÅenvi KiZ| Avevi KLbI KLbI cv^i Avg`vwb
KiZ| Zviv Õ©vcZÅ wkG͸ wbZÅbZzb ixwZ I KjvGKŒkj cÉeZÆb KGi| `yMÆ ‰es
ˆmZz wbgÆvGYI ZvG`i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ae`vb wQj| ‰me BgviGZi MvGò ˆLvw`Z wjwcGZ
Zviv mƒß I my±`i nÕ¦wjwci bgybv ZzGj aGi| ZzwKÆG`i gGaÅ ˆKD ˆKD moK
I ˆmZz wbgÆvY, ebÅvi cvwb wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ euva I cwiLv Lbb ‰es ‰fvGe cvwbi
cÉGek I wbÓ˜gY wbq¯¨Y eÅeÕ©vi gGZv RbwnZKi KvR mÁ·v`b KGi|
ZzwKÆ
kvmKiv wQGjb D`vic¯©x| Zuviv cÉkvmwbK cG` AgymwjgG`i wbGqvM ˆ`b, ‰gbwK
g¯¨x wKsev ˆmbvevwnbxi DœPcG`I ‰G`i wbGqvM `vb Kiv nq| myjZvb wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn ‰i kvmbvgGj ivRv MGYk gyLÅg¯¨xi ghÆv`v jvf KGib ‰es wZwb
cÉkvmb I ivRÕ¼ wefvGMi cÉavb wQGjb| ZzwKÆ myjZvbMY dviwm I evsjv Dfq
fvlvi mvwnZÅ I KweG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib| myjZvb i‚Kbyóxb evieK kvn
weGklfvGe cvimÅG`kxq KweG`i Drmvn cÉ`vb KiGZb| ‰uG`i gGaÅ wQGjb KGqKRb
LÅvZbvgv Kwe| gvwjK-Dm-÷qviv (KweG`i ivRv ev mfvKwe) bvGg cwiwPZ Avgxi
Rqbyóxb wQGjb meGPGq bvgKiv| Beivwng KvIqvg dvi‚Kx wQGjb ‰KRb Awfavb
iPwqZv| wZwb dvinvO-B-Beivwng KvIqvg dvi‚Kx ev kidbvgv
MÉG¯©i iPwqZv| myjZvGbi cÉksmvmƒPK KGqKwU
KweZvI wZwb iPbv KGib| evieK kvn wn±`y KweG`iI c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib| ‘kÉxK‡úweRq’
iPwqZv Kwe gvjvai emyGK wZwb ‘àYivR Lvb’ DcvwaGZ f„wlZ KGib| myjZvb
eü AgymwjgGK ivRKvGhÆ wbGqvwRZ KGib ‰es ZvG`i wewf®² ˆLZve cÉ`vb KGib| [Avõyj Kwig]