XvGKk¼ix gw±`i   XvKvi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ gw±`i| mwjgyÍÏvn nj ˆ^GK AvbygvwbK AaÆgvBj `wÞY-cwøg w`GK XvGKk¼ix ˆivGWi Dîi cvGk¼Æ ‰KwU AbyœP AvGeÓ¡bx cÉvPxGii gGaÅ gw±`iwU AewÕ©Z| gw±`i AãGb cÉGeGki RbÅ iGqGQ ‰KwU wmsn«¼vi| wmsn«¼viwU bneZLvbv ˆZviY bvGg AwfwnZ|

RbkÉ‚wZ Abyhvqx gw±`iwUi wbgÆvZv eÍÏvj ˆmb bvGg ‰KRb ivRv| ZGe ‰B eÍÏvj ˆmb cÉK‡Z AG^ÆB ˆmb esGki weLÅvZ ivRv wKbv Zv wbGq hG^Ó¡ gZcv^ÆKÅ AvGQ| ˆKD ˆKD `vwe KGib ˆh, ‰LvGb cÉwZwÓ¤Z XvGKk¼ix gƒwZÆ I gw±`i gnvivRv eÍÏvj ˆmGbi AvgGji| wK¯§ Õ©vcZÅ wbgÆvY ˆKŒkGji weGePbvq ‰wU MÉnYGhvMÅ bq| ˆKbbv fviZxq DcgnvG`Gk gymjgvbG`i AvMgGbi cƒGeÆ Z^v ˆmb ivResGki ivRZ½KvGj evsjvi Õ©vcZÅwkG͸ gUÆvi wnGmGe Pzb-evwj wgkÉGYi eÅenvi wQj bv| wK¯§ XvGKk¼ix gw±`iwU AvMvGMvovB Pzb-evwji Muv^ywbGZ wbwgÆZ, hv gymwjg AvgGjiB evsjvi Õ©vcZÅ ixwZi ŠewkÓ¡Å| Avevi Aveyj dRjI Zuvi AvBb-B-AvKeix i ‘`kwU myevni Rwic’ kxlÆK AaÅvGq cÉwZwU myevni mƒßvwZmƒß welGqi wek` weeiY w`GjI evsjv myevni ‰B weLÅvZ gw±`i mÁ¼G®¬ wKQyB DGÍÏL KGib wb|

hw` ‰ gw±`i Mɯ©wU iPbvi AvGM ev iPbvi mgGqI wbwgÆZ nGq ^vGK ZvnGj H MÉG¯© ‰ gw±`Gii DGÍÏL ^vKvUv Õ¼vfvweK wQj| AbÅw`GK gw±`Gii wZb MÁ¼yRwewkÓ¡ Qv`, wLjvb mgw¯¼Z wZbwU cÉGekc^ ‰es µÏvÕ¡vi Kiv ˆ`Iqvj ‰KwU ˆRvivGjv wek¼vGmi R¯Ã ˆ`q ˆh, evsjvi gyMj Õ©vcZÅ ixwZGZB ‰ gw±`i wbwgÆZ| fëkvjxI gw±`Gii gƒwZÆwUGK AZ cÉvPxb eGj gGb KGib wb|
	XvGKk¼ix gw±`i [Qwe: ˆgv. Rwni‚j Bmjvg fƒuBqv]

AbÅw`GK gw±`Gii ixwZ ‰es MVbKvVvGgv ‰i wbgÆvZv wnGmGe AbÅ ‰KRbGK BwãZ KGi hvi PwiGò evsjvi cÉPwjZ msÕ•‡wZi cÉfve jÞÅ Kiv hvq bv| ‰LvGb AvivKvwb ˆeŒ«¬ gw±`Gii gGZv cyKzi, Ak¼ïe†Þ, evMvb, gV, cv¯©kvjv, m®²Åvmxi AvkÉg, gíc, eviv±`v, MfÆM†n BZÅvw` iGqGQ| ˆmB mvG^ AvivKvwb aGgÆi gGZv wek¼övZ‡Z½ I mveÆRbxbZv cÉKvk cvq gw±`Gi  mKGji D¯Ãyî× cÉGekvwaKvGi| Avevi ‰LvGb ˆ`Lv hvq hyMj gƒwZÆ, ‰KwU `kfzRv ˆ`ex (XvGKk¼ix ˆ`ex bvGg cwiwPZ) ‰es AbÅwU PZzfzÆR ˆ`egƒwZÆ (evmyG`e bvGg cwiwPZ), hv gMG`i Zvw¯¨K ˆeŒ«¬ aGgÆi cÉZxK| AbÅw`GK gM bv^G`i mvaviYZ ˆKvb wewkÓ¡ bvg ˆbB| ZvG`i bvgKiY nq cÉavbZ RvqMv, RvwZ BZÅvw` bvGgi DcvG¯¦ bv^, Ck¼i, Ck¼ix cÉf‡wZ kõ hyî× KGi| XvGKk¼ix gw±`Gii `kfzRv ˆ`exi wewkÓ¡ ˆKvb bvg ˆbB| ˆKv^vI wZwb ivGRk¼ix, ˆKv^vI wZwb `yMÆv, Avevi ˆKv^vI wZwb gnvgvqv ev Píx| knGii c†Ó¤GcvlK Ck¼ix wnGmGe ‰ `kfzRv ˆ`exi bvg nGqGQ XvGKk¼ix (XvKv+Ck¼ix)| ˆ`exi ‰ bvgKiY ˆ^GKI ‰wU BwãZ ˆ`q ˆh, ‰B ˆ`ex ‰KRb gM ˆ`ex| Avevi Õ©vcwZÅK ŠewkGÓ¡Å AvivKvwb cÉfve ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰me ŠewkÓ¡Å BwãZ KGi ˆh, gw±`iwUi wbgÆvZv AvivKvGbi meÆGkÉÓ¤ ivRv gjnb IiGd ˆnvGmb kvGni cyò ‰es AvivKvbivR kÉxmyagÆ ivRvi ˆQvU fvB gãZ ivq whwb eÍÏvj ˆmb bvGg BwZnvGm cwiwPZ| AviKvb ˆ^GK weZvwoZ nGq eÍÏvj ˆmb XvKvq AvkÉqcÉv^Æx nb|

AekÅ ‰ bvGgi AviI ‰KwU eÅvLÅv iGqGQ| ˆ`ex gƒwZÆwU gvwUi wbGP cvIqv wMGqwQj, ZvB ‰i bvgKiY ‰i…c nGqGQ| wKse`w¯¦ iGqGQ ˆh, ˆmb ivRv eÍÏvjGmb gƒwZÆwU LuyGR cvb ‰es wZwb ˆ`exi RbÅ ‰ gw±`i wbgÆvY KGib|

ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, XvGKk¼ix gw±`Gii cÉvPxbZ½ ˆek inmÅve†Z| wek kZGKi ˆMvovi w`GK eËÅvWjx evUÆ wjGLGQb ˆh, gw±`iwU `yGkv eQGiiI AwaK cyivGbv ‰es BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb i ‰KRb wn±`y ‰GR´Ÿ ‰wU wbgÆvY KGiwQGjb|

XvGKk¼ix gw±`iwU KwZcq gw±`i I ‰i msj™² ˆmŒagvjvi mgwÓ¡| ‰GK `ywU AsGk wefî× Kiv hvq cƒeÆw`KÕ© A¯¦eÆvwU I cwøgw`KÕ© ewneÆvwU| A¯¦eÆvwUGZ iGqGQ cÉavb gw±`i I gw±`Gii mÁÃyLÕ© bvU gw±`i I AbÅvbÅ BgviZ| ewneÆvwUGZ AvGQ KGqKwU gw±`i, ‰KwU cv¯©kvjv I ˆek KGqKwU ewntKÞ| cwøGg iGqGQ Dîi-`wÞGY jÁ¼gvb ‰KwU cÉvPxb w`wN hvi Pviw`GK ‰KwU cvGq Pjv c^ weivRgvb| w`wNi `wÞY-cƒeÆ ˆKvGY AvGQ ‰KwU cÉvPxb eUe†Þ| ‰ w`wN I wekÉvgvMvGii cƒeÆ cvGk¼Æ mvayG`i DGóGkÅ wbGew`Z KGqKwU mgvwa iGqGQ|

w`wNi Dîi-cƒeÆ ˆKvGY cƒeÆ-cwøg eivei ‰K mvwiGZ mgAvqZGbi ‰KB iKGgi cici PviwU ˆQvU gw±`i iGqGQ| ˆek DuPz wfwîGew`i Dci AewÕ©Z eGj cÉGeGki RbÅ iGqGQ wmuwo| cƒeÆw`KÕ© gw±`Gii wmuwowU gvGeÆj cv^Gi wbwgÆZ|

‰ PviwU gw±`i ‰KB DuPz ˆew`i Dci cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGjI ‰iv ‰K ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb mîvwewkÓ¡ gw±`i| mvwie«¬fvGe `ívqgvb jÁ¼v mƒßvMÉ P„ov wewkÓ¡ ‰ gw±`iàwj ‰KB ixwZGZ wbwgÆZ eMÆvKvi KÞ weGkl| gw±`i PviwU hG^Ó¡ DuPz nGjI ‰àwj cÉGÕ© msKxYÆ| cÉwZwUi MfÆM†Gni Qv` ò×gnËvmgvb wcivwgWvK‡wZGZ DchÆycwi 6wU Õ¦Gii mgwÓ¡| cÉwZwUi kxlÆG`Gk c«Âcvcwoi Dci Kjm P„ov iGqGQ| cÉwZwU gw±`Gi Dîi w`K Qvov AbÅ wZbw`GK wLjvGbi mvnvGhÅ wbwgÆZ mi‚ cÉGekc^ iGqGQ| cÉGekcG^i Dcivsk Abyf„wgK ˆiLvi Õ¹xZ AjsKiY w`Gq mwäZ| ‰ AjsKiY I MÁ¼yRwewkÓ¡ QvG`i gaÅLvGb mge†îvKvi LuvRKvUv wLjvbwewkÓ¡ cÅvGbj iGqGQ| ‰ gw±`i PviwUi cÉwZwUi gGaÅ iGqGQ ‰KwU KGi wkewjã|

XvGKk¼ix gw±`i KgGµÏGÝi cƒeÆw`KÕ© A¯¦eÆvwUGZ cÉavb gw±`iwU AewÕ©Z| ‰KwU cÉvPxi w`Gq ‰GK ewneÆvwU ˆ^GK Avjv`v Kiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb AvGQ AvGiKwU RgKvGjv ˆZviY«¼vi| ‰ wmsnGZviGYi mvnvGhÅ A¯¦eÆvwUGZ cÉGek KiGZ nq| ˆZviY«¼vGii DcGi AvGQ ‰KwU Szj¯¦ N¥Ÿv|

A¯¦eÆvwUi Afů¦ixY ˆÞGò gvGeÆj cv^i AvœQvw`Z `xNÆvmb iGqGQ, cƒRv-cveÆY AbyÓ¤vGbi DGóGkÅ ŠbGe`Å Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ wbwgÆZ| gƒj gw±`Gii mvgGb A^Ævr `wÞY w`GK AvGQ bvU gw±`i| bvUgw±`Gii gGaÅ AvGQ cvVvewji Õ©vb| bvU gw±`Gii wVK `wÞGY hægw±`i| hægw±`Gi ‰KwU hæKzí iGqGQ|

bvUgw±`Gii Dîiw`GK iGqGQ `wÞYgyLx gƒj gw±`iwU| wZb KÞ I KGÞi mvgGb eviv±`vwewkÓ¡ ‰ gw±`i| cÉavb KGÞi `ycvGk AbÅ `ywU KÞ| KÞ wZbwUi `iRv AwZ my±`ifvGe AjsK‡Z KvGVi KvVvGgvGZ wbwgÆZ| KvGVi ŠZwi cvZ ev cÅvGbjmgƒn wewPò iKGgi cò, cyÓ· I gƒwZÆi cÉwÞµ¦ ev Õ¹xZ AjsKiY «¼viv ˆkvwfZ| gƒj gw±`Gii eviv±`vi wZbwU Ask iGqGQ| ˆK±`Êxq AskwU AvqZvKvi| Avi Aci `ywU AsGki cÉwZwU eMÆvKvi| ˆK±`Êxq eviv±`vwUi cÉavb AvKlÆY nGjv Clr muƒPvGjv eüLuvRwewkÓ¡ wZbwU wLjvb `iRv I ‰i mÁÃyLÕ© wZbwU fvwi Õ¦Á¿| ‰ AskwUi ˆgGS gvGeÆj cv^i w`Gq Av`Z ‰es fGΟW Qv`wewkÓ¡| cƒeÆcvGk¼Æi AskwUGZ mge†îvKvi wLjvbwewkÓ¡ `iRv iGqGQ| cwøg w`KÕ© AskwUGZ AvGQ ‰KwU mvaviY `iRv| ˆK±`Êxq AskwU fGΟW Qv`wewkÓ¡ ‰es AbÅ `ywUi Qv` KvGVi ŠZwi exg ev KwoKvGVi Dci msÕ©vwcZ| ˆK±`Êxq AsGki wLjvGbi Õ·Åvw´£ÈGj wmsngƒwZÆi (ˆgvU 6wU) Õ¹xZ AjsKiY| AwjG±`i mÁÃyLfvM còvjsKvi I dzGji bKkv ‰es eò× KvwbÆGmi DciÕ© Ask ˆgiGjvb w`Gq AbyiwYZ|

gw±`Gii gƒj KÞ wZbwUi DcGi AvGQ wcivwgW ev MÁ¼yGRi AvKvGi wbwgÆZ wZbwU wkLi| ˆK±`Êxq KGÞi wkLiwU AbÅ `ywUi ˆPGq AGbK DuPz I eo| cÉwZwU MÁ¼yRvK‡wZ Qv` wbP ˆ^GK Dci w`GK ò×gnËvmgvb PviwU Õ¦i ev avGc wbwgÆZ| cÉwZwU QvG`i meÆwbÁ²vsk AGbKUv evsjv ˆPŒPvjv NGii AvKvGi wbwgÆZ| Avi ZrcieZÆx wZbwU Õ¦i Dîi fviZxq gw±`Gii AvœQv`Gbi AvKvGi A^Ævr PuvG`vqvi AvKvGi wbwgÆZ| gƒj gw±`Gii ˆK±`Êxq KGÞi Wvb I evg cvGk¼Æi KÞ`ywUi cÉwZwUGZ ‰KwU KGi KwÓ¡ cv^Gii ŠZwi wkewjã iGqGQ| ˆK±`Êxq KGÞ cÉwZwÓ¤Z wQj ‰KwU PZzfÆyR ˆ`egƒwZÆ (evmyG`e bvGg cwiwPZ) ‰es ‰KwU `kfzRv ˆ`ex gƒwZÆ (XvGKk¼ix ˆ`ex ev `yMÆv ˆ`ex bvGg cwiwPZ)| gw±`Gii ‰B ˆ`ex `yMÆv ev `kfzRvi gƒwZÆwU Õ¼YÆ-wbwgÆZ wQj eGj Rvbv hvq|

gw±`i KgGµÏÝwU Zvi `xNÆ AwÕ¦GZ½i mgqKvGj cybwbgÆvY I msÕ•vGii `i‚b eZÆgvGb ‰i Avw` Õ©vcwZÅK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ˆKvb wKQyB Õ·Ó¡fvGe cÉKvk KGi bv|

DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, XvGKk¼ix gw±`Gii KvGQB wQj ‰KwU Bgvgeviv ev, ˆnvGmbx `vjvb| 1869 mvGji gvbwPGò ‰GK DGÍÏL Kiv nq cyiGbv ˆnvGmbx `vjvb eGj|  [ˆgvt gyî×vw`i Avwid ˆgvRvGÁÃj]