XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikb   1947 mvGj cvwKÕ¦vb m†wÓ¡ nGj XvKv beMwVZ cƒeÆeã cÉG`Gki ivRavbxi ghÆv`v jvf KGi| kniwUi ghÆv`v e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ AekÅ ‰i Õ©vbxq kvmb eÅeÕ©vi ˆKvb ˆniGdi nq wb| ‰B knGii Õ©vbxq kvmb AvGMI ˆhgb ‰KwU wgDwbwmcÅvwjwU KZ‡ÆK cwiPvwjZ nGZv, cÉvG`wkK ivRavbx nIqvi ciI ˆmB ‰KB eÅeÕ©v Abym†Z nGZ ^vGK| 1864 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z wgDwbwmcÅvj kvmbeÅeÕ©v XvKvi gGZv ‰KUv knGii Õ©vbxq kvmb cwiPvjbvi RbÅ hG^Ó¡B wQj, KviY XvKv wQj ZLb ‰KwU ˆQvë wWwfkbvj ˆK±`Ê gvò| ZLb kniwUi cwieÅvwµ¦ wQj 20.72 eMÆ wKwg ‰es ‰i RbmsLÅv wQj 52,000-‰i KvQvKvwQ| 1864 mvGji Act III ˆgvZvGeK cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰B wgDwbwmcÅvwjwUi Dci ‰B ˆQvë knGii ռ͸msLÅK bvMwiKGK ˆcŒiGmev cÉ`vb Kivi `vwqZ½ eZÆvq| ‰B ˆmevi A¯¦MÆZ wQj ivÕ¦vNvU wbgÆvY I msiÞY, Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev cÉ`vb ‰es wkÞvi eÅeÕ©v Kiv| ‰RbÅ ˆcŒimfv KivGivc KiGZ cviZ ‰es mgq mgq miKvwi Aby`vb jvf KiZ|

hw`I cieZÆx mgGq kniwUi weÕ¦†wZ NGU ‰es RbmsLÅv e†w«¬ cvq, Z^vwc 1947 mvGj weËwUkG`i ‰G`k ˆQGo hvIqvi ‰es ‰wU ‰KwU bZzb cÉG`Gki ivRavbxi ghÆv`v jvGfi ciB ÷ay ‰i eÅvcK cwieZÆb jÞ Kiv hvq|

1947 mvGj ‰B knGii AvqZb mÁcÉmvwiZ nGq cÉvq 31.08 eMÆ wKwg-‰ `uvovq ‰es RbmsLÅv nq cÉvq 2,50,000| AZtci XvKvi ivR‹bwZK, cÉkvmwbK, A^Æ‹bwZK, wk͸ msò×v¯¦, wkÞv welqK ‰es ‰gbwK mvgwiK ài‚Z½ ‰ZUvB ˆeGo hvq ˆh cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZwi mvG^ Lvc LvIqvGbvi RbÅ ‰i Õ©vbxq kvmGbi cwieZÆb cÉGqvRb nGq cGo| AekÅ ‰B cwieZÆb ivZvivwZ NGU wb, eis ˆ`Gk we`Ågvb ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©vi KviGY ‰B cwieZÆb nGZ `xNÆ mgq ˆjGM hvq|
	XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikb	[Qwe:ˆgv. Rwni Dwób]

1947-‰i ci XvKv ˆcŒi cÉkvmb ‘ivR‹bwZK myweavev` ‰es cÉkvmwbK `ÞZv’ ‰B w«¼wea ciÕ·iweGivax cÉGqvRb «¼viv cÉfvweZ wQj| ˆ`k fvGMi AeÅewnZ cGi weivRgvb wek†›Ljv ‰es wecyj msLÅK gvbyGli PvGci KviGY XvKv ˆcŒimfvi mvaviY KvRKgÆ `vi‚YfvGe eÅvnZ nq| cyivGbv c«¬wZGZ ˆcŒi cÉkvmb PvjvGbv AmÁ¿e nGq cGo| ‰gbwK ˆfvUvi ZvwjKvq eÅvcK cwieZÆb I AbÅvbÅ Amyweavi KviGY wgDwbwmcÅvj Kwgkbvie†±` ‰es ˆPqvigÅvb I fvBm-GPqvigÅvbG`i wbqwgZ wbeÆvPb AbyÓ¤vbI Kiv hvwœQj bv| 1958 mvGj ˆ`Gk mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi nIqv chƯ¦ ‰B Amyweavmgƒn AeÅvnZ ^vGK| ˆcŒi cÉkvmbmn AbÅvbÅ Õ©vbxq msÕ©v Õ©wMZ Kiv nq| DœPc`Õ© ˆemvgwiK KgÆKZÆv ‰es AbÅvbÅ Õ©vbxq KgÆKZÆvG`i Dci ˆcŒi msÕ©vmgƒGni `vwqZ½ eZÆvq| miKvi I cÉkvmGbi ˆgŒj KvVvGgvq mvgwiK kvmK Avqye Lvb ‰Zme msÕ•vi I cwieZÆb Avbqb KGib ˆh, cƒeÆZb miKvi eÅeÕ©vi ŠewkÓ¡ÅB cvGΟ hvq| Zuvi 1959 mvGji ˆgŒwjK MYZ¯¨ AvG`k (Basic Democracies Order, 1959) MÉvgxY I küGi `yB aiGbi Õ©vbxq msÕ©vGZB eÅvcK cwieZÆb NUvq| 1932 mvGji ˆeãj wgDwbwmcÅvj AÅvÙ-‰i cwieGZÆ ˆgŒwjK MYZ¯¨ KvVvGgvi AvIZvq 1960 mvGji wgDwbwmcÅvj AÅvWwgwbGÕ¡Ëkb AwWÆbv´Ö msÕ©vwcZ nq|

cvwimwiK e†w«¬ I RbmsLÅvi Õ¹xwZ, cÉvG`wkK miKvi cÉavGbi ‰LvGb AeÕ©vb ‰es eÅemv I wk͸mn AbÅvbÅ wewf®² ˆÞGò ‰i eÅvcK D®²wZ mGî½I mgMÉ cvwKÕ¦vb Avgj RyGo XvKv ‰KwU wgDwbwmcÅvj kni wnGmGeB ^vGK|

evsjvG`k AvgGj ˆcŒi msÕ©vmgƒGni cÉvPxb ixwZ AbymvGi cwiPvjbvi AvbyÓ¤vwbK wejywµ¦ ˆNvlYv KGi 1971 mvGji ivÓ¡ËcwZi 7 bs AvG`k AbymvGi ‰àwji cÉwZwUGZ miKvwi cÉkvmK wbGqvM Kiv nq| 1973 mvGji ivÓ¡ËcwZi 22 bs AvG`k AbymvGi ˆcŒimfvmgƒGn mvgvbÅ cwieZÆb Avbv nGjI ‰àwji KvhÆvewj cÉvq AvGMi gGZvB ^vGK| 1977 mvGj ‰KwU bZzb ˆcŒimfv AwWÆbv´Ö ˆNvlYv Kiv nq, ‰GZI ˆcŒimfvmgƒGni KvhÆvewji ˆZgb ˆKvb cwieZÆb Kiv nq wb|

‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq XvKvI ‰KwU ˆcŒimfvq cwiYZ nq| wK¯§ cÉkvmwbK I ivR‹bwZK ài‚Z½, weGkl KGi wgDwbwmcÅvj miKvGi Rb cÉwZwbwaZ½ I KivGivGci eÅvcvGi, ‰ knGii RbÅ AwaKZi eÅvcK cÉkvmwbK KvVvGgvi cÉGqvRb Abyf„Z nq| ZvB wewf®² gnj ˆ^GK XvKv wgDwbwmcÅvwjwUGK D®²Z Kivi `vwe DïvwcZ nGZ ^vGK| ‰fvGe 1983 mvGj ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ AwWÆbÅv´Ö ˆgvZvGeK XvKvi RbÅ wmwU KiGcvGikb bvGg bZzb aiGbi ˆcŒi msÕ©v MwVZ nq|

1983 mvGji gGaÅ XvKvi eÅvcK weÕ¦†wZ NGU| ‰i RbmsLÅv `uvovq 3,440,147- ‰i KvQvKvwQ ‰es AvqZb cÉvq 400 eMÆ wKwg-‰| mgGqi mvG^ mvG^ ‰i IqvWÆ msLÅvI 1947 mvGji 7wU ˆ^GK AGbK e†w«¬ cvq| myZivs gnvbMGii Õ©vbxq cÉkvmbGK hyGMvchyMx Kivi cÉGqvRb eüw`b aGiB Abyf„Z nwœQj| ‘XvKv wgDwbwmcÅvj KiGcvGikb AwWÆbv´Ö’ bvGg cwiwPZ 1983 mvGji AwWÆbv´Ö XvKvGK ‰KwU KiGcvGikGb cwiYZ KGi ‰es ‰i bvg nq ‘XvKv wgDwbwmcÅvj KiGcvGikb’|

AwWÆbv´ÖwUGK msævwqZ Kiv nq ‰fvGe: KiGcvGikbwU nGe Õ©vqx DîivwaKvi mgw¯¼Z ‰es mvaviY mxjGgvni wewkÓ¡ ‰KwU ‰Kxf„Z msÕ©v ‰es AwWÆbvG´Ö DwÍÏwLZ eÅeÕ©vw` I AvBGbi AvIZvq Õ©vei AÕ©vei mÁ·wî AwaMÉnY, `LGj ivLv ‰es nÕ¦v¯¦i Kiv ‰i ‰LwZqvGi ^vKGe ‰es ‰ msÕ©v DcGivî× bvGg AvBGbi AvkÉq wbGZ cviGe ‰es ‰GK AvBGbi AvgGj Avbv hvGe|

‰B AwWÆbvG´Öi AvIZvq KiGcvGikbwU 75Rb wbeÆvwPZ Kwgkbvi, 10Rb gGbvbxZ gwnjv Kwgkbvi ‰es 5Rb miKvwi Kwgkbvi wbGq MwVZ wQj| AwWÆbvG´Öi wewa-weavb ‰es ‰i AaxGb cÉYxZ AvBb AbymvGi wbeÆvwPZ KwgkbviMY cÉvµ¦ eqÕ•G`i cÉZÅÞ ˆfvGU wbeÆvwPZ nGZb|

miKvi gwnjv msÕ©vmgƒn ‰es mgvR D®²qbgƒjK cÉwZÓ¤vbvw`i mvG^ AvGjvPbv KGi XvKv knGii gwnjvG`i gaÅ ˆ^GK gwnjv KwgkbviG`i gGbvbqb w`GZb| ivRDK I XvKv Iqvmvi ˆPqvigÅvb«¼q, RbÕ¼vÕ©Å cÉGKŒkGji wPd Bwéwbqvi, XvKv wcwWwe-i ˆPqvigÅvb ‰es evsjvG`k miKvGii Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmevi gnvcwiPvjK ‰B cuvPRb c`vwaKvieGj (ex-officio) Kwgkbvi nGZb|

wbeÆvwPZ KwgkbviG`i gaÅ ˆ^GK ‰KRbGK ˆgqi ‰es wZbRbGK ˆWcywU ˆgqi wnGmGe evQvB Kiv nGZv| ˆgqi ‰es ˆWcywU ˆgqiMY KiGcvGikGbi Kwgkbvi wnGmGeI MYÅ nGZb| KwgkbviG`i KvhÆKvGji ˆgqv` wQj cuvP eQi|

AwWÆbÅvG´Öi AvIZvq XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikbGK ‰KwU Õ¼vqî½kvwmZ cÉwZÓ¤vb Kiv nGjI miKvi bvbvfvGe ‰i KvhÆKjvGc nÕ¦GÞc Kivi AwaKvi msiÞY KiGZb| Z`ycwi miKvi wbGRi wbaÆvwiZ kZÆvaxGb KiGcvGikGbi cÉavb wbeÆvnx KgÆKZÆvGK wbGqvM w`GZb| AwWÆbÅv´Ö Õ©vbxq cÉkvmGbi ghÆv`v evovGjI beMwVZ XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikGbi KvhÆvewj I Avw^ÆK ÞgZv ˆgvUvgywU AvGMi ˆcŒimfvi gGZvB ˆ^GK hvq| RbÕ¼vÕ©Å, cvwb mieivn I cqtwbÓ•vkb, Lv`Å I cvbxq mÁ·wKÆZ welqvewj, ‰es ivÕ¦vNvU wbgÆvY I msiÞY, ivÕ¦vq AvGjv I cvwb wQUvGbvi eÅeÕ©v, Rb-wbivcîv, cvKÆ I evMvb msiÞY, wkÞv, msÕ•‡wZ, mgvRKjÅvY I knGii mvweÆK D®²qb ‰i KvhÆvewji A¯¦MÆZ| ‰Qvov miKvi cÉ`î ˆh ˆKvb `vwqZ½ wmwU KiGcvGikb cvjb KiGZ cvGi| Avevi wmwU KiGcvGikbGK cÉ`î ˆh ˆKvb `vwqZ½ ev wmwU KiGcvGikb KZ‡ÆK cwiPvwjZ ˆh ˆKvb cÉwZÓ¤vb miKvGii wbq¯¨GY ˆbIqv nGZ cvGi|

wbRÕ¼ Znwej MVGbi RbÅ KiGcvGikbGK mKj cÉKvi KivGivGci ÞgZv cÉ`vb Kiv nGqGQ, ˆhgb mÁ·wîi Dci cÉG`q Ki, ˆmm, ÷Í•, wdm, fvov BZÅvw`| ZvQvov KiGcvGikGbi wbRÕ¼ mÁ·wî ˆ^GK Avq, eÅwî× weGkGli `vb ‰es miKvwi Aby`vbI KiGcvGikGbi AvGqi Drm|

1983 mvGji AwWÆbÅv´Ö ˆgvZvGeK miKvi wbaÆvwiZ XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikGbi KvVvGgv wKQyw`b AeÅvnZ ^vGK| wK¯§ 1990 mvGj wefvMxq KwgkbviGK c`vwaKvieGj ˆgqGii c` cÉ`vb Kiv nq| cGi miKvi ‰KRb bb-AwdwmqvjGK ˆgqi cG` wbGqvM ˆ`q| ˆgqiGK miKvi wbGqvM w`GjI ˆWcywU ˆgqiMY wbeÆvwPZ KwgkbviG`i «¼viv wbeÆvwPZ nGZb| 1983 mvGji XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikb AvBb 1993 mvGj msGkvab Kiv nq| msGkvabxGK AvLÅv ˆ`qv nq ‘XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikb (msGkvabx) AvBb, 1993|’ ‰B AvBGb cÉavb ˆh cwieZÆb Avbv nq Zv KiGcvGikGbi KZ‡ÆcÞ MVb mÁ·wKÆZ| wewae«¬ Kiv nq ˆh fwelÅGZ ‰KRb ‘ˆgqi’ ‰es miKvi KZ‡ÆK wbaÆvwiZ msLÅK KwgkbviG`i wbGq KiGcvGikb MwVZ nGe| ‰GZ AviI DGÍÏL Kiv nq ˆh, ‰B AvBGbi avivgGZ ˆgqi ‰es KwgkbviMY cÉvµ¦eqGÕ•i ˆfvUvwaKvGii wfwîGZ ˆfvUviG`i cÉZÅÞ ˆfvGU wbeÆvwPZ nGeb| ‰GZ AviI wewae«¬ nq ˆh gwnjv KwgkbviG`i Avmb msLÅv miKvi KZ‡ÆK wbaÆvwiZ nGe ‰es H mKj Avmb ÷ay gwnjvG`i RbÅ msiwÞZ ^vKGe ‰es gwnjv KwgkbviMY ˆgqi I KwgkbviG`i «¼viv miKvi wbaÆvwiZ c«¬wZGZ wbeÆvwPZ nGeb| ‰B AvBGb AviI ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb Avbv nq Avi Zv nGœQ kniwUGK AGbKàwj AçGj wefî×KiY| weavb Kiv nq, ‘D®²ZZi cÉkvmb ‰es KiGcvGikGbi KvhÆvewj AwaKZi myÓ¤zfvGe mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ miKvi ...kniwUGK ‰gb msLÅK AçGj wefî× KiGZ cviGeb ˆhgbwUi cÉGhvRb miKvi hG^vchyî× eGj weGePbv KiGeb’| cÉGZÅK AçGji RbÅ ‰KUv KGi AvçwjK Awdm ^vKGe ‰es Zv ˆgqGii Zî½veavb I wbq¯¨GY KiGcvGikb cÉ`î `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGe|

bZzb AvBGb cÉ^g wbeÆvPb AbywÓ¤Z nq 1994 mvGj ‰es ˆfvUviG`i cÉZÅÞ ˆfvGU ‰KRb ˆgqi I AbÅvbÅ KwgkbviMY wbeÆvwPZ nb| 1999 mvGj msiwÞZ AvmGb gwnjv KwgkbviG`i cÉZÅÞ wbeÆvPGbi weavb cÉeZÆb ‰es gnvbMGii IqvWÆ msLÅv be»BwUGZ D®²xZ Kiv nq| ‰B cieZÆx AvBbàwj AekÅ KiGcvGikGbi KvhÆvewj wKsev ‰i Avw^ÆK ÞgZvq ˆKvb eo aiGbi cwieZÆb NUvq wb|

XvKv wmwU KiGcvGikbGK eZÆgvGb cÉvq ‰K ˆKvwU RbmsLÅv AayÅwlZ ‰K gnvbMGii bvMwiKG`i ˆmev Kivi ài‚`vwqZ½ AcÆY Kiv nGqGQ| kniwU AmsLÅ mgmÅvq RRÆwiZ ‰es ‰àwj mgvavGbi gGZv chÆvµ¦ AvGqi Drm ‰i ˆbB| AwaK¯§ ‰i AGbKàwj KvR miKvGii wewf®² wefvGMi wbq¯¨GY PGj ˆMGQ| ˆhGnZz ‰mKj wefvGMi gGaÅ ˆZgb ‰KUv mg¯¼q cwijwÞZ nq bv ˆmGnZz knGii bvMwiK myweav `vi‚YfvGe wewN³Z nq| mÁ¿eZ ‰RbÅ KiGcvGikbGK AGnZzK mgvGjvPbvi mÁÃyLxb nGZ nq| 

[kixd Dwób AvnGg`]