RMój gnvwenvi evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬ agÆvejÁ¼x cvj ivRvG`i Pvi kZvõxeÅvcx ˆMŒiegq ivRZ½KvGj ZvG`i wekvj mvgËvGRÅi meÆò wewf®² ivRviv AmsLÅ ˆeŒ«¬ gV, gw±`i I ÕZ„c wbgÆvY KGiwQGjb| ivRv agÆcvj KgcGÞ 50wU Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ e†n`vqZb agÆxq wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb wbgvÆY KGib eGj gGb Kiv nq| cvj ivRvG`i wbwgÆZ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi gGaÅ gMGai wekvjvqZb weò×gkxjv gnvwenvi, weò×gcyGii weò×gcyix wenvi ‰es eGi±`Ê AçGji ˆmvgcyi gnvwenvi I RMój gnvwenvi weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

RMój gnvwenvi wbgÆvY KGib mÁ¿eZ ivgcvj (1077-1120)| g`bcvGji ivRZ½KvGj iwPZ m®¬ÅvKi b±`xi ivgPwiZg Mɯ© AbymvGi ‰ wenvGii AeÕ©vb eGi±`ÊxGZ| wef„wZ P±`Ê, `vbkxj, ˆgvÞKi ൦ I ÷fKi àGµ¦i bÅvq wZe»GZi KGqKRb weLÅvZ ˆeŒ«¬ cwíZ ‰B wenvGii mGã hyî× wQGjb| MGelKMY cÉgvY KGib ˆh, gnvhvb agÆgGZi eRÊhvb I Z¯¨hvb `kÆb msò×v¯¦ ˆek wKQy msÕ•‡Z kvÕ¨Mɯ© RMój wenvGiB wZe»Zxq fvlvq Abƒw`Z nGqwQj| ‰ ‘msNivg’-‰i cÉavb ˆeŒ«¬-ˆ`eZv wQGjb AeGjvwKGZk¼i|

÷fKi ൦ I AfqKi ൦ weò×gkxjv gnvwenvGii AbÅvbÅ cwíZmn H wenvGii a»sGmi ci RMój gnvwenvGi AvkÉq wbGqwQGjb eGj gGb Kiv nq| ‰LvGb Zuviv ˆeŒ«¬agÆ welqK eü msÕ•‡Z Mɯ© iPbv KGib| ‰me cwíGZi gGaÅ AGbGKB wQGjb evOvwj| agÆxq welq wbGq ˆjLvGjwLi cvkvcvwk ‰uiv agÆwbiGcÞ msÕ•‡Z mvwnZÅ, weGkl KGi KweZvi weKvGk DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ae`vb ivLGZb| ‘myfvwlZ iðGKvl’-‰i msKjK we`ÅvKi wQGjb my`ƒiLÅvZ RMój gnvwenvGii ‰KRb cwíZ|

RMój gnvwenvi

RMój cÉðÕ©jwU Abym®¬vb KiGZ wMGq RvKvwiqv ‰KB bvGgi cuvPwU cÉvPxb Õ©vbGK wPwn×Z KGib| ‰i gGaÅ PviwU evsjvG`Gki DîivçGj AewÕ©Z, Avi ‰KwUi AeÕ©vb cwøgeGãi gvj`n ˆRjvq| ‰àwj nGjv: (K) cçMGoi RM`j, (L) VvKziMuvI ˆRjvi nwicyi DcGRjvi RM`j, (M) w`bvRcyi ˆRjvi ˆevPvMé DcGRjvi RM`j, (N) bIMuv ˆRjvi avgBinvU DcGRjvi RM`j ‰es (O) cwøgeGãi gvj`n ˆRjvi evgbGMvjv ^vbvi RM`j| eÅwî×MZfvGe ‰me Õ©vb ögY KGi mZKÆ chÆvGjvPbvi gvaÅGg RvKvwiqv ‰ wm«¬vG¯¦ DcbxZ nb ˆh, ˆKej bIMuv ˆRjvi RM`j Qvov AbÅ PviwU Õ©vGb weGePbvq Avbvi gGZv cÉvPxb hyGMi ˆZgb ˆKvb wPn× AewkÓ¡ ˆbB| ZvB wZwb avgBinvGUi RM`Gji weÕ¦‡Z wXweGKB weLÅvZ RMój gnvwenvGii mÁ¿veÅ Õ©vb wnGmGe wPwn×Z KGib|

RMój MÉvGgi ‰K e†nr Ask RyGo iGqGQ BZÕ¦Z wewÞµ¦ cÉvPxb wXwe I cwiZÅî× cyKzi| RqcyinvU-avgBinvU gnvmoGKi nvwZUvwKWvOv evRvGii wZb wKGjvwgUvi Dîi-cƒGeÆ, evsjvG`k-fviZ mxgvG¯¦i cÉvq 1.5 wKGjvwgUvi `wÞGY ‰es avgBinvU DcGRjv KvhÆvjGqi 8 wKGjvwgUvi Dîi-cƒeÆ w`GK ‰i AeÕ©vb| ‰ Õ©vb ˆ^GK cvnvocyi I njy` wenvi ˆeŒ«¬ gw±`Gii `ƒiZ½ h^vò×Gg gvò 20 I 18 wKGjvwgUvi|

‰ mKj a»smveGkGli ‰KwU PgrKvi eYÆbv cvIqv hvq 1940 mvGji w`GK cÉKvwkZ evsjv fvlvq ˆjLv Awgq emyi ‘evsjvq ögY’ kxlÆK ˆijIGq MvBW eyGK| RvKvwiqv ‰i ‰KwU BsGiwR Abyev` KGiGQb| ‰LvGb ejv nGqGQ, àie Õ¦Á¿ ˆ^GK cÉvq 3 gvBj `ƒGi wPwi ev kÉx b`xi wbKGU cÉvq 1000 dzU cwiwai e†îvKvi ‰KwU ÕZ„c (cÉK‡ZcGÞ wXwe) iGqGQ| ‰LvGb iGqGQ 225 dzU cwigvGci AviI ‰KwU ÕZ„c ‰es ‰i KvGQB iGqGQ ‰KwU wekvj w`wN| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK ‰KwU AÓ¡GKvYx cÉÕ¦iÕ¦Á¿I AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| DcwiDî× MvBW eBGq DwÍÏwLZ ˆLv`vBK‡Z AÓ¡GKvYx ‰Kwkjv Õ¦Á¿wU RMój MÉvg ˆ^GK 5 wKGjvwgUvi `wÞY-cƒGeÆ gãjevwoGZ AewÕ©Z| ‰wUB ivRv bvivqYcvGji (854-908) g¯¨x fë àie wgkÉ KZ‡ÆK Õ©vwcZ BwZnvmLÅvZ Mi‚o Õ¦Á¿ ev ev`j Õ¦Á¿wjwc|

Kvj cwiò×gvq ‰ MÉvGgi cÉvPxb wXweàwji ˆewki fvMB wea»Õ¦ ‰es cyKziàwj fivU nGq ˆMGjI wKQy wXwe ‰LbI wewœQ®²fvGe wUGK AvGQ| AekÅ ‰àwjI ‰Lb nq MÉvgevmxG`i A‹ea `LGj iGqGQ, A^ev ZvG`i «¼vivB webÓ¡ nGqGQ| miKvGii cÉðZî½ Awa`µ¦Gii ‰KRb DG`ÅvMx KgÆKZÆv ˆgvkviid ˆnvGmb 1983-84 mvGj ‰ ‰jvKvq cÉv^wgK Rwic KiGZ wMGq R‹bK ˆebRvwgb ˆPvivi evwo ˆ^GK KvGjv eÅvmΟ cv^Gii ‰KwU fvOv djK I ˆeËvGéi ŠZwi ‰KwU fvãv N¥Ÿv D«¬vi KGib| djKwUGZ aÅvbx eyG«¬i wZbwU gƒwZÆ ˆLvw`Z iGqGQ| DwÍÏwLZ `ywU wb`kÆbB RM`j cÉðÕ©j ˆ^GK D«¬vi Kiv nGqGQ eGj gGb Kiv nq|

RMój MÉvGgi `wÞY cÉvG¯¦ ‰es RMrbMi MÉvGgi Dîi mxgvq KGqKwU wXwe iGqGQ| ‰àwji gGaÅ iGqGQ cƒeÆ-cwøGg 105 wgUvi ‰es Dîi-`wÞGY 85 wgUvi `xNÆ ‰KwU gGbvig AvqZvKvi wXwe| PvicvGki mgZj f„wg ˆ^GK ‰i Mo DœPZv cÉvq 5.5 wgUvi| wXwewUi gaÅÕ©Gj iGqGQ ‰KwU Lv`|

‰ cÉðÕ©jwUi ài‚Z½ weGePbv KGi cÉðZî½ Awa`µ¦i 1996 mvGj kxZ ˆgŒmyGg DwÍÏwLZ wXwewUGZ ˆQvULvU ‰KwU DrLbb ÷i‚ KGi| ‰i dGj ‰KwU ˆeŒ«¬ wenvGii a»smveGkl AvswkK DG¯ÃvwPZ nq| ‰Lb chƯ¦ ‰ wenvGii `wÞY w`GKi cvk¼Æ-BgviGZi 7wU ‰es cwøg cvk¼Æ-BgviGZi 4wU KÞB ˆKej AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| ‰àwji cÉGZÅKwUi cwigvc 3.5 wg × 3.3 wg| m®²ÅvmxG`i ‰ KÞàwji KGqKwUi Afů¦Gi ‰es ‰àwji mvgGbi eviv±`vGZI ˆ`egƒwZÆ ÕnvcGbi RbÅ cv^Gii ŠZix ˆew` wQj| cvnvocyi wenvGii cƒeÆ w`GKi cvk¼Æ-BgviGZ KGqKwU KGÞ ˆh iKg ˆew` cvIqv ˆMGQ, ‰àwj ZviB Abyi…c| DcwiDî× 11wU wbf‡Z KÞ QvovI DrLbGb cƒeÆw`GK ‰KwU cÉGek-ˆZviY ‰es cwøg w`GKi cvk¼Æ-BgviGZ ‰KwU ˆQvU mgvwaI AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| ˆKŒZznGji eÅvcvi ‰B ˆh, wenviwUi PviGKvGY mÁfeZ PviwU AaÆe†îvKvi cvk¼Æeyi‚R wQj, ˆhgbwU cÉvPxbKvGji gw±`iàwjGZ mvaviYZ ˆ`Lv hvq bv|

‰K ˆgŒmyGgi DrLbGb AvGjvPÅ wXweGZ ˆKej ‰ gw±`Gii ‰KwU Þz`Ë AskB DG¯ÃvwPZ nGqGQ| ‰i ˆewkifvM AskB ‰LGbv Pvcv cGo iGqGQ gvwUi wbGP| ZGe ÕnvcwZÅK a»smveGkl QvovI ‰Lvb ˆ^GK AvweÓ•‡Z cÉðeÕ§ hG^Ó¡ DrmvneÅéK| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK 150wUiI ˆewk wk͸ wb`kÆb I Š`bw±`b eÅenvhÆ mvgMÉx AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| ‰G`i gGaÅ iGqGQ cÉÕ¦i-gƒwZÆ, wkjvwjwc, ˆcvovgvwUi djK I ˆcvovgvwUi ŠZwi gvbyGli gv^v, AjsK‡Z BU, ‰KwU Õ¼YÆwcí, gvwUi ŠZix wewf®² iKg cvò, ˆjvnvi ˆcGiK, gm†Y I KwZÆZ cÉÕ¦iLí, ˆew`gƒj I Rcgvjvi cuywZ|

‰B wXwe ˆ^GK D«¬viK‡Z wZbwU AcƒYÆvã cÉÕ¦igƒwZÆi gGaÅ ‰KwU KvGjv cv^Gii weúzgƒwZÆ (9 ˆmwg × 7 ˆmwg × 2 ˆmwg) wenvGii `wÞY w`GKi cvk¼Æ-BgviZ LuyGo cvIqv ˆMGQ| gywZÆwUi ˆew` I jßxgƒwZÆi AskUzKz cvIqv hvq wb| wbgÆvYixwZ AbymvGi gƒwZÆwU `kg I ‰Kv`k kZvõxGZ wbwgÆZ eGj gGb Kiv nq| w«¼Zxq gƒwZÆwU nGœQ ‘DcvmKG`i iÞvKZÆv’ ˆeŒ«¬G`eZv ˆni‚GKi| kwî×i mGã Avwjãbve«¬ ˆni‚GKi ‰ gƒwZÆ (90 ˆmwg × 8 ˆmwg  × 4 ˆmwg) Pzbvcv^Gi ˆLv`vB KGi ŠZwi| cvnvocyi wenvGi cvIqv Aci ‰KwU gƒwZÆi mGã ‰i mv`†kÅ iGqGQ ‰es mÁ¿eZ ‰wUI H ‰KB mgGq wbwgÆZ|

Z‡ZxqwU nGœQ cwiPqnxb ‰K ˆ`eZvi gÕ¦Kwenxb eo AvKvGii cÉÕ¦i-gƒwZÆ| gƒwZÆwUi (1.33 ˆmwg × 0.50 ˆmwg × 0.36 ˆmwg) `ywU nvZB fvãv ‰es w«¼còhyî× c«ÂvmGb Avmxb gƒwZÆi cv mÁ¼wjZ cv`cxV cvIqv ˆMGQ wewœQ®² AeÕnvq| gƒwZÆwUi ciGY iGqGQ aywZ, evg evüGZ evRye®¬, ˆKvgGi weQv, Mjvq K¥¤nvi ‰es MvGq iGqGQ evg Kuva ˆ^GK Wvb w`GK Szj¯¦ ŠcZv|

wenvGii `wÞY-cwøg ˆKvY ˆ^GK wewœQ®² AeÕ©vq D«¬viK‡Z ˆcvovgvwUi ŠZix gÕ¦KwU QvovI wenvGii wewf®² Ask ˆ^GK cvIqv ˆMGQ gvbyl I RxeR¯Zzi gƒwZÆ mÁ¼wjZ KGqKwU ˆcvovgvwUi djK| ‰àwjGZ «¼viiÞx, abyweÆ`, nwiY, cvwL cÉf‡wZi gƒƒwZÆ DrKxYÆ iGqGQ| cwøg ˆ`qvGji evBGii AsGki AjsKiY wnGmGe eÅen…Z ‰ iKg AGbKàwj djK AweK‡Z AeÕ©vq h^vÕ©vGb cvIqv ˆMGQ| ‰LvGb cÉvµ¦ AjsK‡Z BGU iGqGQ c«Âcvcwo, wkKj I AuvKveuvKv mwcÆj bKkv| AbÅvbÅ ˆQvULvU cÉðeÕ§i gGaÅ cÉPzi cyivZb g†rcvò QvovI ˆjvnvi ˆcGiK, cv^Gii Rc-àwUKv BZÅvw` iGqGQ|

‰Lvb ˆ^GK D«¬viK‡Z meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉðeÕ§ AekÅ DrKxYÆ wjwchyî× `ywU cv^Gii Õ¦Á¿, hv ‰ cÉðÕ©Gji mgqKvj wbaÆviGY mnvqZv KGi| ‰i ‰KwU cvIqv ˆMGQ wenvGii cƒeÆw`GKi cÉGekcG^i KvGQ, AbÅwU `wÞY-cwøg ˆKvGY| cƒeÆw`GKi cÉGekcG^i wbKGU cÉvµ¦ cÉ^g Õ¦Á¿wUi AÓ¡GKvY `Gíi (Shaft) MvGq «¼v`k/òGqv`k kZGKi cÉvPxb evsjv niGd ‰i wjwcKvi MãvcyGii kÉx gØo b±`xi bvg DrKxYÆ AvGQ| gw±`Gii `wÞY-cwøg ˆKvGY cÉvµ¦ cÉÕ¦i-Õ¦Á¿wU ‰LbI DrLbb-LvG` AaÆGcÉvw^Z iGqGQ| ‰wUGZI ‰KB mgGqi cÉvPxb evsjv wjwcGZ DrKxYÆ iGqGQ wjwcKvi mÁ·É`vGqi A¯¦fÆzî× R‹bK kÉx fe`vGmi bvg| kÉx gØo b±`x I kÉx fe`vm DfGqB wQGjb wjwcKvi mÁ·É`vGqi ˆjvK ‰es mÁ¿eZ RMój wKsev ‰i cvk¼ÆeZÆx ‰jvKvi evwm±`v|

RMój MÉvGgi wekvj wXweGZ 1996 mvGj cwiPvwjZ mswÞµ¦ LbbKvGhÆi djvdj DrmvneÅéK nGjI P„ov¯¦ bq| RMój gnvwenvGii AeÕ©vb, mÁ¿veÅ mgqKvj ‰es a»smveGkGli cwieÅvwµ¦ ‰LbI AbygvbmvGcÞ| ‰ welGq myÕ·Ó¡ aviYv ˆcGZ nGj Ri‚wi wfwîGZ ‰LvGb `xNÆGgqvw` I wbqgvbyM DrLbGbi DG`ÅvM ˆbqv cÉGqvRb| f„wgGjvfx MÉvgevmxG`i ò×g-a»smhGæi Avksâv ‰es MZ 50 eQGi ‰ a»smÕZ„c ˆ^GK ZvG`i «¼viv eü cÉðmÁ·` AcniGYi cwiGcÉwÞGZ Ri‚wi wfwîGZ DrLbb KvhÆò×g MÉnY AZÅvekÅK nGq cGoGQ|  [bvwRgDwób Avng`]