XvKv evsjvG`Gki
ivRavbx, hvi ‰KwU `xNÆ BwZnvm iGqGQ| cÉvK&-gymwjg AvgGj XvKvi AwÕ¦Z½
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ejv `yi…n| ZGe myjZvwb AvgGji ‰wU ‰KwU bMi ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe
MGo IGV ‰es gyMj AvgGj cÉvG`wkK ivRavbxi ghÆv`v cvIqvi ci ‰wU cÉwmw«¬
jvf KGi| ‰LvGb XvKvi BwZnvm gƒjZ `ywU AaÅvGq AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ: 1800 mvj
chƯ¦ XvKv ‰es 1800 mvGji cieZÆx XvKv| BwZnvGm ‰i cvwimwiK e†w«¬ AvGjvwPZ
nGqGQ meÆGkl AsGk|
XvKv (1800 mvj chƯ¦) evsjvG`Gki
ivRavbx XvKv gyMj-cƒeÆ hyGM wKQy ài‚Z½ aviY KiGjI kniwU BwZnvGm cÉwmw«¬
jvf KGi gyMj hyGM| XvKv bvGgi Drcwî mÁ·GKÆ Õ·Ó¡ KGi ˆZgb wKQy Rvbv hvq
bv| ‰ mÁ·GKÆ cÉPwjZ gZàwji gGaÅ KGqKwU wbÁ²i…c: (K) ‰K mgq ‰ AçGj cÉPzi
XvK MvQ (eywU dÌbGWvmv) wQj; (L) ൦ AeÕ©vq ^vKv `yMÆv ˆ`exGK
(XvKv-Ck¼ix) ‰ Õ©vGb cvIqv hvq; (M) ivRavbx DG«¼vaGbi w`Gb Bmjvg
LvGbi wbG`ÆGk ‰LvGb XvK A^Ævr WÈvg evRvGbv nGqwQj; (N) ‘XvKv fvlv’ bvGg
‰KwU cÉvK‡Z fvlv ‰LvGb cÉPwjZ wQj; (O) ivRZiwãYx-ˆZ XvØv kõwU
‘chÆGeÞY ˆK±`Ê’ wnGmGe DwÍÏwLZ nGqGQ
A^ev ‰jvnvev` wkjvwjwcGZ DwÍÏwLZ mgy`ËàGµ¦i cƒeÆvçjxq ivRÅ WevKB nGjv
XvKv|
gyMj-cƒeÆ hyGMi cyivZvwî½K
wb`kÆb wnGmGe XvKv knGi `ywU ‰es wgicyGi ‰KwU gmwR` iGqGQ| ‰i gGaÅ cÉvPxbZgwUi
wbgÆvY ZvwiL 1456 wLËÓ¡võ| ˆRvqvI `Å eÅvGivm XvKvGK ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Õ©vb
wnGmGe ˆ`LGZ cvb ‰es 1550 wLËÓ¡vGõ AwâZ Zuvi gvbwPGò ‰i AeÕ©vb wbG`Æk
KGib| AvKeibvgv MÉG¯© XvKv ‰KwU ‘^vbv’ (mvgwiK duvwo)
wnGmGe ‰es AvBb-B-AvKeix MÉG¯© miKvi evRynvi ‰KwU ciMbv wnGmGe
XvKv evRy DwÍÏwLZ nGqGQ| 1610 wLËÓ¡vGõ Bmjvg Lvb wPkwZ myevn
evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj ˆ^GK XvKvq Õ©vbv¯¦i KGib ‰es mgËvGUi bvgvbymvGi
‰i bvgKiY KGib RvnvãxibMi| cÉkvmwbKfvGe RvnvãxibMi bvgwU eÅen…Z nGjI
mvaviY gvbyGli gyGL XvKv bvgwUB ˆ^GK hvq| mKj weG`kx chÆUK ‰es weG`kx
ˆKvÁ·vwbi KgÆKZÆvivI ZuvG`i weeiY ‰es wPwVcGò ‘XvKv’ bvgwUB eÅenvi KGiGQb|
eywoMãv I ‰i Drm b`x aGjk¼ix
AbÅvbÅ eo eo b`xi gvaÅGg evsjvi cÉvq meKwU ˆRjvi mGã XvKvi msGhvM Õ©vcb
KGiGQ| XvKv wQj ‘fvwU’ (b`xGewÓ¡Z wbÁ²f„wgi evãvjvn) AçGji A¯¦fzÆî×
‰es ‰wU wQj gyMjG`i wei‚G«¬ weG`Ëvn ˆNvlYvKvixG`i AvevmÕ©j| myZivs evsjvq
gyMj KZ‡ÆZ½ cÉwZÓ¤v Kivi cwiK͸bv Abyhvqx Bmjvg Lvb wPkwZ XvKvGK ivRavbx
Kivi RbÅ Dchyî× Õ©vb wnGmGe MÉnY KGib| XvKvq ˆcuŒGQ Bmjvg Lvb ‘XvKv
`yMÆ’ bvGg cwiwPZ Õ©vGb Zuvi AvevmÕ©j Õ©vcb KGib| ‰wU BUwbwgÆZ BgviZ
ˆnvK ev bv ˆnvK Bmjvg Lvb ‰wUGKB myevn`vGii evmÕ©vb wnGmGe Dchyî× KGi
wbgÆvGYi me aiGbi eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KGib| eZÆgvb XvKv ˆK±`Êxq KvivMvGii Afů¦Gi
‰ `yGMÆi AeÕ©vb wPwn×Z Kiv nq| cÉvPxb XvKv kniwU cvKzoZwji (eZÆgvb eveyevRvi
‰jvKv) mxwgZ ‰jvKv wNGi MGo IGV, wK¯§ gyMj myevni ivRavbx nIqvi ci ‰i
cwiwa e†w«¬ cvq| ‰ mgq eywoMãvi Zxi ˆNuGl MGo IVv kniwU cwøGg `yMÆ ˆ^GK
÷i‚ KGi cƒeÆw`GK eZÆgvb m`i NvU chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj|
ivRavbx nIqvi ci XvKvi ò×ge†w«¬
NUGZ ^vGK| cÉkvmwbK cÉGqvRb I miKvwi KgÆKví e†w«¬i mGã mGã kniwUi mÁ·ÉmviGYiI
cÉGqvRb nq| XvKvi wewf®² Õ©vGbi bvg (hv eZÆgvGb we`Ågvb) ˆ^GK kniwUi
D«¿e I weKvk mÁ·GKÆ aviYv cvIqv hvq| D`vniYÕ¼i…c ejv hvq ˆh, ˆmbv QvDwb
ˆ^GK D`yÆ ˆivGWi bvgKiY Kiv nGqGQ| `xDqvb evRvi, eLkx evRvi,
gyMjUzwj, nvRvwievM, wcjLvbv, AZxkLvbv, gvürUzwj-
BZÅvw` bvg ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, ‰me Õ©vGb ‰KKvGj gyMj mvgwiK I ˆemvgwiK
KgÆKZÆv ‰es ZvuG`i AaxbÕ©G`i emwZ wQj| evwYwRÅK ‰es ˆckvMZ cÉGqvRbI
kniwUi weKvGk f„wgKv ivGL| KvGqrUzwj bvgwU gyMj cÉkvmGb wbGqvwRZ KvGqrG`i
(KvqÕ©) emwZi aviYv ˆ`q| ZuvwZ evRvi, kuvLvwi evRvi, evwbqvbMi, KvgvibMi
cÉf‡wZ bvGgi Õ©vbàwjGZ wn±`y ˆckvRxexG`i emwZ wQj| ‘Mé’hyî× bvGgi Õ©vbàwj
(bIqveMé, AvjgMé) evwYwRÅK cÉGqvRGb MGo IGV| AbÅw`GK ˆePvivg ˆ`Dwo,
gxi Rvgvj ˆ`Dwo cÉf‡wZ ‘ˆ`Dwo’hyî× Õ©vbàwj wQj Rwg`vwi KgÆKvGíi
mGã mÁ·wKÆZ|
ivRavbx cÉwZÓ¤vi wòk eQi ci
1640 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆmevwÕ¡b gvbwiK XvKvq AvGmb| Zuvi eYÆbv Abyhvqx,
‰ mgq XvKv knGii cwiwa cwøGg gvGbk¼i ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi cƒGeÆ bvwi±`v ‰es
DîGi dzjMvwi (dzjevwoqv) chƯ¦ ˆ`o wjGMiI ˆewk (cÉvq mvZ wKGjvwgUvi)
weÕ¦‡Z wQj| myZivs DwÍÏwLZ wòk eQGi XvKv knGii eÅvcK weÕ¦‡wZ NGU hw`I
cÉavbZ cwøgw`GKB wQj ‰ weÕ¦vi| XvKvi ‰ AsGkB gyMjG`i miKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj
MGo IGVwQj| 1663 wLËÓ¡vGõ XvKvq ‰Gm gvbywP kniwU ˆZgb e†nr bq eGj g¯¦eÅ
KGib| wK¯§ Zuvi eYÆbv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, XvKv knGi cÉPzi gvbyGli emevm wQj
‰es ˆewki fvM Nievwo wQj LGoi ŠZwi| ‰i wZb eQi ci (1666) chÆUK ˆUfvwbÆqvi
XvKvq AvGmb| wZwb eGjb, XvKv RbemwZcƒYÆ eo ‰KwU kni| wK¯§ ‰wU ˆKej Š`GNÆÅ
ˆeGoGQ ˆKbbv mKGjB b`xi Zxi ˆNuGl emwZ Õ©vcGb AvMÉnx wQj|ˆUfvwbÆqvi
kniwUGK jÁ¼vq `yB wjGMiI ˆewk (cÉvq mvGo bq wKGjvwgUvi) eGj DGÍÏL KGiGQb|
‰i wZb eQi ci (1669-70) XvKvq AvGmb Ugvm evDwi| Zuvi `†wÓ¡GZ XvKv kni
wQj mycÉkÕ¦, PZzcÆvGk¼Æ ‰i cwiwa 40 gvBGji Kg bq| A^P wbÁ²Rjvf„wgi DciB
wQj kniwUi AeÕ©vb| cÉvG`wkK ivRavbx wnGmGe XvKvi ˆMŒie AÓ¡v`k kZvõxGZ
AGbKUv ÁÏvb nGq hvq| BDGivcxq ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj ˆgvUvgywUfvGe ˆZRMuvI ‰jvKv
wNGi wk͸ KviLvbv ŠZwi ÷i‚ Kivq ‰ mgq weGklfvGe Dîi w`GKB XvKv knGii
weÕ¦vi NGU| 1786 wLËÓ¡vGõ BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb XvKv knGii mxgvbv
wnGmGe `wÞGY eywoMãv, DîGi Uãx-Rvgvjcyi, cwøGg wgicyi ‰es cƒGeÆ ˆcvÕ¦GMvjv
chƯ¦ MÉnY KGi| XvKvi AvevwmK BsGiR ewYK cÉwZwbwa Rb ˆUBji 1800 wLËÓ¡vGõ
`wÞGY eywoMãv, DîGi Uãx, cwøGg Rvdivev` ‰es cƒGeÆ ˆcvÕ¦GMvjv chƯ¦ gyMj
XvKvi mxgvbv eYÆbv KGib| gyMj XvKvi ‰ mxgvbv evDwii AvbygvwbK wnmve
Abyhvqx PZzÆcvGk¼Æ PwÍÏk gvBGji Kg nGe bv|
1610 wLËÓ¡vGõ cÉvG`wkK ivRavbx
wnGmGe cÉwZÓ¤vi ci cÉvq ‰KkZ eQi XvKvi ‰ ghÆv`v AÞzY³ wQj| ‰ knGi wQj
cÉkvmwbK m`i `dZi ‰es myevn`vi I AbÅvbÅ KgÆPvixG`i evmÕ©vb| eÅwî×MZ
I ivR‹bwZK KviGY kvnRv`v myRv (1639-59) ivRgnGj ivRavbx Õ©vbv¯¦i KGib,
hw`I cÉviwÁ¿KfvGe wZwb KGqK eQi XvKvq AeÕ©vb KGiwQGjb| myevn`vwi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ
nGj XvKv ivRavbxi ài‚Z½ nvwiGq ‰KwU Õ©vbxq cÉkvmwbK ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq|
kvnRvnvb ‰i cyòG`i gGaÅ msNwUZ DîivwaKvi hyG«¬i ci myRv AvivKvGb
cvwjGq ˆMGj cieZÆx myevn`vi gxiRygjv XvKvGK cybivq Zuvi m`i
`µ¦Gi cwiYZ KGib| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ÷i‚GZ myevn`vi kvnRv`v AvwRgyóxb I `xDqvb
gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb ‰i KjGni KviGY XvKv ˆ^GK ZuvG`i Awdmmgƒn (myevn`vwi
cvUbvq, `xDqvwb gywkÆ`vevG`) mwiGq ˆbqvi cƒeÆchƯ¦ ivRavbx wnGmGe XvKvi
ghÆv`v AÞzY³ wQj| 1715-16 wLËÓ¡vGõ gywkÆ`Kzjx Rvdi Lvb myevn`vi (bvwRg
wnGmGeI cwiwPZ) wnGmGe wbGqvM jvf Kivi cƒeÆchƯ¦ ˆek KGqK eQi myevn`vGii
cÉwZwbwaiv XvKv kvmb KiGZb| gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb ‰ici gywkÆ`vev` ˆ^GK cÉG`k
cwiPvjbv KGib| ZLb ˆ^GK XvKv bvGqe-bvwRGgi kvmb ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| 1843
wLËÓ¡vGõ bvGqe-bvwRGgi c` wejywµ¦i cƒeÆchƯ¦ ‰ AeÕ©v AeÅvnZ wQj|
XvKv Avmvi cG^ kvnRv`cyi (cvebv)
ˆ^GK Bmjvg Lvb wPkwZ wKQymsLÅK Awdmvimn ‰KwU AMÉeZÆx `j ˆcÉiY KGib|
kvmbGK±`Ê cÉwZÓ¤v I myevn`viGK AfÅ^Æbv RvbvGbvi jGÞÅ wZwb XvKvq ^vbv`vGii
KgÆGKG±`Ê ‰KwU `yMÆ wbgÆvGYi RbÅ ZvG`i wbG`Æk ˆ`b| `yMÆwU BUwbwgÆZ nGZ
cviZ, wK¯§ Lye mÁ¿eZ ‰wU wQj Kv`vgvwUi ˆ`qvj w`Gq ˆNiv ‰KwU Õ©vb| chÆvµ¦
wbivcîv eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg ‰ Õ©vbwUGKB myevn`vGii emevGmi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvjv
nq| XvKvq ˆcÉwiZ gyMj myevn`viMY mvaviYZ ZuveyGZ emevm KiGZb| ˆhGnZz
ZuvG`i wbhywî× mvgwqK I e`wjGhvMÅ, ZvB Lye Kg myevn`viB wbGRG`i RbÅ
evwo evbvGZ gGbvGhvMx wQGjb| ˆUfvwbÆqvi BGUi ˆ`qvj ˆNiv kvGqÕ¦v Lvb ‰i KvGVi cÉvmv` mÁ·GKÆ Šeix gZ eÅî× KGib| XvKvi ‰Kgvò `yMÆ jvjevM
ev AvIiãvevG`i wbgÆvY KvR kvnRv`v AvRg kvn (1678-79) kyi‚ KiGjI wZwb
Zv mgvµ¦ KiGZ cvGib wb| ‰ `yMÆ eÅZxZ Bmjvg LvGbi mgqKvi Aci ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
Õ©vb wQj eywoMãv b`xi ZxGi AewÕ©Z Puv`wb NvU| ‰LvGb ivRKxq ˆbŒenGii
Avmv-hvIqv PjZ ‰es mvgwiK I ˆbŒevwnbxi ŠmbÅG`i AeZiGYi eÅeÕ©v wQj|
cieZÆx myevn`vi kvn myRv
XvKvq wbgÆvY KgÆKví ÷i‚ KGib| kvn myRvi `xDqvb gxi Aveyj Kvwkg 1645
wLËÓ¡vGõ eo KvUiv bvGg ‰KwU mycÉkÕ¦ BgviZ wbgÆvY KGiwQGjb|
BgviZwUi AeÕ©vb eywoMãvi ZxGi ‰es eZÆgvb PKevRvGii `wÞGY| cwi`kÆbKvix
ewYKG`i AwZw^kvjv wnGmGe ‰wU `vb Kiv nGqwQj ‰es ‰ ˆ^GK BgviZwU KvUiv
bvGg cwiwPZ nq| gxi Aveyj Kvwkg wcjLvbvi DîGi mvZ gmwRG` hvIqvi cG^
‰KwU cÉkÕ¦ C`Mvn wbgÆvY KGiwQGjb| 1649 wLËÓ¡vGõ ‰KRb gyMj KgÆKZÆv gynÁÃ`
ˆeM PKevRvGii wbKGU Pzwinvëvq ‰KwU gmwR` wbgÆvY KGib| bvIqvivi
(ˆbŒevwnbx) `vGivMv gynÁÃ` gywKg 1661 wLËÓ¡vGõ wbgÆvY KGib ‰KwU KvUiv|
‰wU eZÆgvb ˆK±`Êxq KvivMvGii cƒeÆ ‰es cÉavb dUGKi ˆcQGb AewÕ©Z wQj|
hw`I eZÆgvGb ‰i ˆKvb wPn× AewkÓ¡ ˆbB ZeyI eZÆgvGb ‰wU gywKg KvUiv
bvGg cwiwPZ|
ˆek KGqKwU wbgÆvY KvGRi mGã
gxiRygjvi bvg RwoGq AvGQ, cÉ^Gg gxiRygjvi ˆMU cieZÆx mgGq hv igbv ˆMU
bvGg cwiwPZ nq| KvRÆb nj ‰i KvQvKvwQ I cyivZb nvBGKvUÆ feGbi cwøGg gqgbwmsn ˆivGW ˆMUwU AewÕ©Z|
Dîiw`K ˆ^GK kniwUGK iÞvi RbÅB mÁ¿eZ ‰ ˆMU wbgÆvY Kiv nGqwQj| wZwb gM
`myÅG`i Avò×gY ˆ^GK kni I kniZwjGK iÞvi RbÅ cÉwZiÞv eÅeÕ©v MGo ZzGjwQGjb|
moK cG^ ŠmbÅ I AÕ¨kÕ¨ `Ë‚Z cvVvGbvi RbÅ XvKvGK mshyî× KGi `ywU moK wbgÆvY
‰es ivRavbxGK myiwÞZ Kivi RbÅ wZwb KGqKwU `yMÆI wbgÆvY KGib| moK `ywUi
‰KwU DîivçGji ˆRjvàwji mGã XvKvGK hyî× KGi| eZÆgvGb gqgbwmsn ˆivW bvGg
cwiwPZ moKwU Uãx-RvgvjcyGi ‰KwU `yGMÆi mGã hyî× nq| ZzivM b`xi Dci UãxweËR
wZwbB wbgÆvY KGib| Aci moKwU cƒeÆw`GK cÉmvwiZ nGq dZzÍÏvi (cÉvPxb
`vcv) mGã XvKvGK hyî× KGiGQ| ‰LvGb wQj `ywU `yMÆ| moKwU wLwRicyi
chƯ¦ mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nq ˆhLvGb AviI ‰KwU `yMÆ wQj| dZzÍÏvi A`ƒGi cvMjv weËRwUI
gxiRygjv wbgÆvY KGib|
cieZÆx myevn`vi kvGqÕ¦v Lvb
wQGjb ‰KRb LÅvwZgvb wbgÆvZv| wZwb wbGRi cÉvmv`wU KvV «¼viv wbgÆvY
KGib mÁ¿eZ Ni Vvív ivLvi RbÅ| AekÅ wZwb ‰KwU KvUivI wbgÆvY KGib|
‰wU ˆQvU KvUiv bvGg cwiwPZ, kvn myRvi eo KvUiv ˆ^GK c†^K
Kivi RbÅ ‰ bvgKiY| wZwb ˆek KGqKwU gmwR` I mgvwaGmŒaI wbgÆvY KGib|
gmwR`àwji gGaÅ PKevRvi gmwR`, eveyevRvi gmwR` I mvZMÁ¼yR gmwR` weLÅvZ| mgvwaàwji gGaÅ mePvBGZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGœQ wewe cixi mgvwa|
‰QvovI wewe PÁ·v, `viv ˆeMg I AbÅvbÅG`i KGqKwU mgvwaGmŒa iGqGQ|
|
|
gxiRygjvi ˆMGUi
‰Kvsk |
‰KRb wbgÆvZv wnGmGe kvGqÕ¦v
Lvb ‰ZB weLÅvZ wQGjb ˆh, Zuvi Õ©vcZÅ ixwZ ZuviB bvgvbymvGi (kvGqÕ¦v
Lvwb ixwZ) cwiwPZ nq| KvIivb evRvi ‰jvKvq LvRv AvÁ¼i ‰KwU K„c, ‰KwU
mivB, ‰KwU ˆmZz I ‰KwU gmwR` wbgÆvY KGib| ‰KRb eÅemvqx cƒeÆvçGji mGã
XvKvGK hyî× Kivi RbÅ ˆ`vjvBLvGji Dci wbgÆvY KGib bvwi±`v ˆmZz| ‰ mgq
kvnRv`v AvRg kvGni Amgvµ¦ AvIiãev` `zGMÆ (eZÆgvGb jvjevM `yMÆ bvGg cwiwPZ) KGqKwU my±`i BgviZ wbgÆvY Kiv nq| ‰àwji gGaÅ gmwR`
I wewe cixi mgvwa DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| kvnRv`v AvwRgyóxb ˆcvÕ¦vq (ˆcvÕ¦-wKÍÏv)
‰KwU cÉvmv` wbgÆvY KGib hv eZÆgvGb b`xGZ wejxb nGq ˆMGQ| ˆeMgevRvi gmwR`wU
wbgÆvY KGib gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb| kvnRv`v dii‚L wmqvi (cieZÆxKvGji mgËvU) jvjevM `yGMÆi `wÞY-cƒeÆ cÉvG¯¦ ‰KwU gmwR`
wbgÆvY KGib| ‰wU eZÆgvGb kvnx gmwR` bvGg cwiwPZ| Lvb gynÁÃ` g†av jvjevM
`yGMÆi Dîi-cwøg cÉvG¯¦ AZxkLvbv ‰jvKvq ‰KwU gmwR` wbgÆvY KGib|
wkqv gymjgvbG`i AvMgb ‰es ZvG`i
msLÅv e†w«¬i mGã mGã wkqv-agÆxq BgviZ wnGmGe ˆnvGmbx `vjvb wbwgÆZ
nq| bvGqe-bvwRgMY Bmjvg Lvb wPkwZi wbwgÆZ wKÍÏv ev `yGMÆ
emevm KiGZb| 1765 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆKvÁ·vwbi `xDqvwb AwaKvi jvGfi ci `yMÆwU
BsGiR KgÆKZÆvG`i `LGj AvGm| ‰ mgq bvGqe-bvwRg eo KvUiv
cÉvmvG` PGj hvb| wbgZjx cÉvmv` (cyivZb XvKv Rv`yNi ‰jvKv)
wbwgÆZ nIqvi ci bvGqe-bvwRg ˆmLvGb hvb| cÉvmv`wUi AwÕ¦Z½ eZÆgvGb
ˆbB, ZGe evsjvG`k ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU feGbi Afů¦Gi ‰i a»smcÉvq
dUKwU AvRI iGqGQ| Bmjvg LvGbi evmÕ©vb I Puv`wb NvGUi gvSvgvwSGZ
‰KwU evRvi MGo IGVwQj| ‰wU ev`kvnx evRvi bvGg cwiwPZ wQj cieZÆxKvGj
PKevRvi bvGg cwiwPZ nGqGQ| 1728 wLËÓ¡vGõ cv^i I Pzb- myowK mg¯¼Gq
‰ evRvGii wbgÆvY KvGRi mGã RwoZ wQGjb wgRÆv jyrdzÍÏvn, w«¼Zxq
gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb I i‚Õ¦g Rã| |
|
jvjevM `yGMÆi dUK |
b`xcG^i cvGk AeÕ©vGbi KviGY
XvKv cÉvK&-gyMj hyGMB Õ©vbxq evwYGRÅi ˆK±`Ê wQj| ivRavbx Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ
nGj ‰LvGb RbmsLÅv e†w«¬ cvq| ˆmbvevwnbx, ˆbŒevwnbx ‰es cÉkvmGbi ˆjvKRGbi
cvkvcvwk KvwiMi, Drcv`K cÉf‡wZ bvbv ˆckvi ˆjvK ‰LvGb AvmGZ ^vGK| XvKvq
cÉvG`wkK, Av¯¦tcÉvG`wkK I ewneÆvwYGRÅi eÅvcK cÉmvi NGU| ‰LvGb Avie,
cvimÅ, AvGgÆbxq, Pxb, gvjq, Rvfv I mygvòv ˆ^GK ewYKiv Avmv-hvIqv KiZ|
‰LvGb gnvRb I gvGovqvwi eÅvâviG`iI AvMgb NGUwQj| mµ¦`k kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgq ˆ^GK BDGivcxq
ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj ‰Gm XvKvq wk͸KviLvbv MGo ZzjGZ ^vGK| meÆcÉ^g AvGm cZzÆwMR iv| XvKv ivRavbxGZ cwiYZ nIqvi cƒGeÆB üMwjGZ cZzÆwMRG`i emwZ MGo
DGVwQj| Zviv XvKvq ‰KwU dÅvÙwi Õ©vcb KGi ‰es cZzÆwMR cvw`ËMY wbgÆvY
KGib wMRÆv| wK¯§ ZvG`i AZÅvPvi, mgGMvòxq AvivKvwbG`i Rj`myÅZv ‰es WvP
I BsGiR ˆKvÁ·vwb I ewYKG`i mGã cÉwZGhvwMZv cÉf‡wZ KviGY cZzÆwMR evwYRÅ
ˆZgb mg†w«¬ jvf KiGZ cvGi wb| 1663 wLËÓ¡vGõ Ij±`vR , 1667 wLËÓ¡vGõ BsGiR ‰es 1682 wLËÓ¡vGõ divwmiv XvKvq dÅvÙwi cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| mKGjB fvMxi^x b`xi
ZxGi ZvG`i cÉavb emwZ MGo ZzGjwQj| WvPG`i cÉavb ˆK±`Ê wQj wPbmyivq,
BsGiRG`i üMwjGZ (cGi KjKvZvq) ‰es divwmG`i wQj P±`bbMGi|
XvKv wQj ‰KwU Drcv`b ˆK±`Ê|
‰LvGb Drcvw`Z mywZeÕ¨ DœPgvbmÁ·®² ‰es ewnÆweGk¼ wQj ‰i cÉPzi Pvwn`v|
gmwjb bvGg cwiwPZ wewf®² aiGbi mywZeÕ¨ evBGi iµ¦vwb nGZv| ‰
me ò×Gqi RbÅ BDGivcxq ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj Avg`vwb KiZ cÉPzi Õ¼YÆ I ˆiŒcÅ wcí|
ˆ`kxq I Avg`vwbK‡Z gvjvgvj IVv-bvgv Kivi RbÅ XvKvq e±`i myweavI wQj|
BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi gvaÅGg AÓ¡v`k kZvõxGZ ZrKvjxb cÉvq wòk jÞ UvKvi
eÕ¨mvgMÉx iµ¦vwb Kiv nq|
1640 wLËÓ¡vGõ gvbwiK XvKv kni
I kniZwji ˆjvKmsLÅv 2 jÞ eGj DGÍÏL KGib| 1786 wLËÓ¡vGõ XvKvi KvGjÙi
‰es 1800 wLËÓ¡vGõ XvKvi KgvwkÆqvj ˆiwmGW´ŸI Abyi…c msLÅv DGÍÏL KGib|
cÉ^g `yB mƒGòi wnmve wQj AbygvbwbfÆi| Z‡ZxqwUi wnmve wKQyUv AvbygvwbK
nGjI ‰KRb cywjk KgÆKZÆvi ŠZwi ˆiKGWÆi Ici wfwî KGi Zv wjwce«¬ Kiv nGqwQj|
BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆiKWÆ ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, XvKvq wbZÅ cÉGqvRbxq `ËeÅmvgMÉx
‰es kÉg `yB-B mÕ¦v wQj| mvaviGYÅ cÉPwjZ iGqGQ ˆh, kvGqÕ¦v LvGbi myevn`vwi
AvgGj XvKvi evRvGi UvKvq AvU gY Pvj cvIqv ˆhZ| 1740 wLËÓ¡vGõ midivR Lvb ‰i mgq PvGji `vg cybivq H chÆvGq ˆbGg ‰GmwQj|
[Avõyj Kwig]
Mɯ©cwé Mirza
Nathan,
Baharistan-I-Ghaibi, 2 volumes, (tr) MI Borah, Government of Assam,
1936; SM Taifuor, Glimpses of Old Dhaka, Dhaka 1952; AH Dani,
Dacca, A Record of its Changing Fortunes, Dhaka, 1962; A Karim,
Dacca: The Mughal Capital, Dhaka, 1964; Sharif Uddin Ahmed (ed.),
Dhaka Past Present Future, Dhaka, 1991.
XvKv (1800 mvj cieZÆx) evsjvi bIqveG`i ivR‹bwZK ÞgZvi cZb ‰es BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi Dïvb
AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆklfvGM XvKvi cÉkvmwbK ài‚Z½GK ÁÏvb KGi ˆ`q| Dci¯§, BÕ¡
Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi evwYwRÅK I Drcv`b bxwZ bMixi Avw^ÆK wfwîGK a»sm KGi
ˆ`q| dGj f„ZcƒeÆ kvmKGMvÓ¤xi MYÅgvbÅ eÅwî×mn eümsLÅK ˆjvK ˆeKvi nGq
cGo ‰es weK͸ RxweKvi m®¬vGb Zviv bMix ZÅvM KGi wewf®² Õ©vGb I cÍÏx
‰jvKvq PGj hvq| ‰fvGe XvKvi RbmsLÅv AwZ `Ë‚Z nËvm cvq| Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB
bMixi cÉvK‡wZK weÕ¦vi ‰GZvUvB msKzwPZ nGq hvq ˆh, Dwbk kZGKi cÉviGÁ¿
XvKv nGq cGo Zvi cƒGeÆi AeÕ©vi Qvqvgvò| cÉK‡Z AG^Æ ‰i cÉkvmwbK ài‚Z½,
‰i eÅemv-evwYRÅ ‰es wk͸ Drcv`b KvhÆZ wejxb nGq hvq| ‰KBfvGe XvKvi mvsÕ•‡wZK
I mvgvwRK KvhÆò×GgiI gvivñK AebwZ NGU|
gyMj AvgGj XvKvi bvUKxq Dïvb
I D®²qb nGqwQj cÉ^gZ ‰i myweavRbK ˆfŒGMvwjK AeÕ©vb, ivRavbx wnGmGe ‰es cieZÆx mgGq ‰KwU abx I mÁ·`kvjx cÉG`Gki Dc-ivRavbx
wnGmGe ‰i ivR‹bwZK I cÉkvmwbK ài‚Z½, ‰i mg†«¬ Afů¦ixY I ewneÆvwYRÅ
‰es ‰i weLÅvZ Drcv`b `ËeÅ weGklZ gmwjGbi RbÅ| gyMj AvgGj XvKvi mg†w«¬i
kxlÆ mgGq kniZwjmn XvKv bMixi RbmsLÅv aiv nGqwQj cÉvq bq jÞ| ‰ RbGMvÓ¤xi
gGaÅ wQj AwfRvZ mÁ·É`vq, DœPc`Õ© KgÆKZÆv, eÅemvqx, ŠmwbK, KviLvbvi gvwjK,
ewYK ‰es wewf®² ˆkÉYxi PvKwiRxex ˆjvK| AwaevmxG`i gGaÅ wQj wewf®² RvwZ
I aGgÆi gvbyl| gƒj bMix weÕ¦‡Z wQj eywoMãv eivei mvZ ˆ^GK `k gvBj ‰es
Afů¦ifvGM AvovB gvBj chƯ¦| kniZwji weÕ¦vi NGU eywoMãv ˆ^GK Uãx eËxR
chƯ¦ 15 gvBj `wÞGY ‰es cwøGg wgicyi-Rvdivev` ˆ^GK 10 gvBj cƒGeÆ ˆcvÕ¦GMvjv
chƯ¦|
DcGii eYÆbvbyhvqx bMixi fvMÅ
wechÆq XvKvi RbGMvÓ¤x ‰es cÉvK‡wZK mxgvbvi Dci Pig cÉfve ˆdGj| 1801
mvGj bMixi RbmsLÅv wQj cÉvq 2 jÞ ‰es 1840 ‰i gGaÅ Zv ò×gk KGg wMGq `uvovq
51,636|
1801 mvj ˆ^GK 1840 mvGji gGaÅ
cƒeÆ I Dîi-cƒeÆ w`GK XvKvi wbKUeZÆx NbemwZcƒYÆ eü ‰jvKv, ˆhgb
bvwi±`v, dwi`vev`, Dqvix I AvjgMé AGbKvsGkB cwiZÅî× nGq hvq| AbÅw`GK
DîGi dzjevwoqv, `xDqvb evRvi, gGbvni Lvb evRvi ‰es cwøg I Dîi-cwøGg
XvGKk¼ix, AvwRgcyi I ‰bvGqZMé
‰ me AçGji ˆKvb ˆKvb AsGk 1801 mvGjI ˆjvKRb emevm KiZ,
mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc RbkƒbÅ nGq hvq| ˆgivgGZi AfvGe ˆ`vjvB b`xi DcGi wekvj
ˆmZzàwji KGqKwU ‰GKevGi a»sm nGq wMGqGQ| |
|
cyivZb nvBGKvUÆ feb |
D®²qGbi bZzb aviv ‰es mg†w«¬i
bZzb hyGMi mƒòcvGZi gvaÅg 1840-‰i `kK bMi BwZnvGm bZzb ‰K AaÅvGqi mƒPbv
KGi| bMi D®²qGbi ‰ hvòv ZLb ˆ^GKB AeÅvnZfvGe PjGZ ^vGK| ˆh Dcv`vbàwj
bMGii cybi‚«¬vGii KvR mÁ·®² KGiGQ ˆmàwjB cÉv^wgK cGeÆ bMGii DïvGb mnvqK
wQj| ‰àwj nGjv ‰KwU mÁ·`kvjx
cøv`f„wg (KvhÆZ mgMÉ `wÞY I cƒeÆ evsjv), ‰KwU Dchyî× ˆfŒGMvwjK AeÕ©vb,
cÉkvmwbK D®²wZ, ‰es bZzb aiGbi wkÞv, eÅemv-evwYRÅ, Drcv`b I wk͸ KviLvbvi
AvwefÆve| ‰KB mgGq BDGivGci mvG^ msGhvM Õ©vcGbi cieZÆxKvGj mvsÕ•‡wZK
ˆiGbmuv wewf®² wkÞv welqK, ivR‹bwZK I mvgvwRK cybi‚«¬vi KvhÆò×Ggi gaÅ
w`Gq ò×gvMZfvGe ‰es wbwøZfvGeB ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ bMiGK±`Ê wnGmGe XvKvi
ò×gweKvkGK mvnvhÅ KGiGQ|
|
|
nvBGKvUÆ
feb |
Qwe:
ˆgv. Rwni‚j Bmjvg fƒuBqv |
cÉkvmwbK ò×ge†w«¬ BZtcƒGeÆ XvKv ˆRjv cÉkvmGbi ˆK±`Ê wQj| ‰wU 1829 mvGj XvKv wefvM
bvGg ‰KwU e†nr wefvGMi m`i `dZGi cwiYZ nq| ‰ici XvKvi cÉkvmwbK ài‚Z½ e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| KviY BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es cieZÆxKvGj
weËwUk-fviZ miKvi wkÞv, Õ¼vÕ©Å, ˆhvMvGhvM I wbgÆvY, Õ©vbxq miKvi ‰es
AbÅvbÅ KjÅvYgƒjK KvGR ZvG`i miKvwi `vwqZ½àwj mÁcÉmvwiZ KGi| ‰ wefvMàwji
ˆKvb ˆKvbwUi KvhÆvjGqi cwiwa wQj eÅvcK ‰es cƒeÆ evsjvi wekvj Açj ‰i
A¯¦fzÆî× wQj| JcwbGewkK AvgGj ‰ mgÕ¦ miKvwi KvhÆvjq mÁ·ÉmviGYi gƒj jÞÅ
wQj 1885 mvGji gGaÅ eãcÉG`Gk KjKvZvi cGi XvKv bMixGK meÆe†nr ‘ˆemvgwiK
ˆK±`Ê’ (civil station) wnGmGe MGo ˆZvjv|
1905-11 mvGji w`GK XvKvi cÉkvmwbK
ài‚Z½ bvUKxqfvGe AviI e†w«¬ cvq hLb ‰wUGK cƒeÆ evsjv I Avmvg bvGg bZzb
cÉG`Gki ivRavbx Kiv nq| ‰ mgq wewf®² wefvM ‰es wewf®² DœP I gaÅc`Õ©
KgÆKZÆvG`i wbGq XvKvq cÉvG`wkK cÉkvmGbi ‰KwU DcwiKvVvGgv cÉeZÆb Kiv
nq| ‰KwU nvBGKvUÆ ‰es ‰KwU mwPevjqmn ‰KRb ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆi wbhyî× Kiv
nq| ռ͸թvqx nGjI ‰i cÉfve cGo bMixi mÁ·ÉmviY ‰es ‰LvbKvi RbGMvÓ¤xi
Dci| 1947 mvGj weËwUk JcwbGewkK kvmGbi Aemvb ‰es Õ¼vaxb cvwKÕ¦vb ivGÓ¡Ëi
cÉwZÓ¤vi ci cƒeÆ evsjv bvGg bZzb cÉG`Gki ivRavbx nIqvq XvKvi DïvGb AwaKZi
Õ©vqx D®²qb mvwaZ nq| ‰ mgq nGZ XvKv ÷ay ‰ bZzb cÉG`Gki cÉkvmwbK m`i
`dZiB wQj bv, eis ‰LvGb cƒeÆ evsjv/ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi AvBb cwil` (Legislative
Assembly)
‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ AwaGekGbi RbÅ nGjI RvZxq
msmG`i AwaGekb emZ|
wK¯§, cvwKÕ¦vb ivÓ¡Ë `xNÆw`b
wUGK ^vGK wb| 1971 mvGji 16 wWGmÁ¼i cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb ivÓ¡Ë
wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KGi ‰es evsjvG`k wnGmGe cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb
mveÆGfŒg ivGÓ¡Ëi ivRavbx wnGmGe XvKv ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv, cÉkvmwbK KvhÆKjvc
‰es A^Æ‹bwZK, mvgvwRK, wkÞv I mvsÕ•‡wZK KvhÆò×Ggi meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
ˆK±`Êi…Gc ghÆv`v jvf KGi| weGkl ˆKvb weGK±`ÊxKiY bxwZ bv ^vKvq ‰ bMix
eZÆgvGb mKj cÉKvi cÉkvmwbK ÞgZvi ‰KK ˆK±`Ê| AvBb k†›Ljv, ivRÕ¼ Av`vq,
Õ¼vÕ©Å wefvM ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi mgvR KjÅvY chƯ¦ mKj miKvwi wefvGMi m`i-`dZi
miKvwi mwPevjGq mshyî× nIqvGZ ‰ Õ©vb ˆ^GKB KvhÆZ me wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv nq|
‰ bMixGZB ˆ`Gki cÉavb mvgwiK m`i `dZi AewÕ©Z|
ivR‹bwZK ài‚Z½ cÉkvmwbKfvGe weKvk jvGfi mvG^ mvG^ XvKvi ivR‹bwZK ài‚Z½I e†w«¬ ˆcGZ
^vGK| cÉK‡ZcGÞ weMZ `yB kZGK ÷ay evsjvG`GkiB bq, cyGiv DcgnvG`Gki ivR‹bwZK
RxeGb ‰ bMixi f„wgKv wQj ŠewPòÅgq| Dwbk kZGK ‰wU wQj weËwUk JcwbGewkK
kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ msMwVZ cÉ^g Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬i (hv 1857 mvGji Z^vKw^Z wmcvwn weµÏe bvGg cwiwPZ) ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆK±`Êàwji ‰KwU|
jvjevM `yGMÆ AeÕ©vbiZ evsjvi
ˆmbvevwnbxi wmcvwniv ZvG`iGK wbiÕ¨xKiGYi weËwUk cÉkvmKG`i cÉGPÓ¡vGK cÉwZnZ KiwQj| ‰i ˆ^GK ˆ`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki ˆ`kxq
ŠmbÅiv weG`Ëvn ÷i‚ KGi| ‰ NUbv bMixi BwZnvGm hyMv¯¦i eGj weGewPZ| ‰
AeÕ©vq weËwUk cÉkvmKMY KGVvi eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KGi ‰es Õ©vbxq RbMY JcwbGewkK
kvmKG`i wei‚G«¬ ZLb ˆ^GKB Mfxi AmG¯¦vl ˆcvlY KiwQj| ˆh Õ©vGb wmcvwnG`i
duvwm ˆ`Iqv nq ˆm Õ©vbwU RvZxq cÉwZGivGai cÉZxGK cwiYZ nq| wK¯§ NUbvwU
weîkvjx Õ©vbxq Rwg`vi ‰es eÅemvqx weGkl KGi XvKvi bIqve cwievGii cÞ
ˆ^GK weËwUkG`i cÉwZ Mfxi AvbyMZÅ I mg^ÆbI cÉKvk KGi| 1885 wLËÓ¡vGõ fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm cÉwZÓ¤vi mvG^ mvG^ mgMÉ cƒeÆevsjv ˆ^GK mg^Æb msMÉGni
RbÅ ‰ bMix KsGMÉGmi KvhÆKjvGci ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| wK¯§ wesk kZvõxi cÉ^g
w`GK eãfã (1905) KvhÆKi Kivi ˆÞGò bMixi ivR‹bwZK f„wgKv wQj DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ‰es welqwU
cƒeÆesjvi gymwjgG`i weRq wnGmGe weGewPZ| ‰ eÅvcvGi XvKvi bIqve mÅvi
mwjgyÍÏvni f„wgKv wQj LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| 1905 mvj ˆ^GK XvKv DcgnvG`Gki
gymjgvbG`i AbÅZg K¥¤Õ¼Gi cwiYZ nq| 1906 mvGj XvKvq DcgnvG`Gki gymjgvbG`i
cÉ^g ivR‹bwZK `j gymwjg jxM cÉwZÓ¤vi DG`ÅvM mÅvi mwjgyÍÏvnB
cybivq MÉnY KGib| `jwU fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi wecGÞ gymwjgG`i Õ¼v^Æ iÞvi
RbÅ MwVZ nGqwQj| eãfGãi KviGY Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb ‰es Pigc¯©x wn±`yG`i «¼viv
a»smvZÄK KvhÆKjvc ÷i‚ nq| XvKv ‰ me KvhÆKjvGci ˆK±`Êwe±`y nGq IGV ‰es
‘Abykxjb mwgwZ’ bvGg Pigc¯©x `jàwji AbÅZg ‰KwUi kî× NuvwUGZ cwiYZ nq|
cieZÆx eQiàwjGZ weËwUkweGivax Õ¼vaxbZv AvG±`vjGb XvKv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv
cvjb KGi|
cvwKÕ¦vb m†wÓ¡ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi
RbMYGK, weGkl KGi ‰i wkwÞZ gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi Avkv ‰es AvKv›Þv cƒiY KiGZ
cvGi wb| D`yÆGK cvwKÕ¦vGbi ‰Kgvò ivÓ¡Ëfvlv wnGmGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z Kivi RbÅ
cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKG`i ˆNvlYv cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i gGaÅ ZxeË cÉwZwò×qvi mƒPbv
KGi| KviY ‰ AçGji Awaevmxiv ZvG`i fvlv ‰es mvsÕ•‡wZK HwZnÅ wbGq `vi‚Y
MeÆ KiZ| ZvB XvKv fvlv AvG±`vjGbi cÉavb ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| ‰ AvG±`vjb
cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vwbG`i gGaÅ RvZxqZvev`x ˆPZbviI R¯Ã ˆ`q| cÉK‡ZcGÞ fvlv AvG±`vjbB
nGœQ evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv AvG±`vjGbi AMÉ`ƒZ| ‰ ˆÞGòI XvKv mePvBGZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQ| ŠelgÅ `ƒixKiY AvG±`vjb (Qq`dv KgÆmƒwP), 1969-‰i MYAfzÅïvb,
1971-‰i 7 gvGPÆi eãe®¬zi HwZnvwmK fvlY ‰es Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬i hvòv - mewKQyB
‰ ivRavbx kni ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nq| Avevi ‰ knGiB 1971-‰i 16 wWGmÁ¼Gi igbv ˆimGKvmÆ
gq`vGb AbywÓ¤Z nq cvwKÕ¦vwb ŠmbÅG`i AvñmgcÆY AbyÓ¤vb|
wkÞvi D®²qb ‰ AçGji, weGkl KGi XvKv bMiix wkÞvi D®²qGbi gvGSB evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`q
wbwnZ| eÕ§Z, AvaywbK hyGM XvKvi ài‚Z½ e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ wkÞvi ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe|
1835 mvGj XvKv MfbÆGg´Ÿ KGjwRGqU Õ•zj cÉwZÓ¤vi gaÅ w`Gq ‰ bMix cƒeÆevsjvi
wekvj cøv`f„wgi nvRvi nvRvi Zi‚GYi KvGQ bZzb BsGiwR wkÞv ‰es cvøvZÅ
msÕ•‡wZi cÉavb ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| welqwU cƒeÆevsjvq ÷ay cvøvZÅ wkÞviB
cÉmvi NUvq wb, eis mvsÕ•‡wZK beRvMiY ‰es mvgvwRK weµÏeI m†wÓ¡ KGi| dGj
cvøvZÅ ævb I weævGb beÅwkwÞZ Zi‚GYiv ZvG`i gvZ‡f„wgi wewf®² ÞwZKi mvgvwRK
I agÆxq ixwZbxwZ ‰es cÉ^v mÁ·GKÆ cÉk² ZzjGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ‰fvGe bMixi wkÞvi
weÕ¦vi ò×gvMZfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK|
1841 mvGj XvKv MfbÆGg´Ÿ KGjR
cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1874 mvGj XvKv gv`Ëvmvi cÉwZÓ¤v cƒeÆ evsjvi gymwjg
Zi‚YG`i agÆxq Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Aviwe I dviwm, ˆmBmvG^ BsGiwR wkÞvi
myGhvM KGi ˆ`q hv hyGMi cÉGqvRGb ZvG`i RbÅ Dchyî× wQj| 1884 mvGj
‰KwU ˆemiKvwi DG`ÅvM wnGmGe RM®²v^ KGjR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰es ‰wU cieZÆx mgGq weËwUk AvgGj DœPwkÞvi mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡
ˆK±`Êàwji ‰KwUGZ cwiYZ nGqwQj| |
|
RM®²v^ KGjR |
mvaviY wkÞvi cvkvcvwk e†wîgƒjK
wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vmgƒnI cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq, ˆhgb 1863 mvGj XvKv KGjGRi AvBb wefvM,
1875 mvGj XvKv ˆgwWKÅvj Õ•zj (wgUGdvWÆ nvmcvZvj msj™²) ‰es 1876 mvGj
XvKv mvGfÆ Õ•zj| ‰ cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj cƒYÆvã KvwiMwi I weGkl wkÞv eÅeÕ©vi ˆK±`Ê
wnGmGe i…cv¯¦wiZ nGqwQj| ‰àwj cieZÆxKvGj wPwKrmvwe`Åv, AvBb, cÉGKŒkj
BZÅvw`i ˆÞGò AviI D®²Z nGqwQj| 1878 mvGj BGWb MvjÆm Õ•zj bvGg mÁ·ƒYÆ
wf®²agÆx ‰KwU wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb Õ©vwcZ nq| ‰Zw`b chƯ¦ ˆ`Gk bvix wkÞv wQj
mvgvwRKfvGe wbwl«¬| BGWb KGjR cÉwZÓ¤vi gaÅ w`Gq ˆ`Gk bvix wkÞvi ˆÞGò
mvgvwRK weµÏe mƒwPZ nq|
AekÅ ‰ chÆvGq 1921 mvGj XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq cÉwZÓ¤vi gvaÅGg XvKvi wkÞvi D®²qb cƒYÆZv jvf KGi| ZxeË
weGivwaZvi gyGL ‰wU ‰KwU ˆek AeGnwjZ AçGji wkÞv I msÕ•‡wZi D®²qb ‰es
ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe AbMÉmi gymwjg RvwZi AMÉMwZi cÉGek«¼vi wnGmGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z
nq| wek¼we`ÅvjqwU wkÞv cÉ`vGbi cvkvcvwk kxNËB mgMÉ cƒeÆevsjvi mvsÕ•‡wZK
‰es mvgvwRK cybRÆvMiGYi ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| Kvjò×Gg ‰wU weËwUk JcwbGewkK
kvmb nGZ DcgnvG`Gki gywî×i AvG±`vjGbi ‰KwU kwî×kvjx ˆKG±`ÊI D®²xZ nq|
‰ wek¼we`Åvjq Aò AçGj weGkl KGi gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ ‰KwU wkwÞZ gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi
DïvGbI mnvqZv KGi|
1947 mvj ˆ^GK bMixi wkÞvi AMÉMwZ
ò×gvMZfvGe nGZ ^vGK| wK¯§ 1971 mvGji ci bvUKxqfvGe Zv e†w«¬ cvq| eZÆgvGb
XvKvq AGbKàwj miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi wek¼we`Åvjq ‰es KvwiMwi wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb
iGqGQ ˆhàwj wewf®² cÉKvGii Kjv, weævb, cÉGKŒkj, wPwKrmvwe`Åv, Pvi‚Kjv,
mãxZ, wPòKgÆ ‰es AbÅvbÅ welGq wkÞv cÉ`vb KGi PGjGQ| wkÞvi AMÉMwZ ‰gb
‰K chÆvGq ˆcuŒGQGQ ˆh ˆKej XvKvi RbGMvÓ¤xi ‰K weivU Ask QvòB bq eis
bMixi AwaKvsk ivR‹bwZK, A^Æ‹bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvsÕ•‡wZK Rxebhvòv ‰me wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vb
I QvòG`i wNGiB AvewZÆZ nq| eZÆgvGb ˆ`Gki AwaKvsk ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq eyw«¬Rxex,
DœPc`Õ© ˆemvgwiK KgÆKZÆv, KzUbxwZK, ‘ˆUKGbvò×ÅvUm’, Wvî×vi, AvBbRxex,
ivRbxwZK ‰es mvwnwZÅKMY XvKvi wewf®² wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGbiB m†wÓ¡| wkÞvi D®²qGbi
dGjB bMixi ài‚Z½ ‰es mvdGjÅi eÅvcK cÉmvi NGUGQ|
eÅemv I evwYRÅ weMZ `yB kZGK XvKv axGi axGi ‰es ò×gvMZfvGe `wÞY ‰wkqvGZ eÅemv-evwYRÅ
I wkG͸i ‰K ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe AvwefƃZ nq| gyMj AvgGj ‰i ˆmŒfvMÅ
AwaKvsk ˆÞGò wbfÆi KiZ gmwjb I mƒß eGÕ¨i Drcv`b I iµ¦vwbi Dci, ‰gbwK BDGivGci ivRcwievGii AGbGKB ‰i
ˆò×Zv wQGjb| AekÅ ‰i cÉavb c†Ó¤GcvlK wQGjb fviGZi mgËvU, ivRv ‰es AwfRvZ
mÁ·É`vGqi eÅwî×eMÆ| mvaviYfvGe evsjvq gmwjGbi mG¯¦vlRbK wbRÕ¼ evRvi
wQj| wK¯§ BsGiRG`i DïvGbi mGã mGã ˆ`kxq ivRkwî×i ÞgZvi cZb nGZ ^vGK
‰es bMixi eÅemvwqK mg†w«¬ wejxb nGq hvq| ‰gbwK 1740-‰i `kGK XvKvq Drcvw`Z
gmwjGbi (bMix I Zvi AvGkcvGki Õ©vbmgƒGn) cwigvY wQj mvGo 28 jÞ UvKvi
KvQvKvwQ| 1800 mvGji ˆkl w`GK XvKvq Drcvw`Z gmwjGbi gƒjÅ `uvovq 26 jÞ
UvKvq| ‰icGi gmwjGbi Drcv`b nËvm cvq cÉavbZ fviZxq c†Ó¤GcvlKG`i AfvGe
‰es BsjÅvGí KviLvbvq ŠZwi mÕ¦v `Gii eGÕ¨i Avg`vwbi KviGY|
gmwjb Drcv`b ‰es ‰i evwYGRÅi
cZb bMixi Dci wechÆqKi cÉfve ˆdGj| AekÅ 1820 I 1830 `kGKi w`GK wKQy
mgq aGi bxGji eÅemv ‰es cieZÆxKvGj 1850 ‰i `kGK cvGUi evwYGRÅi gvaÅGg
bMiwU Zvi eÅemvwqK ˆmŒfvMÅ wdGi cvq| 1880-‰i `kGKi gGaÅ XvKv bMix cwiYZ
nq cvU evwYRÅ I cvU Drcv`Gbi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆKG±`Ê| cieZÆxKvGj cvU iµ¦vwbi
weÕÃqKi e†w«¬ NGU ‰es bvivqYMé ˆ^GK Zv mivmwi cwiPvwjZ nq| bvivqYMé
wQj KvhÆZ XvKvi ‰KwU e±`i| ZvB ‰ K^vwU ejv ˆhGZ cvGi ˆh, Dwbk I wek
kZGK cƒeÆ evsjvi mÁ·ƒYÆ cvGUi evwYRÅ XvKv ˆ^GKB wbqw¯¨Z nGqGQ| msGÞGc
‰ wQj cƒeÆevsjvq cvU Drcv`b I evwYGRÅi ‰K bRxiwenxb e†w«¬ hv ‰ AçjGK
÷ay mg†«¬B KGiwb eis Dwbk kZGKi ˆkl w`K nGZ XvKv bMixi fvGMÅi cwieZÆbI
NUvq| JcwbGewkK AvgGj ‰ AçGj cYÅ iµ¦vwbi ˆÞGò BsjÅvGí cÉPí cÉwZGhvwMZv
ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK Av`gvwbK‡Z gvjvgvj ‰ ˆ`Gki Õ©vbxq evRvGi cÉvavbÅ
weÕ¦vi KGi| ‰ cwiwÕ©wZGZ XvKv AewkÓ¡ cYÅmvgMÉx h^v cvURvZ `ËeÅ, eÕ¨,
KvP, ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ ‰es wewf®² cÉKvGii nÕ¦wk͸ mvgMÉx weGklZ k›Lwk͸RvZ
AjsKvi Drcv`Gbi ‰K Þz`Ë ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| hw`I ‰ mKj mvgMÉxi evRvi mgMÉ
evsjv RyGoB weÕ¦‡Z wQj|
XvKvi ‰ AeÕ©v JcwbGewkGKvîi
AvgGj ewaÆZ evwYRÅ I wk͸vqGbi RbÅ miKvwi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv ‰es wewf®² Drm
ˆ^GK gƒjab ˆhvMvGbi mvG^ mvG^ AGbKUv e`Gj hvq| miKvGii Avg`vwb-idZvwb
bxwZI BwZevPK dj eGq AvGb| bMixi mxgvbvi gGaÅB miKvi wk͸ ‰jvKv Õ©vcb
KGi, ˆZRMuvI ‰jvKv wQj ‰i cÉavb Õ©vb| AwZ `Ë‚Z XvKv eÕ¨ wk͸ I ˆikwg
`ËeÅ, mvevb, cvURvZ `ËeÅ, PvgovRvZ `ËeÅ, KuvP, w`qvkjvB, ˆjŒn I wÕ¡Gji
mvgMÉx, cÉGKŒkj I ˆgvUi Mvwoi h¯¨vsk, XvjvB DcKiY, BU I Uvwj, PxbvgvwU
I g†rcvò, ivmvqwbK I Jla cÉÕ§Z msò×v¯¦ mvgMÉx, µÏvwÕ¡K `ËeÅvw`, ˆhGKvb
cvbxq (ˆefÅvwiR), Vvív cvbxq I wUbRvZ dGji im, KvMR, wdÍÂ BZÅvw`i ‰K
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Drcv`b ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe MGo IGV|
Õ¼vaxbZvGîviKvGj bMixi wk͸vqb
‰es eÅemv-evwYGRÅi AMÉMwZi nvi bvUKxqfvGe ˆeGo hvq| hw`I hyG«¬i KviGY
cÉvq me wk͸KviLvbv a»sm nGq hvq ‰es ‰KB mvG^ cwøg cvwKÕ¦vwbiv ZvG`i
gƒjabI cÉZÅvnvi KGi ˆbq Z^vwc cybeÆvmb KvR ˆek `Ë‚Z ÷i‚ nq| miKvwi ‰es
ˆemiKvwi Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb Kivq wk͸ I Drcv`Gb
wewbGqvMI wbqwgZfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| Õ¼vaxbZvi cGi evsjvG`k ‰es wek¼
evRvGii gGaÅ ˆh ˆhvMmƒò Õ©vwcZ nq ZvI ‰GÞGò AekÅB DGÍÏL KiGZ nGe|
eZÆgvGb XvKv I ‰i cvk¼ÆeZÆx
‰jvKv ˆ`Gki e†nîg wk͸ ‰jvKvàwji gGaÅ ‰KwU wk͸ Açj eGj weGewPZ| ‰LvGb
wewf®² cÉKvi cYÅ I wk͸`ËeÅ - weGkl KGi wPivPwiZ cYÅ mvgMÉx, ˆhgb eÕ¨,
ˆiŒcÅ I Õ¼GYÆi KvR ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi AvaywbK Še`yÅwZK miévgvw` chƯ¦ Drcvw`Z
nq| ‰ mKj mvgMÉxi AwaKvskB cÉÕ§Z nq ˆhŒ^ DG`ÅvGMi AaxGb| idZvwbKG͸
cYÅmvgMÉx Drcv`Gbi RbÅ ‰LvGb weGkl wk͸ejqI (Industrial
Zone) iGqGQ| ‰LvGb mywbw`ÆÓ¡fvGe D®²Z cÉhywî× eÅenvGii
gvaÅGg cYÅ Drcv`b Kiv nGZv| eZÆgvGb XvKvi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evwYwRÅK
KgÆKví hvi RbÅ XvKv wek¼evRvGi mvÁ·ÉwZK eQiàwjGZ ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Õ©vb
`Lj KGi wbGqGQ Zv nGœQ ‘ˆcvkvK wk͸’| ˆcvkvK ŠZwi KviLvbvàwj weG`kx
ˆò×ZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK Pvwn`vi wfwîGZ eÕ¨ I ckwg mvgMÉx Drcv`b KGi| eZÆgvGb
ˆ`Gk ˆcvkvK wk͸ LvZ ˆ^GKB meÆvwaK ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv DcvwRÆZ nq| ˆ`Gki ˆgvU
ˆcvkvK ŠZwi KviLvbvi kZKiv 80 fvMB XvKv bMixGZ AewÕ©Z ˆhLvGb nvRvi nvRvi
KgÆx weGkl KGi gwnjviv wbhyî× AvGQ| XvKv eZÆgvGb PvgovRvZ mvgMÉxiI ‰KwU
e†nîi Drcv`b ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe cwiwPZ|
‰fvGe XvKv ˆ`Gki meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
evwYwRÅK ˆK±`ÊàwjiI ‰KwUGZ cwiYZ nq| ‰LvGb Õ©vbxq ‰es ŠeG`wkK, D®²Z
cÉhywî×mÁ·®² cYÅ ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi cÉmvab mvgMÉx chƯ¦ mKj cGYÅiB RgRgvU
evwYRÅ PGj| XvKv bMixGZ eZÆgvGb AmsLÅ eüZj wewkÓ¡ AvaywbK wecwYexw^
(departmental store) iGqGQ ˆhLvGb wefvM ˆfG` wewf®²
cYÅ weò×q nq| ‰fvGe AvaywbK ˆ`vKvb ‰es bZzb KGi cÉwZwÓ¤Z wecwYexw^àwj
ò×Gg ò×Gg cyiGbv auvGPi ˆ`vKvb I evRviàwjGK `Lj KGi wbGœQ|
Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒn eZÆgvGb ˆ`Gki mKj Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi cÉavb ˆK±`Ê nGœQ XvKv| ˆ`Gki
ˆK±`Êxq eÅvsK nGœQ ‘evsjvG`k eÅvsK’| gwZwSj
evwYwRÅK ‰jvKvq AewÕ©Z ‰ eÅvsK ˆ`Gki mKj eÅvswKs I Avw^ÆK ˆjbG`b wbq¯¨Y
KGi ^vGK| XvKvi AvaywbK eÅvswKs cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj Ebwesk kZvõxGZ ZvG`i KgÆKví
AviÁ¿ KGi| ‰i cƒGeÆ eÅvsGKi Kvievi ˆgvUvgywUfvGe ˆ`kxq c«¬wZGZ ‰es RMZ
ˆkV cwievGii gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nGZv hviv wQGjb evsjvi bIqveG`i eÅvsGKi cwiPvjK|
XvKvq AewÕ©Z ‰ eÅvsGKi ‰KwU kvLv ˆ^GK ‰ bMixi cÉvq mKj Avw^ÆK ˆjbG`b
mÁ·®² nGZv|
|
|
evsjvG`k
eÅvsK feb I ˆmbvKjÅvY feb (meÆevGg) |
Qwe:
ˆgv. Rwni‚j Bmjvg fƒuBqv |
eZÆgvGb RvZxq ‰es gnvbMixi
‘ˆPÁ¼vi Ae KgvmÆ’ ‰es eÅemvqx I wk͸cwZG`i AbÅvbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vbàwjiI aviK
nGœQ XvKv| ˆgvUK^v, ˆ`Gki mKj eÅemv-evwYRÅ, Avg`vwb I iµ¦vwb ‰ bMi ˆ^GKB
wbqw¯¨Z nq| evsjvG`k eÅvsK ˆhgb RbMGYi Avw^ÆK welqàwj Z`viK KGi, ˆZgwb
wewf®² aiGbi ‘ˆPÁ¼vi Ae KgvmÆ’ ˆemiKvwi evwYwRÅK Õ¼v^Æ iÞv KGi| mvÁ·ÉwZKKvGj
weKwkZ ˆkqvi evRvi bMixi Avw^ÆK RxeGb ‰K bZzb msGhvRb|
RbmsLÅv bMixi mvÁ·ÉwZK BwZnvGm meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welqwU nGjv ˆ`Gki wewf®²
Õ©vb ˆ^GK AvMZ gvbyGli RbÅ ‰i RbmsLÅvi cÉf„Z| 1872 mvGj cÉ^g Av`g÷gvwiKvGj
XvKvi RbmsLÅv wQj 69,212 Rb; ‰ici chÆvqò×Gg 1881 mvGj 79,076 Rb; 1911
mvGj 1,25,000 Rb ‰es 1941 mvGj 2,39,000 Rb| 1947-‰i ˆ`k wefvGMi ci fviZ
ˆ^GK emevGmi DGóGkÅ ‰ AçGj AvMgGbi dGj RbmsLÅv ò×gvMZfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGZ
^vGK ‰es 1951 mvGj RbmsLÅv 3,36,000 RGb ˆcuŒGQ| 1961 mvGji Av`g÷gvwi
Abyhvqx bMixi RbmsLÅv wQj 5,56,000 Rb, ‰K `kGK hv kZKiv wnGmGe cÉvq
44.63 fvM e†w«¬| e†w«¬i ‰ nvi bvUKxqfvGe AviI ˆeGo hvq 1971 mvGji ci|
1974 mvGji gGaÅ Zv ˆeGo wMGq `uvovq 1,680,000 RGb; 1981 mvGj Zv 3,440,000
RGb ˆcuŒGQ ‰es 1991 mvGj RbmsLÅv nq 6,150,000 Rb| evÕ¦e ev Kv͸wbK hvB
ˆnvK bv ˆKb bMixi Af„ZcƒeÆ weÕ¦vi, PvKwi I AbÅvbÅ myGhvM myweavi cÉGjvfb
ˆ`Gki me Õ©vb nGZ wecyjmsLÅK MÉvGgi AwaevmxGK XvKvq AvmGZ D«¼y«¬ KGi|
bMixi AvBbMZ I cÉkvmwbK mxgvbv eZÆgvGb eüj cwigvGY e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| D`vniYÕ¼i…c
ejv ˆhGZ cvGi ˆh, bvivqYMé I mvfvi ‰ bMixi A¯¦fzÆî× nIqvq eZÆgvGb (2002
wLË.) ‰i RbmsLÅv `vwoGqGQ 10 wgwjqGbiI AwaK| ‰ mxgvbvi gGaÅB iGqGQ cÍÏx
‰jvKvi AGbK UzKGiv Rwg ‰es ˆmB mvG^ AGbK cwZZ Rwg| RbmsLÅvi ‰ wekvj
e†w«¬i cÉfve cGoGQ bMixi AvevwmK ‰es wewf®² KgÆGÞGò; ˆmB mGã ‰i mvgvwRK
I A^Æ‹bwZK Rxeb, weGklZ ‰i cwiGeGki Dci| bMixi weivU ‰K Ask RyGo MGo
DGVGQ ewÕ¦ ˆhLvGb `wi`Ë evÕ§nviv gvbyGliv (migrants) ˆhb- ˆZbfvGe ŠZwi KzwUi ev
PvjvNGi AgvbweK cwiGeGk evm KGi|
cwienY, evmÕ©vb ‰es bvMwiK
ˆmev bMixi eÅvcK weÕ¦vi ‰es RbmsLÅvi wecyj e†w«¬
cyivbv w`Gbi cwienY eÅeÕ©v, evmÕ©vb ‰es bvMwiK myGhvM-myweavGK mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe
AchÆvµ¦ ‰es Abychyî× KGi ˆZvGj| Dwbk kZGK ˆewki fvM gvbyl cvGq ˆnuGU
evwo ˆ^GK KgÆGÞGò I wewf®² Õ©vGb hvZvqvZ KiZ, ˆNvovi eÅenvi ‰es A¯¦Z
ˆ`vjvB Lvj w`Gq ˆbŒKvi PjvPj ZLbI wQj| bMixi `Ë‚Z cÉmvGii mvG^ mvG^
Dwbk kZGKi cwienY h^v, cvjwK, Uvëz ˆNvov, nvwZ I fvovGU Mvwo (Hackney-carriages) cÉf‡wZ wek kZGKi gvSvgvwS mgGq wejxb nGq hvq ‰es wiKkv, evm
I Mvwo BZÅvw` bvbv cÉKvi hvbevnb ‰G`i Õ©vb `Lj KGi| 1990-‰i `kGKi ˆkGli
w`GK eÅwî×gvwjKvbvaxb wejvmeüj evm I UÅvwÝi cÉPjb nGqGQ; wK¯§ bMi KZƆcGÞi
«¼viv ‰KwU eo ivRavbxi DcGhvMx ˆKvb myÓ¤z cwienY eÅeÕ©v cÉPjb Kiv ‰LbI
mÁ¿e nq wb| dGj hvZvqvGZi ˆÞGò XvKvq eZÆgvGb LyeB AmG¯¦vlRbK AeÕ©v weivR
KiGQ|
hw`I eZÆgvGb (2002 mvj) bMixi
Avevmb mgmÅv cÉKU, Z^vwc XvKvi AvevwmK `†kÅcU MZ `yB kZGK LyeB
AvKlÆYxq i…Gc cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ| Dwbk kZGKi mi‚ ivÕ¦v I ˆjGbi cÉvG¯¦
‰KmvwiGZ Õ©vwcZ Lo, cvZv BZÅvw`GZ QvIqv KzUxGii (thatched huts), AwaKvskB cÉkÕ¦ ivÕ¦v I cwiKw͸Z ‰jvKvi Dci BUwbwgÆZ
evwoàwjGK Õ©vb KGi w`GqGQ| |
|
Kgjvcyi
ˆijIGq ˆÕ¡kb, XvKv |
eÅwî× gvwjKvbvaxb Rwgi Dci abx bvMwiKG`i eÅwî×MZfvGe
wbwgÆZ wKQy RuvKRgKcƒYÆ Nievwo Qvov, ռ͸ AvGqi ˆjvKG`i RbÅ `yB ev Pvi
Zjv febwewkÓ¡ cwiKw͸Z AvevwmK ‰jvKv ‰es ‰KB aiGbi AvevwmK KGjvwb Movi
axK͸ (idea) ˆKej Dwbk kZGKi ˆklw`GK ÷i‚
nq| ‰Lb chƯ¦ ‰ wPòB AvevwmK `†kÅcGU cÉvavbÅ weÕ¦vi KGi AvGQ| 1980-‰i
`kK ˆ^GK Dchyî× RvqMvi AfvGe bMixi meÆò eüZjwewkÓ¡ myDœP febmgƒn Awdm
I evmfeb Dfq DGóGkÅB wbwgÆZ nGœQ| AZů¦ ˆgavex ‰K `j Õ©vbxq cÉGKŒkwj,
Õ©cwZ ‰es wbgÆvZv ˆmBmvG^ weG`kx ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰-KgÆKvG´£i mvG^ hyî× nGq
‰i…c febmgƒn wbgÆvY KiGQ| ‰fvGe e`Gj hvGœQ XvKv bMixi `†kÅcU| mvÁ·ÉwZK
mgGq avbgw´£, ebvbx, àjkvb, evwiaviv, Dîiv, wmG«¬k¼ix, wgicyi, cÍÏex
‰jvKvmgƒGn eÅqeüj I wejvmeüj evwo I ‰cvUÆGg´Ÿ MGo DVGQ ‰es ‰me ‰jvKv
meÆvwaK AvKlÆYxq AvevwmK ‰jvKvq D®²xZ nGqGQ|
ˆhGnZz evwo wbgÆvY cÉwò×qv
mÁ·®² nGZ ‰LbI AGbK evwK ‰es bMix myDœPfeb I wejvmeüj evwoNi I ‰KZjv
evwoGZ cƒYÆ, ˆmGnZz XvKvi RbmsLÅvi cÉvq ‰K-Z‡Zxqvsk RbGMvÓ¤x ewÕ¦i NbemwZcƒYÆ
KzwUGi AZů¦ AgvbweK cwiGeGk evm KGi|
XvKvq AvaywbK avivi bvMwiK
ˆmev AviÁ¿ nq Dwbk kZGK, 1864 mvGj XvKv wgDwbwmcvwjwU cÉwZÓ¤vi gvaÅGg|
ZLb ˆ^GK evwo wbgÆvGYi Dci wKQy wewawbGla AvGivc Kiv nq cÉkÕ¦ ivÕ¦v wbwgÆZ nq, ivÕ¦v Svoy ˆ`Iqv, ˆkŒPvMvi cwiÓ•vi
Kiv I cvBc jvBGbi gvaÅGg cvwb mieivn Kiv ÷i‚ nq, evRvi wbqw¯¨Z nq, UÇvwdK
eÅeÕ©v cÉewZÆZ nq, ‰es we`yÅr mieivn eÅeÕ©v Õ©vwcZ nq| miKvwi Aby`vb
‰es eÅwî×MZ e`vbÅZv Dfq cÉGPÓ¡vq ‰ KgÆKvíàwj evÕ¦evwqZ nq|
MZ wòk eQi ev ‰i wKQy ˆewk
mgGq bvMwiK ˆmev ‰es ˆcŒi myweavw` cejfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| bMixi wewf®²
AsGki mvG^ msGhvM Õ©vcb ‰es ˆmB mvG^ ˆ`keÅvcx msGhvM Õ©vcbKvix RvGji
bÅvq weÕ¦‡Z ivÕ¦v wbwgÆZ nq| ‰wkqvb nvBIGq, Uãx WvBfvikb ˆivW, wfAvBwc
ˆivW, weRq miYx, ˆivGKqv miYx, wgicyi-ˆgvnvÁÃ`cyi ˆivW, mvZ gmwR` ˆivW,
XvKv-mvGq`vev` ˆivW BZÅvw` bMixi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ivÕ¦vàwji gGaÅ AbÅZg| ‰
mKj ivÕ¦v ˆ^GK AGbK ˆQvU ˆQvU ivÕ¦v kvLv cÉkvLvi gGZv ˆewiGq ‰GmGQ|
bMixGZ MÅvm mieivn ÷i‚ nGqGQ
1970-‰i `kK nGZ| ‰ NUbvwU ‰KwU e†nîi mvnvhÅKvix Dcv`vb hv ivRavbxGK
AvaywbK chÆvGq D®²xZ KGiGQ, ˆmBmvG^ Kqjv I KvGVi `ƒlY ˆ^GK ivRavbxGK
gyî× KiGZI mvnvhÅ KGiGQ| ˆewkifvM ˆÞGò f„MfÆÕ© wbÓ•vkb ˆ^GK Mfxi bjK„Gci
gvaÅGg cvwb mieivn cÉPzi cwigvGY e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ, wK¯§ c«¬wZwU A¯¦f„Æwgi
ÞqmvaGbi mvG^ wecäbKfvGe mÁ·†î×| ‰ cwiwÕ©wZGZ cvwb mieivGni AGcÞvK‡Z
wbivc` eÅeÕ©v wnGmGe `ƒieZÆx Drm nGZ, ˆhgb kxZjÞÅv A^ev ˆgNbv b`xi cvwb
eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
‰KBfvGe we`yÅr mieivn mvÁcÉwZK
KvGj hG^Ó¡ evoGjI Zv ‰K ˆKvwUi AwaK bMievmx ‰es ‰i cÉPzi wk͸ KjKviLvbvi
bvbvwea KgÆKvGí eÅen…Z nGœQ, hv bMixi RbÅ ‰GKevGiB AchÆvµ¦| M†nKvhÆ,
wk͸KviLvbv, eÅemvwqK cÉwZÓ¤vb, nvmcvZvj I wKÑwbK, wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰es
ˆLjvayjvi Õ©vbmgƒGn ò×geaÆgvb Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq we`yÅr mieivn ‰GZvB AcÉZzj
ˆh bMixGK ‰Lb evaÅZvgƒjKfvGe we`yÅr NvUwZ ˆcvnvGZ nGœQ|
ˆUwjGdvb, ˆUGjÝ, dÅvÝ, ˆgvevBj
ˆdvb, B-Ggj ‰es AwZ mÁ·ÉwZ B´ŸviGbU-‰i weivU mieivn bMixi ˆhvMvGhvM
eÅeÕ©v ‰es evBGii RMGZi mvG^ ‰i msGhvM Õ©vcGbi ˆÞGò ‰K Avgƒj cwieZÆb
‰GbGQ|
mvgvwRK-mvsÕ•‡wZK KgÆKví AvçwjK ivRbxwZ, A^ÆbxwZ, mvgvwRK, mvsÕ•‡wZK ‰es ˆLjvayjv welqK KgÆKvGí
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjGbi ˆÞGò XvKv `wÞY ‰wkqvi ‰KwU AbÅZg ivRavbx kni|
‰LvGb RvZxq I Av¯¦RÆvwZK wk͸, mãxZ, wmGbgv, w^GqUvi, b†ZÅ ‰es mvwnZÅ
welqK mGÁÃjb I Drmeàwj wbqwgZfvGe AbywÓ¤Z nq| ‰fvGe XvKv ‰wkqvi AZů¦
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆK±`Êàwji ‰KwUGZ cwiYZ nGqGQ| Dwbk kZGKi gvSvgvwS
mgq nGZ XvKvq cvøvZÅ cÉfvweZ w^GqUviwfwîK Awfbq ÷i‚ nq| cieZÆxKvGj gGç
AwfbGqi ˆÞGò AwfGbòx wnGmGe gwnjvG`i AvwefÆve NGU, hv XvKvi iÞYkxj mgvGR
PvçGjÅi m†wÓ¡ KGi| eZÆgvGb bvUK nGœQ bMixi meGPGq RbwcÉq weGbv`b gvaÅgàwji
‰KwU| AekÅ ‰ gvaÅGgi AvGqvRK, AwfGbZv ‰es `kÆKG`i AwaKvskB wkwÞZ gaÅweî
ˆkÉYxi|
|
|
XvKv ˆÕ¡wWqvg |
Qwe:
ˆgv. Rwni‚j Bmjvg fƒuBqv |
AwZ mÁ·ÉwZ Av¯¦RÆvwZK wò×GKU,
dzUej, nwK, fwjej ‰es AbÅvbÅ welGq Õ¼vMwZK ˆ`Gki ivRavbx wnGmGe XvKvi
bvg Av¯¦RÆvwZK ˆLjvayjvi AãGb ˆek cwiwPZ nGq DGVGQ| weGklfvGe Av¯¦RÆvwZK
wò×GKU cÉwZGhvwMZvi Õ©vb wnGmGe XvKvi DïvGb weGk¼i jÞ jÞ gvbyGli gyGL
evsjvG`Gki bvg DœPvwiZ nGœQ| ‰ DGóGkÅ eãe®¬z RvZxq ˆÕ¡wWqvgGK weGklfvGe
wbeÆvPb Kiv nGqGQ| eãe®¬z ˆÕ¡wWqvgmn wgicyi dzUej ˆÕ¡wWqvg, BbGWvi ˆMgm
ˆÕ¡wWqvg ‰es igbv ˆUwbm KgGµÏÝ eZÆgvGb Av¯¦RÆvwZK ˆLjvayjvi AbÅvbÅ welGqiI
Õ©vb| AbÅvbÅ Av¯¦RÆvwZK welGqi gGaÅ AbÅZg ‰KwU nGœQ eBGgjv| evsjv ‰KvGWgx
cÉvãGY cÉwZeQi ˆdeË‚qvwi gvGm 30w`b eÅvcx eBGgjv AbywÓ¤Z nq| cÉK‡ZcGÞ
‰wU ‰KwU mvaviY ˆgjvi PvBGZI AGbK ˆewk ài‚Z½en| ˆKbbv ‰ DcjGÞ evsjvG`Gki
msÕ•‡wZi cwicƒYÆ weÕ¦vi NGU ‰es gvZ‡fvlv evsjvi cÉwZ gvbyGli kÉ«¬v I
fvjevmvi Abyf„wZ cÉKvwkZ nq| eB cÉKvkbv ‰es ò×q-weò×q eZÆgvGb XvKvi
‰KwU mg†«¬kvjx wk͸; ‰ wkG͸i cÉvYGK±`Ê nGœQ evsjvevRvi ‰jvKv|
gvZ‡fvlv iÞvi RbÅ XvKvq Rxeb
DrmMÆKvix knx`G`i ÕÆwZiÞvi DGóGk, ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwiGK ‘Av¯¦RÆvwZK
gvZ‡fvlv w`em’ wnGmGe mÁ·ÉwZ ˆNvlYv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| ‰i dGj evsjv
eB-‰i cÉKvkbvi ˆÞGò ˆcÉiYvi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| 1952 mvGji ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwi,
evsjvGK cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ivÓ¡Ëfvlv wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡wZ `vGbi RbÅ weGÞvf
cÉ`kÆbKvGj XvKvi Qvò ‰es bvMwiKiv cvwKÕ¦vwb cywjk evwnbxi nvGZ
wbÓ¤zifvGe cÉn…Z ‰es ZuvG`i KGqKRb àwjwe«¬ nb| |
|
RvZxq
Rv`yNi |
Qwe:
ˆgv. Rwni‚j Bmjvg fƒuBqv |
ˆgwWKÅvj KGjGRi wbKGU àwjGZ
QvòG`i wbnZ nIqvi Õ©vGb ‰ wbgÆg NUbv ‰es fvlv AvG±`vjGbi ÕÆwZiÞvi DGóGkÅ
wbwgÆZ nq ÕÆwZÕ¦Á¿ knx` wgbvi | ‰ wgbvi eiveiB evOvwji RbÅ cÉwZevG`i cÉZxK ‰es eZÆgvGb ‰wUGKB
Av¯¦RÆvwZK gvZ‡fvlv w`eGmi wek¼Rbxb cÉZxK wnGmGeI MÉnY Kiv nGqGQ|
eZÆgvGb XvKv ˆ`Gki AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
weGbv`b ˆK±`Êàwji gGaÅ ‰KwU ˆhLvGb iGqGQ ˆek KGqKwU wmGbgv nj, bvUÅ
I mãxZ wgjbvqZb| ‰ bMix Rv`yNi, jvBGeËwi, AvUÆ MÅvjvwi, KÑve ‰es ˆiÕ¡zGi´Ÿ
«¼viv myGkvwfZ nGq AvGQ|
Õ©vcZÅ gyMj Avgj nGZ BG±`v-BmjvwgK ixwZGZ wbwgÆZ gGbvig gmwR`àwji msLÅvwaGKÅi
KviGY XvKv ‘gmwRG`i kni’ wnGmGe cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| Dwbk kZGK BG±`v-weËwUk
ixwZGZ wbwgÆZ ˆek wKQy RuvKRgKcƒYÆ feb ˆ`Lv hvq| Avnmvb gwéj ,
wgUGdvWÆ nvmcvZvj, i…cjvj nvDm , ˆivR MvGWÆb ‰es weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ
KvRÆb nj bMixi Õ©vcwZÅK wb`kÆbmgƒGni gGaÅ AbÅZg| cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj ‰ wbgÆvY‹kjx
bZzb ˆgvo ˆbq ‰es ‰mgq cwøgv ixwZ, weGklZ AvGgwiKvbG`i cÉfve Õ©vcGZÅ
Õ·Ó¡fvGe dzGU IGV| ˆK±`Êxq cvewjK jvBGeËwi ‰es XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq Qvò
wkÞK ˆK±`Ê- ‰i wbgÆvY nGœQ ‰ avivi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ D`vniY| AvGgwiKvb Õ©cwZ
jyB KvGbi (Louis kahn) bKkvK‡Z RvZxq msm` feb
ev cvjÆvGg´Ÿ feGbi wbgÆvY ‰es ˆki-‰-evsjv bMGi w«¼Zxq ivRavbxi cwiK͸bv
I D®²qGb AekÅ ‰ cÉfve KGg AvGm| ZGe Õ©vcwZÅK cig DrKGlÆi RbÅ bKkvwU
Av¯¦RÆvwZK cyiÕ•vi jvf KGi| eZÆgvGb ‰ feb AvaywbK XvKvi Õ©vcZÅwkG͸i
‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ wb`kÆb wnGmGe wPwn×Z| ‰Qvov bMixi wewf®² Õ©vGb weGkl KGi
avbgw´£, BÕ•vUb ‰es KviIqvb evRvi, evwiaviv, àjkvb I Dîivq AvaywbK I
BG±`v-evsjv ixwZi mswgkÉGY ˆek wKQy msLÅK LyeB AvKlÆYxqfvGe bKkvK‡Z
eÅwî×MZ Nievwo I ‰cvUÆGg´Ÿ eÐK MGo DGVGQ|
|
|
Zviv
gmwR` |
Avnmvb
gwéj |
|
|
KvRÆb
nj |
RvZxq
msm` feb |
Lv`Å ‰es iv®²vev®²v mÁ·wKÆZ
LÅvwZ weG`kx Lv`Å ‰es iv®²vev®²vq cvi`wkÆZvi ˆÞGò
XvKvi LÅvwZ MZ KGqK kZvõx aGi AÞzY³ iGqGQ| HwZnÅevnx gyMj i®¬bcÉYvjx
ˆhgb- ˆcvjvI fvZ, wewiqvwb, evKiLvwb ‰es wewf®² cÉKvGii wgÓ¡v®² ‰ ‰jvKvi
myLÅvwZGK aGi ˆiGLGQ ‰es Õ©vbxq I weG`kxG`i KvGQ Lveviàwj AvRI AwZ wcÉq|
mÁ·ÉwZ XvKvi mvG^ weGk¼i AbÅvbÅ ˆ`Gki NwbÓ¡ ˆhvMvGhvGMi dGj PvBwbR,
^vB, Bivwbqvb, BDGivwcqvb ˆiÕ¡zGi´Ÿ ‰es DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe AvGgwiKvb dvÕ¡
dzW ˆPBb MGo DGVGQ| ‰àwj ˆek RbwcÉq Lv`Å ‰es Õ©vbxqG`i KvGQI AwZ wcÉq
nGq DGVGQ| bMixGZ AviI AvGQ chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY cvøvZÅ aiGbi ˆnvGUj| cÅvb
cÅvwmwdK ˆnvGUj ˆmvbviMuvI ‰es ˆkivUb ˆnvGUj nGœQ ‰àwji gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ;
‰àwj XvKvGK Av¯¦RÆvwZKfvGe ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ KGiGQ|
eZÆgvGb XvKv ‰KwU mg†«¬ I ò×geaÆgvb
bMix ˆhLvGb eÅvcKfvGe evwYwRÅK, wk͸msò×v¯¦, Avw^ÆK, ˆLjvayjvwelqK ‰es
mvsÕ•‡wZK KgÆKví mÁ·vw`Z nq| ivRavbx kni ‰es ˆ`Gki cÉkvmwbK m`i `dZi
nIqvGZ ‰wU ivR‹bwZKfvGe kwî×kvjxI eGU| PZzw`ÆGK ewaÆZ nGq ‰ bMix cÉvq
360 eMÆwKGjvwgUvi (XvKv wmwU KGcÆvGikb) ‰jvKvGZ weÕ¦vi jvf KGiGQ ‰es
eZÆgvGb ‰i RbmsLÅv 9.1 wgwjqb (2001)| ‰ bMGii chÆvµ¦ msLÅK Awaevmx eZÆgvGb
hG^Ó¡ abevb| ‰wU evsjvG`Gki D`xqgvb evOvwj gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi AvevmI eGU|
XvKvq eZÆgvGb ‰K AvKwÕÃK D®²qb I mÁ·ÉmviGYi ˆRvqvi ˆ`Lv w`GqGQ| AekÅ
AcwiKw͸Z mÁ·ÉmviGYi Dci ˆKvb myÓ¤z cwiK͸bv ‰es h^vh^ KZ‡ÆcGÞi cÉK‡Z
wbq¯¨Y ˆbB| cÉvq ˆÞGòB ˆKvb KvRKgÆ Qvov MÉvgvçj ˆ^GK ˆRjv kniàwjGZ ˆjvKRGbi
AeÅvnZ AvMgb bMixi AcÉZzj evmÕ©vb ‰es AbÅvbÅ myweavw`i Dci cÉPí Pvc
m†wÓ¡ KiGQ| ‰fvGe bMix ‰K AwbøqZv gaÅ w`Gq AMÉmi nGœQ| hw` ‰ welqàwji
cÉwZ h^vh^fvGe gGbvGhvM ˆ`Iqv bv nq, ZGe weGkl KGi cvwb mieivGni ռ͸Zv,
Õ¼vÕ©ÅwelqK SuywK ‰es ivR‹bwZK I mvgvwRK AwÕ©wZkxjZv nGZ m†Ó¡ ‘A`†kÅ
D®²qb’ bMiwUGK cyGivcywi wea»Õ¦ KGi ˆdjGZ cvGi|
[kixd Dwób AvnGg`]
XvKv (cvwimwiK e†w«¬) eywoMãv
b`xi Dîi ZxGi aGjk¼ix eywoMãvi mãgÕ©Gji cÉvq 13 wKwg DRvGb AewÕ©Z (23°-43´ Dîi AÞvsk ‰es 90°-24´ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsk)| Õ©vbwU c«Âv,
eËþcyò I ˆgNbvi mvG^ ˆQvU ˆQvU b`x «¼viv mshyî×| dGj ˆ`Gki ˆh ˆKvb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
Õ©vGbi mvG^ cYÅ cwienbGhvMÅ| Õ©j ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆÞGòI XvKv myweavRbK Õ©vGb,
ˆKbbv cyivGbv cjj f„wg MwVZ f„LGíi `wÞY mxgvG¯¦i bMiwU mvaviY ebÅvi
mgq PvicvGki b`x mgZj ˆ^GK DuPzGZ AewÕ©Z| bMGii Dîi Ask jvj gvwU AçGj
AewÕ©Z, hv DîGi gqgbwmsn chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z|
mvfvGii mvgvbÅ wbGP aGjk¼ix
ˆ^GK D«¿„Z nGq eywoMãv bMGii cwøg I `wÞY w`K w`Gq cÉevwnZ nGq Wvb w`GK
euvK wbGq dZzÍÏvi cGiB cybivq aGjk¼ixGZ wgwjZ nGqGQ| b`xwU ‰fvGe bMGii
`wÞY I cwøg mxgvbv wbaÆviY KGi| AviI wKQy Rjaviv (cÉavbZ ˆ`vjvB Lvj,
cvíy b`x ‰es evjy b`x) bMixi gaÅ I Avkcvk w`Gq cÉevwnZ| dGj bMGii e†w«¬GZ
‰KwU f„cÉK‡wZMZ euvavi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| bMiwU `wÞGY eywoMãv ˆ^GK DîGi cÉK‡Z
AG^Æ Uãx b`x chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z ‰es ‰ DuPzf„wgi weÕ¦vi `ycvGk mgvµ¦ nGqGQ
wbPz Rjvf„wg ‰es cyivZb b`x-PGii gvGS| wbPz Rjg™² ‰jvKv DuPzf„wgi ‰GKevGi
gvGS ‰Gm cÉGek KGiGQ, ˆhgb" cwøg ˆ^GK cƒGeÆ, wgicyi ˆ^GK KÅv´ŸbGgG´Ÿi
wbPz f„wgGZ ‰es cƒeÆ ˆ^GK cwøGg evwiaviv, wLjGÞZ, Dîivi wbPz f„wgGZ|
dGj bMGii cvwimwiK e†w«¬ Lye mnGR ‰es wbweÆGN³ NGU wb| bMiwUi AwÕ¦GZ½i
wewf®² chvÆGq f„wgi…c ‰i e†w«¬GK wbq¯¨Y KGiGQ|
cÉvK&-gyMj chvÆq XvKvi
cÉvK&&-gymwjg AZxZ AÕ·Ó¡| `kg ˆ^GK òGqv`k kZvõx chƯ¦ wbKUeZÆx
ivRavbx kni weò×gcyi B wQj weLÅvZ| DcwiDî× mgGq ‰ ‰jvKvq RbemwZi BwãZ cvIqv hvq| `wÞY-cƒeÆ
evsjvq gymjgvbG`i (òGqv`k kZvõxi ˆklvaÆ ‰es PZz`Æk kZvõxi cÉ^g w`GK)
AvwacZÅ weÕ¦vGii ci wbKUeZÆx ˆmvbviMuvI cÉwm«¬ nGq IGV| cÉvK&-gyMj AvgGj (PZz`kÆ ˆ^GK ˆlvok kZvõx)
`ywU gmwRG`i DrKxYÆ wjwc, a»skveGkl ‰es wjwLZ `wjGj, weGklZ evnvwiÕ¦vb-B-MvGqwe
ˆ^GK ռ͸ ài‚GZ½i ‰KwU ˆQvU kni wnGmGe XvKvi AwÕ¦Z½ cvIqv hvq| eywoMãvi
evg ZxGi (Dîi) eveyi evRvGii cƒeÆ, Dîi-cƒeÆ ‰es `wÞY-cƒeÆ Ask wbGqB
MGo IGV cÉvK&-gyMj XvKv (gvbwPò-1)| cÉvK&-gyMj AvgGj
wn±`y bvg weRwoZ ˆjvKvjq wbGq MGo IVv cyivGbv XvKvi ‰ AskwUGZ (ˆhgb-
jßxevRvi, evsjvevRvi, mƒòvcyi, RvjyqvbMi, evwbqvbMi, ˆMvqvjbMi, ZvuwZevRvi,
kvuLvwievRvi, QyZvibMi, KvgvibMi, cUzqvUzwj, KzgviUzwj BZÅvw`) wn±`y
KvwiMi I ˆckvRxexG`i cÉvavGbÅi BwãZ cvIqv hvq, hv evwYwRÅK ài‚Z½ mnKvGi
ivRavbx ˆmvbviMuvGqi mw®²KGU MGo IGVwQj| ˆmvbviMuvI ˆ^GK b`xcG^ ˆhvMvGhvGMi
Dci wfwî KGi cÉvK&-gyMj XvKvi ˆjvKvjqàwj MGo IGVwQj| eywoMãv ‰es
ˆ`vjvB b`x ‰i `wÞY ‰es cƒeÆ mxgvbv wbG`Æk KiZ| ZGe ‰i cwøg mxgvbv wPwn×Z
Kiv KwVb| bmIqvjMwj gmwR` wjwcGK (1459 wLË.) wnmvGe ‰Gb ‰i cÉvwµ¦Õ©vGb
(eZÆgvb ˆK±`Êxq KvivMvGii cwøg cvk¼Æ) hw` gmwRG`i AeÕ©vb aiv nq ‰es
hw` gyMj AvMgGbi cƒGeÆI XvGKk¼ix gw±`Gii AwÕ¦Z½ ˆ^GK ^vGK, hvi mÁ¿vebv
hG^Ó¡, ZvnGj ‰ aviYv LyeB mãZ ˆh, bMGii cwøg mxgvbv eveyi evRvi QvwoGqI
XvGKk¼ix"D`yÆ ˆivW AÞ chƯ¦ wQj| wgicyGi kvn Avjx evM`v`xi (whwb
1577 wLË. gviv hvb) `iMvni AwÕ¦Z½ ‰ ‰jvKvq cÉvK&-gyMj emwZ cÉgvY
KGi| ‰wU LyeB mÁ¿e ˆh, eywoMãvi cÉevn eivei bMGii `wÞY, cwøg ‰es Dîi-cwøg
AsGk emwZ MGo IGV| bMGii cwøg AskwU, b`x ZxGii ivGqi evRvi Kzgvicvov
wnGmGe MGo IGV, hw`I ‰ emwZwUi Õ©vcbv mgq mÁ·GKÆ mwVK aviYv cvIqv hvq
bv| AekÅ b`xi ZxGi MGo IVv ‰me emwZ wQj wewÞµ¦| ZGe eveyi evRvGii cƒeÆ
AskwUB wQj Nb emwZcƒYÆ|
gyMj Avgj cÉvK&-gyMj XvKv AvKei ‰i mvgwiK AwfhvGbi mgq ‰KwU ^vbvq (mvgwiK NuvwU) i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| wK¯§
‰wU cÉwm«¬ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi 1610 mvGj Bmjvg Lvb wPkZx hLb myevn-i ivRavbx
‰LvGb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ KGi ‰i bvg ˆ`b RvnvãxibMi| evnvixÕ¦vb ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq
ˆh, Bmjvg Lvb wPkZxi mgGq `yMÆ (eZÆgvb ˆK±`Êxq KvivMvi) ‰es `yGMÆi ˆmvRv
`wÞGY b`xZxGii Puv`wbNvU ‰jvKv `ywU MGo IGV| `yMÆ ‰es Pv`wbNvGUi (eZÆgvb
PKevRvi) gaÅeZÆx ‰jvKvi evRviwU, hvi cƒGeÆi bvg ev`kvnx evRvi, ‰es `yGMÆi
cwøGg D`ÆyevRvi mÁ¿eZ ‰KB mgGqB MGo DGVwQj| eveyi evRvGii wbKUeZÆx eywoMãv
ˆ^GK gvwjGUvjv-ZvuwZevRvGii wbKGU ˆ`vjvB Lvj chƯ¦ ‰KwU Lvj LbGbi K‡wZZ½
Bmjvg LvGbi| KvhÆZ ‰ LvjwUB ‘cyivGbv XvKv’i mvG^ Bmjvg LvGbi ‘bZzb XvKv’i
mxgvbv wbaÆviY KiZ (gvbwPò-2)| b`x ZxGii mgv¯¦ivGj eveyi evRvi
ˆ^GK cvUzqvUzwj chƯ¦ ‰jvKvwU Bmjvgcyi bvGg cwiwPZ wQj| eskvj-gvwjevM
‰jvKvi cyivGbv gyMjUzwji AwÕ¦Z½ ‘cyivGbv XvKv’q gyMjG`i cÉ^g w`GKi `Lj`vwiZ½
cÉgvY KGi|
1717 mvGj gywkÆ`vevG` ivRavbx
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nIqvi cƒeÆchƯ¦ Bmjvg Lvb KZ‡ÆK mƒwPZ ‘bZzb XvKv’ cieZÆx
myevn`viG`i «¼viv ò×gk e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| ‰Kk eQGii wKQy ˆewk mgq aGi
XvKv cÉvG`wkK ivRavbxi mÁÃvb DcGfvM KGi| cÉkvmwbK cÉGqvRGbi mvG^
ò×geaÆgvb evwYwRÅK KgÆKví hyî× nGq XvKv ‰KwU ˆQvU kni ˆ^GK gnvbMGi cwiYZ
nq| gyMj XvKv wbGRi ˆfZGiB ‘cyivGbv XvKv’ˆK MÉvm KGi cƒGeÆ bvwi±`v,
cwøGg gvGbk¼i I nvRvwievM ‰es DîGi igbvi cÉv¯¦wÕ©Z dzjevwoqv ‰jvKv chƯ¦
(eZÆgvb ˆK±`Êxq ˆUwjGdvb ‰ÝGPé-‰i `wÞGY ˆhLvGb ‰K mgq XvKv ˆijIGq ˆÕ¡kb
AewÕ©Z wQj) ewaÆZ nGqGQ| cwøg mxgvG¯¦ MGo IGVwQj wcjLvbv| cwøGg `yMÆ
I wcjLvbvi gaÅeZÆx Õ©vb ‰es DîGi `yMÆ I dzjevwoqvi gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGb ivRKxq
KgÆKZÆv, miKvwi KgÆPvix, eÅemvqx cÉf‡wZG`i AvevwmK ‰jvKv MGo IGV| cwiK͸bvnxb
fvGe MGo IVv KzíywjcuvKvGbv ivÕ¦vmn (cyivGbv XvKv bvGg cwiwPZ) bMiwU
myÕ·Ó¡fvGeB gyMj knGii Qvc enb KiGQ| `yMÆwU wQj knGii cÉavb ˆK±`Ê| knGii
AbÅvbÅ ‰jvKv (gnÍÏv) MGo DGVwQj AvevwmK I evwYwRÅK cÉGqvRGb| `yGMÆi
`wÞY ‰es ‰GKevGi b`x chƯ¦ `wÞY-cwøg Ask MGo DGVwQj evwYwRÅK ‰jvKv wnGmGe
‰es Dîi-cƒeÆ ‰es Dîi-cwøg Açj wQj AvevwmK ‰jvKv|
bMGii Dîi mxgvbv ewaÆZ wQj
gxiRygjv (1660"1663) KZ‡ÆK wbwgÆZ cÉavb dUK chƯ¦| eZÆgvGb ‰ ˆZviYwU
AvaywbK mgvwaGmŒa wZb ˆbZvi gvhvGii wbKGU ‰es XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi weævb
MÉÕ©vMvi-‰i cƒGeÆ AewÕ©Z| gxiRygjv ivRavbx cÉwZiÞvi RbÅ `ywU `ƒieZÆx
`yGMÆi mGã ˆhvMvGhvM iÞvKvix ivÕ¦v ŠZwi KGiwQGjb| ‰KwU ivÕ¦v wQj DîGi
Uãx-Rvgvjcyi `yMÆ ‰es AciwU cƒGeÆ dZzÍÏv `yMÆ
chƯ¦| ‰B `yw`GK knGii e†w«¬GZ ivÕ¦v `ywUi cÉfve
AekÅB wQj|
kvGqÕ¦v Lvb-‰i AvgGj (1663"1678;
1679"1688) XvKvi e†w«¬ ‰es `vjvb-ˆKvVv wbgÆvY nGqGQ eÅvcK nvGi|
1666 mvGj XvKvq AvMZ ˆUfvwbÆqvi-‰i gGZ XvKv wQj ‰KwU wekvj kni| wZwb
eGjb XvKv e†w«¬ cvq ÷ay jÁ¼vq, KviY mevB b`xi avGiB evm KiGZ PvBZ| Ugvm
evDwi (1669"1679 ‰i gGaÅ ˆjLv) XvKvi cwiwa cÉvq 40 gvBj eGj DGÍÏL
KGiGQb| BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb i cÉ^g w`GKi `wjj Abyhvqx (1786 I
1800) knGii mxgvbv wQj" `wÞGY eywoMãv, DîGi Uãx, cwøGg Rvdivev`,
wgicyi ‰es cƒGeÆ ˆcvÕ¦GMvjv| ZGe DGÍÏL Kiv cÉGqvRb ˆh gxiRygjvi XvKv
ˆZviGYi DîGi ˆjvKemwZ wQj wewÞµ¦| BDGivcxq evwYRÅ ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji dÅvÙwimgƒn
wQj ˆZRMuvI ‰jvKvq| dzjevwoqv ‰es XvKv ˆZviGYi gaÅeZÆx ‰jvKvwU, hv evM-B-ev`kvnx
bvGg cwiwPZ wQj, gƒj gyMj knGii evBGi ‰KwU ewnÕ©ejq ŠZwi KGiwQj| gyMj
knGii weÕ¦vi nGqwQj gƒjZ `yGMÆi cwøg w`GK ‰es b`xZxi eivei gyMj emwZ
ewaÆZ nGqwQj knGii Dîi-cwøg w`GK Rvdivev`-wgicyi ‰jvKv chƯ¦| kvGqÕ¦v
LvGbi mvZMÁ¼yR gmwR` chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z eZÆgvb mvZgmwR` moKwU mÁ¿eZ Dîi-cwøg
AGÞ gyMj emwZ MGo ZzjGZ mnvqZv KGi| gxiRygjv KZ‡ÆK wbwgÆZ evM-B-ev`kvnx
I Uãx mvgwiK NvwUi gGaÅ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcbKvix moKwU (cieZÆxKvGj XvKv gqgbwmsn
moGKi Ask) knGii H w`GK fwelÅr D®²qGbi AÞ ŠZwi KGiGQ|
jÞYxq ˆh, XvKv avivevwnK fvGe
DuPz f„wgi Dci AewÕ©Z wQj bv| `wÞGY eywoMãvi mgv¯¦ivGj cƒGeÆ ˆcvÕ¦GMvjv
ˆ^GK cwøGg nvRvwievM chƯ¦ ‰Kdvwj DuPz f„wg wQj ‰es ‰ ejGqi Dîi mxgvbv
gyMjG`i evM-B-ev`kvnx chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj| ‰ ejGqi Dîi ˆ^GK Uãx chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z
AçjwU cƒeÆ I cwøg Dfq w`K ˆ^GK Lvj, Rjvkq ‰es wbPz Rjvf„wg «¼viv wewœQ®²|
cwøg cvGk¼Æi avbgw´£, kÅvgjx-KjÅvYcyi ‰es wgicyi KÅv´ŸbGg´Ÿ ‰jvKvq iGqGQ
wbPz Rjvf„wg| AbÅw`GK cƒeÆ cvGk¼Æ KviIqvb evRvGii `wÞGY DuPz f„wgi gvGS
ˆeàbevwo LvGji gvaÅGg m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ wbPz ‰jvKv| ‰B wbPz f„wg DîGi AMÉmi
nGq àjkvb, ebvbxi DuPz f„wg chƯ¦ ewaÆZ| àjkvb-ebvbxi ‰ DuPz f„wgi ejqwU
Dîiv I Uãx chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z| ‰ ‰jvKvwU Dfq cvGk¼Æ wbPz f„wg I Rjvkq «¼viv
ˆewÓ¡Z, hv wKbv cwøGg ZzivM ‰es cƒGeÆ evjy b`x «¼viv µÏvweZ nq| gyMj
AvgGj bMGii e†w«¬ Õ¼vevwfKfvGeB cÉK‡wZi ‰ cÉfveGK AbymiY KGiGQ| XvKv
KGjR-wbD gvGKÆU chƯ¦ avbgw´£ ‰jvKvwU ‰ ˆmw`bI wQj avwb Rwg|
evwYwRÅK ài‚GZ½i KviGYB XvKv
BDGivcxq eÅemvqxG`i AvK‡Ó¡ KGi| ‰G`i gaÅ wQj cZzÆwMR, Ij±`vR, BsGiR,
divwm ‰es AvGgÆbxq MY| ‰iv mKGjB mµ¦`k kZvõxGZ XvKvq
ZvG`i evwbRÅGK±`Ê Õ©vcb KGi| ˆZRMuvI ‰jvKvGZ Zviv ZvG`i dÅvÙwi MGo ˆZvGj,
dGj ˆZRMuvI ‰jvKv cieZÆx kZK ‰es ZviciI evwYwRÅK ‰jvKvi ài‚Z½ ˆcGZ ^vGK|
KviIqvb evRvGii DîGi (gyMj AvgGjI ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evwYRÅGK±`Ê) ‰es Aaybvjyµ¦
LvRv AvÁ¼i eËxR-‰i AÞ eivei gxiRygjv KZ‡ÆK wbwgÆZ moGKi Dfq cvGk¼Æ BDGivcxq
emwZ MGo IGV|
1717 mvGj cÉvG`wkK ivRavbx
XvKv ˆ^GK gywkÆ`vevG` Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGj XvKvi ˆMŒiGevä¾j AaÅvGqi mgvwµ¦
NGU| XvKv nGq IGV bvGqe bvwRGgi AvÕ¦vbv ‰es cƒeÆevsjvi gyMj mvgwiK I
ˆbŒ evwnbxi m`i `µ¦i| ZGe BDGivcxq ewYKG`i evwYwRÅK KgÆKv´£ ZLbI XvKvGK
RxweZ ivGL, hw`I Zvi cvwimwiK ˆKvb e†w«¬ cwijwÞZ nq bv| ZGe 1765 mvGj
BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb `xDqvwb jvf Kivi ci XvKvi cZb ÷i‚ nq| hw`I cÉvG`wkK wePvi wefvM I Avwcj `µ¦i
XvKvGZB wQj Z^vwc 1828 mvj bvMv` bMiwU ÷ay ‰KwU ˆRjv m`Gi cwiYZ nq|
AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ˆkGli w`GK ‰es Ebwesk kZvõxi cÉ^g w`GK mywZeÕ¨ evwYGRÅi
cZb nGj ‰B a»sm Zivw¯¼Z nq ‰es 1840 mvj bvMv` ‰B cZb PiGg ˆcuŒQvq| AwaKvsk
gyMj kniB nq cwiZÅî× bq RãjvKxYÆ nGqGQ| wK¯§ XvKv nGqGQ msKzwPZ| ‰K`v
NbemwZcƒYÆ ‰jvKv nGqGQ ˆjvKkƒbÅ| 1859 mvGj cÉÕ¦ZK‡Z ‰KwU gvbwPò ˆ^GK
ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, ‰wU Š`GNÆ ˆmvqv wZb gvBGji mvgvbÅ ˆewk ‰es cÉGÕ© ˆmvqv
‰K gvBGji gGZv RvqMv `Lj KGi AvGQ (gvbwPò-3)|
cÉv^wgK JcwbGewkK chvÆq 1840 mvGj wgDwbwmcÅvj KwgwU ‰es 1841 mvGj XvKv KGjGRi
cÉwZÓ¤v XvKvi RxeGb ‰K bZzb AaÅvGqi mƒPbv KGi| ˆek wKQy BwZevPK c`GÞc
axGi axGi bMiwUGK BDGivcxq cÉfvevaxb AvaywbK knGii w`GK ‰wMGq wbGq hvq|
Ebwesk kZvõxi w«¼ZxqvaÆwU wQj ‰i cvwimwiK cybRÆG¯Ãi| kni mxgvbv e†w«¬
bv ˆcGjI gyMj kniwU cvKv ivÕ¦v, DÁÃyî× RvqMv, ivÕ¦vi AvGjv, cvBGci gvaÅGg
cvwb mieivn BZÅvw` mg†«¬ nGq ‰KwU AvaywbK knGi cwiYZ nq| 1825 mvGj BsGiR
ˆgwRGÕ¡ËU PvjÆm WGqm ‰ cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ KGib| Zvi c`GÞGci gGaÅ wQj igbv ‰jvKv
cwiÓ•vi KGi ˆimGKvmÆ gq`vb (eZÆgvb ˆmvnivIqv`Æx D`Åvb) Õ©vcb| ivGmj
wÕ•bvi (ˆgwRGÕ¡ËU, 1840) ‰ D®²qGbi aviv AeÅvnZ ivGLb| AvGgÆbxq ‰ivZzb
Rwg`vi cwievi ˆimGKvmÆ gq`vGbi cwøGg (eZÆgvb AÅvUwgK ‰bvwRÆ Kwgkb ‰es
wU.‰m.wm ‰jvKv) wKQy RvqMv wKGb ‰KwU evwo wbÆgvY KGi| Ebwesk kZvõxi
w«¼ZxqvGaÆ Lye A͸ mgGqi gGaÅ XvKv bIqve cwievi ˆimGKvmÆ gq`vGbi cwøg
cvk¼ÆÕ© ‰jvKvi D®²qb mvab KGi ‰es ˆek eo AvKvGii feb, KgGµÏÝ ‰es evMvb
wbgÆvY KGi| ‰jvKvwU kvnvevM wnGmGe cwiwPZ nGq IGV| bIqveMY (LvRv AvwjgyÍÏvni
cwievi) ÷ay kvnevMB bq knGii Dîi-cƒeÆ AsGk w`jKzkv ‰es gwZwSj ‰jvKvI
MGo ˆZvGjb| Hme ‰jvKvq Zviv weGbv`Gbi RbÅ evMvb evwo wbgÆvY KGib|
WGqm bIqvecyGii Dîi-cƒeÆ Ask
cwiÓ•vi KGi ‰jvKvwUGZ ˆmbvQvDwb Õ©vcb KGib| ‰ ‰jvKvwUB cieZÆx mgGq cyivbv
cΟb bvGg cwiwPZ nq| AekÅ gkvi cÉGKvGci KviGY 1853 mvGj ˆmbvQvDwbwU
jvjevM `yGMÆ mwiGq ˆbIqv nq| ˆkl chƯ¦ 1857 mvGj wmcvwn weµÏGei ci knGii
cƒeÆ mxgvbvq b`x ZxGii wgj eÅvivGK ˆmbvQvDwb Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| cyivbv cΟb
‰jvKv wmcvwnG`i AbykxjGbi gq`vb wnGmGe eÅen…Z nGZ ^vGK| ‰i wKQy Ask
AekÅ ˆKvÁ·vwbi evMvb ‰es ˆLjvi gvGV cwiYZ nq|
Ebwesk kZvõxi ˆkl ‰K-PZz^Ævsk
chƯ¦ eywoMãv b`xZxi ‰jvKvq XvKvi D®²qb NUGZ ^vGK| ‰LvGb abxiv Avnmvb
gwéj ‰es i…cjvj nvDGmi gGZv ˆek wKQy PgrKvi feb wbgÆvY KGib| wefvMxq
Kwgkbvi wm.B evKjÅv´£ KZƆK b`xi Dîi ZxGi euva wbÆgvGYi dGj b`x-mÁÃyLÕ©
DcGii cÉkÕ¦ ‰jvKvwU ‰KwU wPîvKlÆK ‰jvKvq cwiYZ nq| evKjÅv´£ euvawUGK
cÉK‡wZGcÉgxG`i wgjb Õ©Gj cwiYZ KGi (Ebwesk kZvõxi Avwki `kGK wZbwU chÆvGq
‰ wbgvÆY mÁ·®² nq)| XvKv MfbÆGg´Ÿ Õ•zj, wgUGdvWÆ nvmcvZvj, XvKv IqvUvi
IqvKÆm ‰es ˆm´Ÿ Ugvm PvPÆ KgGµÏÝ wQj Ebwesk kZvõxGZ XvKvi D®²qGb KGqKwU
gvBj djK| ˆijIGq cÉeZÆGbi ciB b`xZxi ‰jvKv axGi axGi Zvi ài‚Z½ nvivq
‰es knGii cøvr Ask wnGmGe MYÅ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
Ebwesk kZvõxi ˆkl w`GK knGii
cƒeÆ I `wÞY-cƒGeÆ bZzb AvevwmK ‰jvKv wnGmGe bvwi±`v I ˆMívwiqv MGo IGV|
‰KB mgq nvRvwievM-bIqveMé ‰jvKvqI D®²qb NGU; cÉ^Ggvî× ‰jvKvwU nvo I
Pvgov wk͸ ‰es ˆkGlvî×wU cvU cÉwò×qvRvZKiY ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe MGo IGV| 1866
mvGj ˆm´Ÿ Ugvm PvGPÆi DGΟvw`GK ˆRjv ˆKvUÆ I mve-RRGKvUÆ ‰es ˆgwRGÕ¡ËU
I KÅvGjÙGii Awdm cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| eZÆgvGbI ‰ Awdmàwj cƒGeÆi Õ©vGbB we`Ågvb|
1885 mvGj XvKvi KÅvGjÙi ˆdÌWvwiK IqÅvi DœP gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi RbÅ IqvixGZ
mycÉkÕ¦ ivÕ¦v ‰es cqtwbÓ•vkGbi myeÅeÕ©vmn ‰KwU cwiKw͸Z AvevwmK ‰jvKv
MGo ˆZvGjb|
1885-86 mvGj bvivqbMé"XvKv"gqgbwmsn
ˆÕ¡U ˆijIGq Õ©vwcZ nq| gyMj AvgGj Õ©vwcZ ivÕ¦vi cÉvq mgv¯¦ivjfvGe Õ©vwcZ
ˆij jvBbwU wQj Uãx ˆ^GK ˆZRMuvI, KviIqvbevRvi nGq kvnevM chƯ¦| kvnevGMi
evMvb ‰jvKvwU iÞvi RbÅ ˆij jvBbwU igbvi PvicvGk ‰KwU jyGci gGZv ŠZwi
KGi cÉ^Gg cƒeÆw`GK euvK wbGq wbgZjx-dzjevwoqv ‰jvKvi gaÅ w`Gq AMÉmi
nGq Avevi `wÞY w`GK euvK wbGq dZzÍÏv I bvivqYMGé ˆcuŒQvq| ˆij jvBGbi
AewÕ©wZ jvBGbi `wÞY ‰es cƒGeÆ gƒj knGii AwÕ¦Z½GK cÉgvY KGi| dzjevwoqv
‰jvKvwU XvKv ˆijIGq ˆÕ¡kbmn ‰KwU ˆijIGq KgGµÏGÝi gGZv MGo IGV|
1905-‰i eãfã chÆvq 1905 mvGj XvKvi fvMÅ LyGj hvq hLb ‰GK beMwVZ cƒeÆeã I Avmvg cÉG`Gki
ivRavbx Kiv nq| gymv Lvb gmwR` ‰i Dîi cƒGeÆ evM-B-ev`kvnx ‰jvKvq jWÆ KvRÆb KZƆK KvRÆb nj
wbgÆvGYi gvaÅGg 1904 mvGj ‘bZzb XvKv’i AMÉhvòv ÷i‚ nq| 1905 ˆ^GK 1911
mvj mgqKvGj `wÞGY KvRÆb nj ˆ^GK DîGi wg´ŸzGivW chƯ¦ ‰es cƒGeÆ KvRÆb
nGji wecixGZ cyivGbv nvBGKvUÆ feGbi ‰KUz cƒGeÆ Õ©vwcZ MfbÆGg´Ÿ nvDm
ˆ^GK cwøGg bxjGÞZ chƯ¦ igbv ‰jvKvwU MGo IGV (gvbwPò-4)| ‰jvKvwUGZ
BDGivcxq ixwZi `vjvb-ˆKvVv I cvKv ivÕ¦vi ‰KwU cwiKw͸Z ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo
DVGZ ^vGK| bZzb cÉG`Gki cÉ^g ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ MfbÆi mÅvi
eÅvÁ·wdΣ dzjvi ‰i bvg AbymvGi bxjGÞZ ‰jvKvi gaÅ w`Gq AMÉmigvY ivÕ¦vwUi
bvg ˆ`Iqv nq dzjvi ˆivW|
‰ mgqKvGj MGo IVv AvKlÆYxq
feGbi gGaÅ wQj MfbÆi nvDm (cyivGbv nvBGKvUÆ I eZÆgvb cÉwZiÞv g¯¨Yvjq
feb), ˆmGò×UvwiGqU feb (eZÆgvb XvKv ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR nvmcvZvj) ‰es KvRÆb nj | DœPc`Õ© KgÆKZÆvG`i ˆekwKQy AvKÆlYxq bKkvi AvevwmK evwo MGo IGV
‰es fwelÅGZ D®²qb KvhÆò×Ggi jGÞÅ wKQy ‰jvKv, weGkl KGi knGii Dîi AsGk
wbw`ÆÆÓ¡ KGi ivLv nq| ‰ mgqB XvGKk¼ix ‰jvKvq gaÅweî ˆkÉYx I wbg³c`Õ©
miKvwi KgÆKZÆvG`i RbÅ Õ¡vd KGjvwb MGo IGV| Avgjvcvov bvGg MGo IVv ‰jvKvwU
wQj ‰KwU bZzb bMi msÕ•‡wZi mƒòai ‰es AvwRgcyi Õ¡vd KGjvwbi cƒeÆmƒwi|
‰KwU mycwiKw͸Z bZzb ivRavbxi DG¯Ãl NGU| cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZi mvG^ gvbvbmB
‰KwU cvGKÆi RbÅ Dîi cvGk¼Æ mycwimi D¯Ãyî× Õ©vb wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv nq| cvKÆwU
igbv cvKÆ bvGg AwfwnZ nq| cvKÆwU wbÆgvGY j´£Gbi wKD MvGWÆb ˆ^GK weGklæ
Avbv nq dzGji evMvb wbÆgvY, weij cÉRvwZi e†Þ ˆivcY ‰es Rjvkq ŠZwii cwiK͸bvi
RbÅ| ‰KB mgGq igbvi Dîi-cƒeÆ AsGk wmG«¬k¼ix ‰jvKvwU cwiÕ•vi KGi AvevwmK
‰jvKv wnGmGe MGo ˆZvjv nq| dGj wesk kZvõxi ‘bZzb XvKv’i R¯Ã nq weËwUk
kvmKG`i nvGZ| ZGe cwiK͸bv evÕ¦evqGbi cƒGeÆB ‰es wKQy feGbi wbgvÆY KvR
mÁ·®² nIqvi AvGMB eãfã i` Kiv nGj bZzb ‰KwU ivRavbx wbgÆvGYi mgMÉ cwiK͸bv
e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq|
1911 mvGj eãfã i` nGj XvKv
cybivq Zvi AvGMi AeÕ©vGb wdGi hvq| 1947 mvj chƯ¦ XvKvi BwZnvGm DGÍÏLGhvMÅ
NUbv nGjv 1921 mvGj XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉwZÓ¤v| XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq Õ©vwcZ
nq igbv ‰jvKvq wbwgÆZ ˆewkifvM bZzb febàwj wbGq| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi mvG^
mÁ·ÆwKZ ˆek wKQy bZzb feb MGo IGV hv knGii ˆkvfv e†w«¬GZ gvBj djK wnGmGe
KvR KGiGQ| ‰G`i gGaÅ wQj KvRÆb nGji weævb feb ‰es mwjgyÍÏvn gymwjg Qvòvevm|
1947 mvGj XvKv cybivq cÉvG`wkK ivRavbxi ghÆv`v wdGi cvq|
cvwKÕ¦vb chÆvq miKvwi KgÆKZÆv, eÅemvqx mÁcÉ`vq ‰es mGeÆvcwi AvevwmK cÉGqvRb me
wgwjGq RbMGYi Pvwn`v becÉwZwÓ¤Z cÉvG`wkK ivRavbxwUi `Ë‚Z e†w«¬GZ Ae`vb
ivGL| fviZ ˆ^GK AvMZ wecyjmsLÅK gymjgvb ˆgvU RbmsLÅvi 103% e†w«¬ NUvq|
dGj knGii duvKv RvqMvmn kniZjxGZI bZzb emwZ MGo IGV| 1947 mvGji 15.54
eMÆwKGjvwgUvi ‰jvKvi bMiwU `yB `kGKi gaÅ 1962 mvGj 64.75 eMÆwKGjvwgUvGi
cwiYZ nq| cÉ^gw`GK miKvwi KgÆKZÆvG`i AvevwmK mgmÅvi mgvavb NGU igbv
‰jvKvi miKvwi febàwjGZ| XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq Zvi wbRÕ¼ D®²qGbi RbÅB mgMÉ
bxjGÞZ ‰jvKv ‰es kvnevGMi wKQy Ask `Lj KGi| XvGKk¼ix, cjvkx eÅvivK (wmcvwn
weµÏe-cieZÆx KvGj BsGiRG`i «¼viv cÉwZwÓ¤Z) ‰es AvwRgcyi ‰jvKvq miKvwi
ˆKvqvUÆvi MGo DVGZ ÷i‚ KGi| 1954 mvGj wbD gvGKÆGUi wbgÆvY mÁ·®² nq|
cyivbv cΟb ˆ^GK bqv cΟb, BÕ•vUb ˆ^GK gMevRvi, wmG«¬k¼ix I KvKivBj
ˆ^GK ivRvievM I kvw¯¦ bMi nGq Kgjvcyi chƯ¦, ˆmàb evwMPv mgÕ¦ ‰jvKvB
`Lj nGq hvq| 1947 mvGji cGi nVvr KGiB RbmsLÅvi `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ igbv ‰jvKvi
Dîi, Dîi-cƒeÆ ‰es Dîi-cwøGgi mgÕ¦ DuPz f„wgGZ bZzb XvKv MGo IGV| gyMj
AvgGji cyivGbv XvKv Dwbk kZGKi ˆkl w`GK ‰es wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK bIqve
cwievGii «¼viv jvwjZ nGq cvwKÕ¦vb m†wÓ¡i ci bZzb RxeGbi Õ·±`Gb ˆRGM
IGV|
‰K mgGqi Rjvkq I wbPz f„wgi
gwZwSj ‰jvKv 1954 mvGj evwYwRÅK ‰jvKv wnGmGe wPwn×Z nq| ‰ mgGqi gGaÅ
bIqvecyi ˆijIGq ò×wms-‰i Dîi ˆ^GK cyivbv cΟb chƯ¦ ‰KwU D¯Ãyî× ‰jvKvi
m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰LvGb MGo IGV ˆÕ¡wWqvg (eZÆgvb eãe®¬z RvZxq ˆÕ¡wWqvg) ‰es
‰ weÕ¦xYÆ D¯Ãyî× ‰jvKvwUi cwøg cvGk¼Æ ŠZwi nq wR®²vn ‰wfwbD (eZÆgvGb
eãe®¬z ‰wfwbD)| wesk kZvõxi cçvGki `kGK cÉ^g evGii gGZv wR®²vn ‰wfwbD
ˆ^GK wegvb e±`i chƯ¦ `yB w`GK PjvPjÞg ivÕ¦v ŠZwi nq| AbÅvbÅ ˆek wKQy
ivÕ¦vI cÉkÕ¦ Kiv nq| ‰ ‰jvKvq lvGUi `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK RvZxq gmwR` evqZzj
ˆgvKviig ‰i cÉwZÓ¤v ‰KwU gvBjdjK wnGmGe weGewPZ| cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj
‰ ‰jvKvwUGZ MGo IVv AbÅvbÅ AviI wKQy ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ feGbi gGaÅ wW.AvB.wU
feb, mvZZjv Av`gwR ˆKvUÆ, cvwKÕ¦vb B´ŸvibÅvkbvj ‰qvijvB´Ö Awdm, cvwKÕ¦vb
iµ¦vwb D®²qb KGcÆvGikb feb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|
cÉwZwbqZ ˆeGo IVv AvevwmK Pvwn`v
cƒiGYi RbÅ 1955 mvGji ci avbgw´£ ‰jvKvwUGK ‰KwU cwiKw͸Z AvevwmK ‰jvKv wnGmGe MGo ˆZvjv nq| wgicyi moKGK gvSLvGb ˆiGL ˆgvnvÁÃ`cyi I wgicyi chƯ¦
ivÕ¦vi `y’cvGk¼Æi DuPz f„wgGZB ‰KwU AvevwmK emwZ MGo IGV| lvGUi `kGKi
gvSvgvwSGZ miKvwifvGeB ˆgvnvÁÃ`cyi I wgicyi ‰jvKvq Awfevmx gymwjg RbGMvÓ¤xi
RbÅ emwZ MGo IGV| cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK ˆZRMvuI wegvb e±`i I ˆZRMvuI
evwYRÅ ‰jvKv miKvwi cÉKG͸i gGaÅ AvGm|
abx gymwjg eÅemvqxiv ZvG`i
RvqMv KGi ˆbq beMwVZ BÕ·vnvwb KGjvwb I wejvjvevG`| ‰iciB AvGm ˆjwWm
KÑve chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z BÕ•vUb MvGWÆb ‰jvKvwU, ˆhLvGb ‰K cvGk MGo IGV eÅwî×
gvwjKvaxb evwo ‰es AbÅw`GK miKvwi dÑvU| ‰i ˆ^GK mvgvbÅ `ƒGi 1953 mvGj
cÉwZwÓ¤Z nwj dÅvwgwj nvmcvZvj bMiwUGZ AvaywbK wPwKrmv eÅeÕ©vi mƒòcvZ
NUvq|
‰B ‰KB mgq ivRvievM ‰jvKvq
cywjkG`i RbÅ ‰es kvw¯¦bMi ‰jvKvq WvK I Zvi KgÆPvixG`i RbÅ miKvwi feb
MGo IGV| wmG«¼k¼ix, KvKivBj ‰es Kgjvcyi chƯ¦ wekvj ‰jvKvwU AvevwmK
KGjvbx mg†«¬ nGq IGV|
wesk kZvõxi lvGUi `kGKi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ
XvKvGK cvwKÕ¦vGbi w«¼Zxq ivRavbx Kivi wm«¬v¯¦ Kiv nq ‰es ˆZRMuvI dvgÆ
I wegvb e±`Gii cwøGg ˆkGi-evsjv bMi Õ©vcb Kiv nq| cÉK͸wUi bKkv KGib
jyB AvB Kvb| cÉK͸wU hw`I lvGUi `kGK ÷i‚ nq ZGe Zv mgvµ¦ nq Avwki `kGKi
gvSvgvwS| Pvik ˆnÙi ‰jvKvi ˆkGievsjv bMiwU `ywU ˆjK I e†Þ mvwii gvGS
cÉkÕ¦ ivÕ¦vmn nGq IGV cÉvK‡wZK ˆmŒ±`hÆgwíZ ‰K wPîvKlÆK ‰jvKv| ‰jvKvwUi
meGPGq jÞYxq ŠewkÓ¡Å ‰B ˆh, ‰wU ռ͸ DœPZvi febmg†«¬ ‰KwU Õ©vb| eÅwZò×g
÷ay wekvj msm` feb, hv wKbv XvKvi AvaywbK Õ©vcZÅ wkG͸i ‰KwU gvBjdjK|
1956 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z XvKv BÁcÉ‚fGg´Ÿ
UÇvÕ¡ (DIT) (1987 mvGj ivRavbx D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ
ev ivRDK-‰ cwiYZ) bMGii cwiKw͸Z D®²qGbi c`GÞc ˆbq| wW.AvB.wU 1961 mvGj
àjkvb gGWj UvDb, 1964 mvGj ebvbx, 1965 mvGj Dîiv ‰es 1972 mvGj evwiavivi
(1962 mvGj cwiKw͸Z) D®²qb NUvq| ò×geaÆgvb evwYwRÅK Pvwn`v gwZwSj msj™²
w`jKzkv evMvb ‰jvKvwUGK MÉvm KGi| ‰wU jÞYxq ˆh, àjkvb, ebvbx, evwiaviv
I Dîivi D®²qGbi RbÅ Õ©vb wbeÆvPb Kiv nGqGQ XvKv Uãx AGÞi DuPz f„wgGZ|
lvGUi `kGKi gvSvgvwSGZ ˆij
jvBGbi c^ cwieZÆb Kiv nq| ˆZRMuvIGqi ci ‰wUGK cƒeÆ w`GK ˆNvivGbv nq
‰es ivRvievM, Kgjvcyi ‰es evmvGevi gaÅ w`Gq Õ¼vgxevM"hvòvevwoi
wbKGU cybivq ‰wUGK cƒGeÆi cyivGbv jvBGbi mvG^ mshyî× Kiv nq| KgjvcyGi
‰KwU bZzb ˆijGÕ¡kb Õ©vcb Kiv nq| ‰icGiB cyivGbv ˆij jvBbwU i…cv¯¦wiZ
nGq IGV ‰KwU msGhvM moK wnGmGe| ˆmvbviMuvI ˆivW bvGg cwiwPZ moKwU bxjGÞZ,
cjvkx, dzjevwoqv ‰es Iqvix I bvwi±`vi DîivsGki gaÅ w`Gq KvIivb evRvGii
mGã hvòvevwoi msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi|
DîivsGki ‰B mgÕ¦ D®²qb bMiwUi
PvwiwòK ŠewkGÓ¡Å ‰K Avgyj cwieZÆb AvGb| cyivGbv gyMj kniwU AvGMi gGZvB
mi‚ ivÕ¦v mÁ¼wjZ Nb emZ-evwo, nvU-evRvi I ˆ`vKvbcvU mg†«¬B ˆ^GK hvq|
AbÅw`GK Dîi w`GK mÁcÉmviY NGU cÉkÕ¦ ivÕ¦vwewkÓ¡ cwiKw͸Z bMixi| ‰ cv^ÆKÅB
gyMj XvKvGK cwiYZ KGi ‘cyivZb XvKv’q ‰es DîGii ewaÆZ Ask nGq IGV ‘bZzb
XvKv’|
evsjvG`k chÆvq 1971 mvGj evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv ‰KwU mveÆGfŒg ˆ`Gki ivRavbx wnGmGe
XvKvGK ˆMŒie I mÁÃvb cÉ`vb KGi| Avi ‰wUB XvKvi AÕ¼vfvweK e†w«¬i mƒòcvZ
KGi| cÉ^g w`KKvi cwiKw͸Z ‰jvKv àjkvb, ebvbx, evwiaviv I Dîiv cƒYÆ nGq
IGV, duvKv Ask Lye KgB ^vGK| mÁcÉwZ ivRDGKi D®²qbmƒwPi gaÅ mshyî× nGqGQ
wbKzé| Dîiv AviI ewaÆZ nGq Dîi w`GK Uãx b`x chƯ¦ ‰es evg w`GK ˆgvo
wbGq Av÷wjqv chƯ¦ ˆcŒQvq| wbKzé `Lj KGi KzwgÆGUvjv KÅv´ŸbGg´Ÿ I bZzb
wegvb e±`Gii gaÅeZÆx ‰jvKvi wbPz Ask hv emevGmi RbÅ DcGhvMx KGi ZzjGZ
gvwU ˆdGj fivU Kiv nq| Dwbk kZ Avwki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK wegvb e±`iwUGK
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ Kiv nq Dîivi `wÞY cwøGg ‰i bZzb wVKvbvq|
cƒeÆ w`GKi RyivBb, evìv, ˆMvovb,
wLjMuvI, ivgcyiv ‰es cwøGg Kvgivãxi Pi, kÅvgjx, KjÅvYcyi ‰me wbPz ‰jvKv emevGmi AvIZvq Avbv nq| 1971
mvGji ci ˆ^GK XvKvi e†w«¬ cÉPífvGe MwZcÉvµ¦ nq| ˆemiKvwi DG`ÅvM ‰ D®²qGb
cÉavb f„wgKv cvjb KGi| dGj cwiK͸bvi Afve cwijwÞZ nq| ˆemiKvwi chÆvGq
cwiKw͸Z mÁcÉmviY mÁcÉwZ jÞÅ Kiv hvq evwiavivi cƒeÆ w`GK emy®¬iv ‰jvKvq|
‰ wbPz ‰jvKvwU emZ evwoi RbÅ DuPz Kiv nGqGQ|
1971 mvj ˆ^GK XvKvi Ici Pvc
cÉPífvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| knGi emevmKvixi msLÅv ò×gvMZ e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| ‰i
mvG^ hyî× nGqGQ fvmgvb RbGMvÓ¤x, dGj knGii wbgÆvYvaxb ‰jvKvmgƒGni gaÅeZÆx
duvKv RvqMvq ewÕ¦ MGo DGVGQ|
mvÁcÉwZKKvGj evwYwRÅK I AvevwmK
Dfq ‰jvKvq AvKvkPzÁ¼x AëvwjKvi mgvnvi cwiÓ•vi BwãZ ˆ`q ˆh, bMixGZ feb
wbgÆvGYi gGZv DuPz f„wg wbtGkl nGq ˆMGQ| ò×geaÆgvb Pvc mƒòcvZ KGiGQ
XvKvi AvKvkgyLx mÁcÉmviGYi| ‰wU AekÅ ˆh ˆKvb NbemwZcƒYÆ knGii ‰KwU AcwinvhÆ
I mvaviY NUbv ˆhLvGb f„wg ռ͸Zvi KviGY Abyf„wgK e†w«¬i mÁ¿vebv AZů¦
Kg| XvKv Zvi bMi Pwiò cwieZÆGbi mÁÃyLxb, ˆKbbv ‰LvGb Abyf„wgK weÕ¦vGii
RvqMv `Lj KGiGQ DÍÏÁ¼ e†w«¬| gvò Pvi kZvõx mgqKvGj XvKv ‰KwU ˆQvU kni
ˆ^GK ˆgMvwmwUGZ cwiYZ nGqGQ| [Ave`yj gwgb ˆPŒayix]
Mɯ©cwé James
Taylor, A Sketch of the Topography and Statistics of Dacca,
Calcutta, 1840; Patrick Geddes,
Report on Town Planning-Dacca, Calcutta, 1911; Sayid
Aulad Hasan, Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca, Dacca,
1912; SM Taifoor, Glimpses of Old Dhaka
(revised edn.), Dacca, 1956; AH
Dani, Dacca- A Record of its Changing Fortunes (revised
edn.), Dacca, 1962; Sharif Uddin Ahmed, DACCA - A Study
in Urban History and Development, London, 1986.
