ZvgËwjwµ¦ cÉvPxb fviZxq mvwnZÅ, wmsnwj Mɯ© ‰es wMÉK ˆfŒGMvwjK I ŠPwbK Zx^ÆhvòxG`i weeiGY DwÍÏwLZ cÉvPxb gvbe emwZÕ©j| ‰ mKj Mɯ© I weeiY ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, cƒeÆ DcK„jeZÆx ZvgËwjwµ¦ Mãv b`x ˆhLvGb eGãvcmvMGi cGoGQ Zvi KvGQ AewÕ©Z wQj| weeiYmgƒGn AviI DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq ˆh, ZvgËwjwµ¦ ZrKvjxb evwYRÅcG^i mGã hyî× wQj ‰es ‰LvGb eÅemvqx, chÆUK I Zx^ÆhvòxG`i wbqwgZ hvZvqvZ wQj| ‰ mKj wjwLZ DrGmi wfwîGZ ZvgËwjwµ¦GZ gvbeemwZi Kvjmxgv ˆgvUvgywUfvGe PZz^Æ/Z‡Zxq wLËÓ¡cƒeÆvõ ˆ^GK AÓ¡g wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ eGj wbaÆviY Kiv nGq ^vGK| `wÞY ‰wkqvi cÉvPxb e±`i wnGmGe ZvgËwjwµ¦i meÆGkl cÉgvY enb KiGQ AÓ¡g kZvõxi D`qgGbi `yacvwb cÉÕ¦iwjwc| wMÉK ˆfŒGMvwjK UGjgxi gvbwPGò ‘ZgwjwUm&’ i…Gc ZvgËwjwµ¦i DGÍÏL iGqGQ| ŠPwbK Zx^Æhvòx wnDGqb-mvs ZvgËwjwµ¦ kniGK ‘Zvb-Ggv-wj-wZ’ wnGmGe DGÍÏL KGiGQb|

‰mKj wjwLZ Drmàwji wfwîGZ cwíZMY ZvgËwjwµ¦GK Avw` HwZnvwmK fviGZi eÅemvq-evwYGRÅi ‰KwU AbÅZg cÉavb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe kbvî× KGib| Drmàwj mƒGò AviI wek¼vm Kiv nq ˆh, ZrKvGj ‰KwU mg†w«¬kvjx bMiGK±`Ê wnGmGeI ZvgËwjwµ¦i Dïvb NGU ‰es ‰i mvG^ Rj I Õ©jcG^ `wÞY ‰wkqvi ˆek wKQy AçGji msGhvM wQj|

hw`I ‰ e±`i bMixi mwVK kbvî×KiY mÁ·GKÆ cwíZG`i gGaÅ gZweGf` iGqGQ Z^vwc Zuviv ˆgvUvgywU ‰KgZ ˆh, eZÆgvb cwøgeGãi ˆgw`bxcyi (cÉvPxb hyGM wgaybvcyi bvGg cwiwPZ) ˆRjvi ZgjyK kniB wQj cÉvPxb ZvgËwjwµ¦ bMiÕ©j| eZÆgvb kniwU eGãvcmvMGii KvGQ i…cbvivqGYi ZxGi AewÕ©Z|

Õ©vbwUGZ KgcGÞ `yevi cÉðZvwî½K Lbb KvR PvjvGbv ‰es ˆek KGqKevi cÉðmÁ·G`i m®¬vb Kiv nGqGQ| weLÅvZ evOvwj Kwe gvBGKj gaymƒ`b `î ‰i e®¬z AvB.wm.‰m ˆMŒo`vm emvK nGœQb cÉ^g eÅwî× whwb AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ˆklcvG` ZgjyGKi a»smveGkl mÁ·GKÆ weeiY wjwce«¬ KGib| ‘cÉwmwWsm Ae w` ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU Ae ˆeãj’-‰i 1888 mvGji Rvbyqvwi-wWGmÁ¼i msLÅvq (KjKvZv, 1889) wZwb Zuvi AvweÓ•vGii K^v msGÞGc cÉKvk KGib| cÉvq ‰KB mgGq ZgjyGKi ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq eÅwî×Z½ DgvPiY AwaKvix ‰KwU MÉG¯© AvGjvPÅ bMGii cÉvPxb wb`Ækb mÁ·GKÆ eYÆbv KGib|

1920-21 mvGj ‘AvwKÆIjwRKÅvj mvGfÆ Ae Bw´£qv’ (‰.‰m.AvB) ZgjyGKi Ici ‰KwU mswÞµ¦ wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi KGi| 1940 mvGj cÉ^g cÉðZvwî½K Lbb KvR mÁ·v`b KGib mÅvi ài‚m`q `î , wU.‰b ivgP±`Êb ‰es ˆK.‰b `xwÞZ| ‰ DrLbb ˆ^GK ˆh mKj cÉðwb`kÆb cvIqv hvq Zvi gGaÅ wQj ˆcvovgvwUi mvgMÉx, g†rcvò ‰es gy`Ëv| cÉvµ¦ wb`kÆbvewji KGqKwU wQj wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ Z‡Zxq kZvõxi| ‰.‰m.AvB 1954-55 mvGj ‰g.‰b ˆ`kcvGíi Zî½veavGb cieZÆx cÉð-DrLbGbi DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGi| dGj Pvi Õ¦Gii mvsÕ•‡wZK chÆvq cwijwÞZ nq| AekÅ ‰ DrLbb ˆ^GK ˆKvb aiGbi KvVvGgvMZ AwÕ¦Z½ cvIqv hvq wb| ˆKej ˆcUvGbv ˆgGS ‰es cvZKzqv ˆ`Lv ˆMGQ|

1973-74 mvGj ‰.‰m.AvB-‰i cÞ ˆ^GK cÉðÕ©jwUGZ ‰m.ˆK gyLvRÆxi Zî½veavGb AvGiK `dv DrLbGbi DG`ÅvM PGj| ‰ DrLbb ˆ^GK PviwU c†^K mvsÕ•‡wZK cGeÆi m®¬vb cvIqv ˆMGQ| ‰àwji gGaÅ cÉ^g cGeÆ beÅcÉÕ¦i hyMxq msÕ•‡wZi AmÁ·ƒYÆfvGe ˆcvovGbv g†rcvò (ill-fired pottery), wecyj cwigvY gaÅcÉÕ¦i hyMxq nvwZqvi, nvo w`Gq cÉÕ§ZK‡Z mƒuP weGkl ‰es A͸ wKQymsLÅK ZvgËmvgMÉx cvIqv ˆMGQ| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ Z‡Zxq-w«¼Zxq kZvõx nGœQ w«¼Zxq cGeÆi Kvjmxgv| ‰ Õ¦Gi ‘Dîi fviZxq KvGjv gm†Y g†rcvò’ (NBPW)-‰i wKQy UzKiv, DGÍÏLGhvMÅ msLÅK ռ͸gƒjÅ cv^Gii àwUKv (beads), ‰es wecyj msLÅK QvcvwâZ I QuvGP Xvjv ZvgËgy`Ëv cvIqv ˆMGQ| ˆKD ˆKD ‰ Õ¦iGK Z^vKw^Z ˆgŒhÆ-÷ã hyGMi eGj Abygvb KGib| ‰LvGb BUwbwgÆZ ‰KwU Rjvavi ‰es ˆcvovgvwUi wKQy cvZKzqvi wb`kÆbI cvIqv ˆMGQ| Z‡Zxq Õ¦iwU KzlvY-÷ã hyGMi mgmvgwqK ‰es meÆvGcÞv mg†«¬ eGj gGb nq| ‰LvGb g†rwk͸, ‰es cÉPzi cwigvGY ˆcvovgvwUi gƒwZÆ (hvi ˆKvb ˆKvbwUi mvG^ ˆnGjbxq ixwZi myÕ·Ó¡ wgj we`Ågvb) cvIqv hvq| ‰ mKj mvgMÉx ‰KwU AvaywbK bvMwiK RxeGbi BwãZ ˆ`q ˆhLvGb bvMwiKMY wk͸KGgÆ wjµ¦ ^vKGZv| PZz^Æ Õ¦iwU ൦hyGMi mgmvgwqK eGj aviYv Kiv nq| ‰ chÆvq ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ cÉð wb`kÆbvewj ˆZgb ‰KUv AvKlÆYxq bq, ŠPwbK Zx^ÆhvòxG`i cÉ`î eYÆbvi mGãI ‰i wgj ˆbB|

1954-55 ‰es 1973-74 mvGji gGaÅ KGqKRb MGelGKi eÅwî×MZ chÆvGqi DrLbGb ZgjyGKi AvGk-cvGki wewf®² Açj nGZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wb`kÆbvw` cÉKvwkZ nq| cÉqvZ cÉGdmi wc.wm `vk൦ wQGjb MGelYvi ‰ AãGb cw^K‡r| ‰ cÉðÕ©j ˆ^GK wZwb AbÅvbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉð-wb`kÆbvw`i mvG^ ˆcvovgvwUi AvKlÆYxq gƒwZÆ AvweÓ•vi KGib| 1973-74 mvGji ci ‘ZvgËwjµ¦ MGelYv I Rv`yNi ˆK±`Ê’ Aò AçGj Õ¼vaxb MGelYv mÁ·v`b KGi| Rv`yNGii eZÆgvb (2001) wKDGiUi ZgjyGKi cÉðZGî½i Dci `ywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ gGbvMÉvd cÉKvk KGib| cÉðZvwî½K DrLbGbi dGj Dî× AçGj AviI KGqKwU cÉðÕ©j AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ|

ZgjyGKi Avw` HwZnvwmK hyM bvbv aiGbi g†rcvò, ˆhgb ‘i‚GjGUW’ (bK&kv Kiv) cvò, aƒmi g†rcvò, ˆjvwnZ g†¯Ãq cvò, KvGjv gm†Y g†rcvò I Dîi fviZxq KvGjv gm†Y g†rcvò «¼viv ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ| g†rcvGòi cvkvcvwk weij ˆmŒ±`GhÆi wKQy ˆcvovgvwUi mvgMÉxI ‰ cÉðÕ©j ˆ^GK cvIqv ˆMGQ| ZgjyK Rv`yNGii msMÉGn iGqGQ ˆcvovgvwUi ŠZwi hÞx I RxeR¯§i gƒwZÆ ‰es mvaviY cyi‚l I gwnjvG`i Rxeb mÁ·wKÆZ ˆcvovgvwUi djK| AÝGdvGWÆi Ashmolean Museum (AÅvkGgvwjqb Rv`yNi)-‰ iwÞZ hÞxi weLÅvZ gƒwZÆwU ZgjyK ˆ^GKB msM†nxZ| hw`I ZvgËwjwµ¦i D«¿e ZvgË-cÉÕ§i hyGM nGqwQj wK bv ˆm mÁ·wKÆZ mgmÅv mgÅKfvGe wbimb Kiv hvq wb, Z^vwc KvGjv I ˆjvwnZ g†¯Ãq cvò ‰es Zvi mvG^ eowki gGZv AmsLÅ nvGoi ŠZwi `ËeÅvw`i cÉvwµ¦ welqwUGK mskwqZ KGi ZzGjGQ| 

[AwgZv ivq ‰es ˆKŒwkK MGãvcvaÅvq]