PUÇMÉvg bMix ÷ay PëMÉvg ˆRjviB cÉavb bMi bq, evsjvG`GkiI w«¼Zxq e†nîg bMi| KYÆdzjx b`xi Wvb ZxieZÆx ‰ bMix  22°-14Æ I 22°-24Æ-30ÆÆ Æ Dîi AÞvsk ‰es 91°-46Æ I 91°-53Æ cƒeÆ `ËvwNgvsGki gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| PëMÉvg bvGgi Drcwî mÁ·GKÆ HwZnvwmKMY wewf®² eÅvLÅv cÉ`vb KGiGQb| evibwj Zuvi Description Historique et Geographic del ‘Inde’ (1786) MÉG¯© gZ cÉKvk KGiGQb ˆh, PëMÉvg bvgwU Aviwe ‘kvZ&’ (e«¼xc) I ‘Mãv’ kõ ˆ^GK Drc®² nGqGQ ‰es ‰i «¼viv Mãv b`xi ˆgvnbvq AewÕ©Z bMiGK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ bMixi bvg ˆ^GKB ˆRjvi bvgKiY nq PëMÉvg|

Awaevmx I fvlv  e±`ibMix weavq PëMÉvg cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GKB c†w^exi wewf®² AçGji ˆjvKG`i AvK‡Ó¡ KGiGQ| ‰ Av¯¦RÆvwZK ˆhvMvGhvM bMixi fvlv, agÆ I msÕ•‡wZi Dci Õ©vqx cÉfve ˆiGL ˆMGQ| Avj-Bw`Ëwm 1154 mvGj Zuvi Mɯ© iPbvKvGj wjGLGQb ˆh, evM`v` I emivi Avie ewYKMY ˆgNbv b`xi ˆgvnbvq AewÕ©Z ‰KwU ‰jvKv cÉvqB mdi KiGZb hv eZÆgvGb mvaviYZ PëMÉvg eGj wek¼vm Kiv nq| Acivci chÆUK I HwZnvwmKMY beg kZvõx ˆ^GK PëMÉvGgi mGã AvieG`i ˆhvMvGhvGMi K^v wjwce«¬ KGiGQb| ewYK QvovI eü mydx `iGek PëMÉvGg AvGmb ‰es ˆmLvGb emwZ Õ©vcb KGib| 1204 mvGj eLwZqvi LjRx KZ‡ÆK eã weRGqi ci gymjgvb Awfevmb AviI ˆeGo hvq| eÅemvwqK ˆhvMvGhvM I ewnivMZG`i emwZ Õ©vcGbi mƒGò wewf®² RvwZ, agÆ I msÕ•‡wZi ˆjvKG`i mGã cviÕ·wiK ˆgjvGgkv PëMÉvGgi AwaevmxG`i kvixwiK ŠewkÓ¡Å, Õ©vbxq fvlv I aGgÆi Dci Õ©vqx cÉfve ˆdGj|

PëMÉvGgi AvwaevmxG`i msLÅvMwiÓ¤ AskB gymjgvb; bMixGZ ռ͸msLÅK wn±`y I wLËÓ¡vb emevm KGi| ‰LvbKvi AvçwjK fvlvq eü Aviwe kGõi eÅenvi ˆ`Lv hvq; ‰Qvov eü Õ©vb I ˆjvGKi Aviwe bvg iGqGQ| AvjKib (Avj-KYÆ), myGjK eni (myjyKzj evKzwjqv) cÉf‡wZ Õ©vGbi bvGg Aviwe cÉfve iGqGQ| Aviwe kõ QvovI PëMÉvGgi AvçwjK fvlvq wKQy wKQy AvivKvwb, cZzÆwMR , cvwj I wnw±` kõ cvIqv hvq| PëMÉvGgi AvçwjK fvlvGK ejv nq ‘PvUMuvBqv eywj’| evsjvG`Gki AwaKvsk gvbyl PëMÉvGgi AvçwjK fvlv eySGZ cvGi bv|

weG`kxG`i AvMgGbi dGj PëMÉvg wewf®² RvwZi wgjbGÞGò cwiYZ nGqGQ| ‰i dGj msLÅvq Kg nGjI ‰LvGb wewPò ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ˆjvK ˆ`Lv hvq| weG`kxG`i gGaÅ wKQy wKQy Š`wnK ŠewkÓ¡Å jÞ Kiv hvq| DuPz MíwÕ©, Pvcv gyLgíj I AvKwk m`†k eò× bvwmKv Avie eskavivi cwiPvqK| ˆcwkeüj ˆ`n, e†l-Õ•®¬, myMwVZ ˆ`n I Nb kÄkÉ‚wewkÓ¡iv nGjb AvdMvb I gyMj ŠmwbKG`i eskai|

BDGivcxqG`i gGaÅ cZzÆwMRG`i eskaiG`i ‰LbI PëMÉvGg ˆ`Lv hvq| ZvG`i AwaKvskB Õ©vbxq bvixG`i weGq KGiGQ ‰es Zviv ‘Kvjv wdwiwã’ ev ‘gvwUqv wdwiwã’ bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰iv cÉavbZ ˆivgvb KÅv^wjK wLËÓ¡vb| weËwUk AvgGj Zviv weGkl myweav ˆfvM KiZ ‰es wKQy wKQy cÉwZÓ¤vb ˆhgb e±`i, ˆijIGq I miKvwi `µ¦Gi KiwYK cG` wbGqvGMi ˆÞGò Zviv AMÉvwaKvi ˆcZ| wdwiwã evRvi bvGg cwiwPZ bMixi ‰KwU ‰jvKv ZvG`i bvGg bvgKiY Kiv nGqGQ eGj Kw^Z AvGQ| cZzÆwMRG`i meÆvGcÞv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb nGœQ evsjv fvlvq ‰gb eü cZzÆwMR kGõi msGhvRb ˆhàwj ‰LbI Š`bw±`b KvGR cÉPwjZ AvGQ| ‰me kGõi gGaÅ iGqGQ Avbvim, ˆcuGc, cvw`Ë, wdZv, Avjwcb, ˆevZvg, Pvwe BZÅvw`|

PëMÉvGgi AwaevmxMY AZů¦ DG`ÅvMx ‰es ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, eüKvj AvGM ˆ^GKB Zviv evwoNi ˆQGo D®²ZZi myGhvM myweavi m®¬vGb ˆei nGZv| AGbGKB mgy`Ëhvòxi Rxeb ˆeGQ wbZ ‰es AbÅiv cÉwZGekx ˆ`k gvqvbgvGi PGj ˆhZ| w«¼Zxq wek¼hy«¬ ÷i‚ nIqvi mGã mGã ‰es fviZ ˆ^GK evgÆvi c†^KxKiGYi dGj ‰ Awfevmb evavMÉÕ¦ nq| RvcvwbG`i evgÆv `LGji AeÅewnZ cGi PëMÉvgevmxG`i AGbGK ˆ`Gk ˆdivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| wnsmË ebÅ cÉvYx AayÅwlZ wec`mâzj ‰jvKv AwZò×g KvGj nvRvi nvRvi ˆjvK cÉvY nvivq| ‰ mgGq egÆxG`i gGaÅ A-egÆxq mewKQyi wei‚G«¬ MYAfzÅïvb ˆ`Lv w`Gj PëMÉvgevmxG`i gGaÅ evgÆv ZÅvGMi wnwoK cGo hvq| PëMÉvgevmxG`i AGbGKB evgÆvq KvV I PvGji jvfRbK eÅemvGq wbGqvwRZ wQj| 1947 mvGj fviZ wefvGMi dGj KjKvZv , gv`ËvR I gyÁ¼vB e±`Gi KgÆiZ PëMÉvgevmxG`i fvGMÅ Abyi…c wechÆq ˆbGg AvGm; PvKwi ˆQGo ZvG`i PëMÉvGg ‰Gm bZzb KGi Rxeb ÷i‚ KiGZ nq| ZvG`i cÉZÅveZÆGbi dGj bMixi A^Æ‹bwZK wò×qvKGgÆ ‰K`j AZů¦ `Þ ˆjvGKi mgvMg NGU| Zviv ZvG`i mGã wbGq ‰GmwQj eÅemvwqK DG`ÅvM, cuywR I cÉhywî×MZ ævb hv bMixi A^ÆbxwZGK ˆek Pvãv KGi ˆZvGj|

1947 mvGji fviZ wefvM evgÆv I fviZ nGZ PëMÉvigi AwaevmxG`i weZvwoZ KiGjI Zv fviZ I cvwKÕ¦vGbi gymjgvbG`i eü myGhvM KGi ˆ`q| ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, 1951-1961 mvGji ‰B ‰K `kGK fviZ I cwøg cvwKÕ¦vb ˆ^GK eü gymwjg D«¼vÕ§i PëMÉvGg AvMgb NGU| ‰iv cÉavbZ wQj ewYK, eÅemvqx, wk͸cwZ, PvKwiRxex I kÉwgKGkÉYxi ˆjvK| fviZ I cwøg cvwKÕ¦vb ˆ^GK AvMZ gymwjg D«¼vÕ§G`i Õ·Ó¡Z ivR‹bwZK DGókÅcÉGYvw`Z I ŠelgÅgƒjKfvGe ivÓ¡Ëxq mvnvhÅ I c†Ó¤GcvlKZv cÉ`vb Kiv nq| ‰i  dGj PëMÉvg ˆcŒi ‰jvKvq RbmsLÅvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ e†w«¬ NGU| 1947 mvGji cGi ˆevÁ¼vB I myivU ˆ^GK PëMÉvGg AvMZ AvMv Lvbx, KzPx ˆggb, ˆevniv I bvGLv`viv PëMÉvGg ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq eÅemvqx I wk͸cwZ wQj| AekÅ mîGii `kGK ‰ mKj D«¼vÕ§G`i AGbGKB eÅemv ZÅvM KGi ‰es PëMÉvGgi eÅemv evwYRÅ cybivq PëMÉvGgi ˆjvKG`i nvGZ wdGi AvGm|

f„-weeiY  wngvjq ˆ^GK wewœQ®² cveÆZÅ AçGji Ask wnGmGe PëMÉvg f„-cÉK‡wZMZfvGe wmGjU I Dîi w`bvRcyi eÅZxZ evsjvG`Gki evwK Ask nGZ mÁ·ƒYÆ wf®²| wngvjGqi ‰ cƒeÆvçjxq wewœQ®² Ask `wÞY I `wÞYcƒeÆ w`GK NyGi Avmvg I wòcyiv ivGRÅi gaÅ w`Gq ˆdbx b`xi Aci Zxi nGq PëMÉvGgi mGã wgGkGQ| PëMÉvg knGii KvGQ ‰Gm ‰ ceÆZmvwii DœPZv nËvm ˆcGqGQ ‰es mviv knGi wewÞµ¦ Þz`Ë Þz`Ë wUjvq wefî× nGq cGoGQ| ‰ ceÆZmvwi cybivq KYÆdzjx b`xi `wÞY cvGo Avwef„ÆZ nGq ˆRjvi ‰K cÉv¯¦ nGZ Aci cÉv¯¦ chƯ¦ weÕ¦vi jvf KGiGQ| P±`Êbv^ ev mxZvKzí nGœQ ˆRjvi mGeÆvœP ceÆZP„ov hvi Mo DœPZv mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ nGZ 1152 dzU| PëMÉvg knGii DîGi bãiLvbv 298 dzU DuPz| knGii gGaÅB evUvwj wnj bvGg cwiwPZ ‰KwU ceÆZ P„ov iGqGQ| ‰wU wQj 280 dzU DuPz ‰es knGii mGeÆvœP Õ©j| `ƒi mgyG`Ë PjvPjKvix RvnvGRi w`K wbG`Ækbvi RbÅ evUvwj wnGji Dci ‰KwU evwZNi wQj| PëMÉvg bMixi AbÅvbÅ my±`i cvnvo I wUjvàwji gGZv ‰ weLÅvZ cvnvowUI evwoNi wbgÆvGYi RbÅ w`Gb w`Gb ˆKGU mgvb KGi DœPZv nËvm Kiv nGœQ|

PëMÉvg ˆRjvq ˆKvb cÉvK‡wZK nË` ˆbB| dGj ˆek wKQy K‡wòg nË` I cyKzi ev w`wN ˆRjvi meÆòB ˆ`Lv hvq| gymwjg kvmbvgGj ‰LvGb ˆQvUeo eü w`wN Lbb Kiv nGqwQj| wekvj msLÅK cyKzGii AewÕ©wZi KviY nGœQ gymwjg kvmbvgGj knGii bvixG`i Š`bw±`b cÉGqvRb ˆgUvGbvi ZvwMG` cyKzi LbGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv Abyf„Z nGqwQj| KvGRB cÉvq cÉGZÅK Õ¼œQj cwievGii evwoGZB ‰KwU cyKzi ev w`wN wQj| PëMÉvg bMixi enr cyKziàwji gGaÅ jvjw`wN, Kgj`n w`wN, AvmKi LvGbi w`wN, ˆeGjvqv w`wNi bvg DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰ mKj w`wNi AGbKàwjB fivU nGq ˆMGQ| jvjw`wN ‰LbI ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Õ©vb| cyGiv w`wNwUGK wNGi iGqGQ ‰KwU mxgvbv cÉvPxi| PëMÉvGgi e†nr Rbmfvàwji cÉvq me jvjw`wN mw®²wnZ gvGVB AbywÓ¤Z nGq ^vGK| gvVwU jvjw`wN gq`vb bvGg cwiwPZ| Avmvg ˆeãj ˆijIGq 1920 I 1924 mvGj cvnvoZwj ˆij ˆÕ¡kGbi KvGQ `ywU K‡wòg nË` Lbb KGi| ˆijIGqi cvwb mieivGni RbÅ msiÞYvMvi wnGmGe ‰ nË` `ywU Lbb Kiv nGqwQj| 1924 mvGj dq’R ˆjKwU Lbb KGi ˆijIGq cÉGKŒkjx dq (Foy)-‰i bvGg bvgKiY Kiv nq| ‰G`i PgrKvi AeÕ©vGbi RbÅ Dfq  nË`B AvKlÆYxq Õ©vGb cwiYZ nGqGQ|

mgMÉ ˆRjvi bÅvq PëMÉvg bMixGZI eü cÉvK‡wZK Sibv iGqGQ| Sibvàwji AwaKvsGkiB Drm nGœQ ceÆZGkÉYx| ‰ mKj Sibvi Rj RwgGZ ˆmPKgÆ I cvbxq Rj mieivGni KvGR eÅen…Z nGq ^vGK| ˆLv` bMixGZB ˆek KGqKwU Sibv iGqGQ| cvbxq Rj mieivGni RbÅ ˆcŒi KZƆcÞ ‰ SibvàwjGK Kswò×U cÉvPxi «¼viv euvwaGq ˆiGLGQ|

BwZnvm  mycÉvPxbKvj nGZB PëMÉvg bMix ewnweÆGk¼i `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KGiGQ| wLËÓ¡xq beg kZvõx ˆ^GKB AvieMY PëMÉvg e±`Gii mGã cwiwPZ wQj| ‰wkqvi NUbvewj eYÆbv KGiGQb ‰gb weLÅvZ cZzÆwMRG`i gGaÅ cÉ^g HwZnvwmK wW evGivm 1552 mvGj PëMÉvgGK ‰i e±`Gii RbÅ evsjvivGRÅi meÆvGcÞv weLÅvZ I mÁ·`kvjx bMix eGj eYÆbv KGiGQb ˆhLvGb cƒeÆvçGji mKj evwYRÅ RvnvR mgGeZ nGZv|

PëMÉvGgi cÉv^wgK BwZnvm Lye myÕ·Ó¡ bq| ewgÆ NUbvcwéGZ AvivKvb AçGji bicwZG`i ‰K `xNÆ ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq| lÓ¤ I mµ¦g kZGK PëMÉvg ‰ AvivKvb ivGRÅi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj| ‰mKj bicwZi bvGgi ˆkGl P±`Ê c`we hyî× wQj| HwZnvwmK jvgv Zvibv^ ˆMvwcP±`Ê bvGg ‰K ˆeŒ«¬ ivRvi bvg DGÍÏL KGiGQb, `kg kZvõxGZ hvi ivRavbx wQj PëMÉvGg| wZe»wZ RbkÉ‚wZ gGZ PëMÉvg wQj `kg kZvõxGZ KgÆiZ ˆeŒ«¬ Zvw¯¨K wZjvGhvMxi R¯ÃÕ©vb| ‰i Avw` BwZnvm hv-B ˆnvK bv ˆKb, ‰ AçGj gymjgvbG`i AvMgGbi mgq nGZ PëMÉvGgi BwZnvm Õ·Ó¡ nGq DGVGQ|

wMqvmDóxb ZzMjK evsjvGK jLGbŒwZ , mvZMuvI I ˆmvbviMuvI ‰ wZbwU cÉkvmwbK ‰jvKvq wefî× KGib| 1338 mvGj dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn ˆmvbviMuvI-‰ ÞgZv `Lj KGib ‰es AwPGiB PëMÉvg AwaKvi KGib| wZwb Puv`cyi nGZ PëMÉvg chƯ¦ ‰KwU gnvmoK ‰es PëMÉvGg KGqKwU gmwR` I mgvwaGmŒa wbgÆvY KGib| ˆkikvn ‰i nvGZ myjZvb wMqvmDóxb gvngy` kvn ‰i cZGbi ci 1538 mvGj AvivKvwbiv cybivq PëMÉvg AwaKvi KGi| 1666 mvGj gyMjiv PëMÉvg `Lj KGi| 1538 nGZ 1666 mvj chƯ¦ mgqKvGj cZÆywMRiv PëMÉvGg Nb Nb Avò×gY Pvjvq ‰es cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰ mgGq PëMÉvg ZvG`iB kvmbvaxb wQj| ‰ 128 eQi PëMÉvg cZzÆwMR I gM Rj`myÅG`i AvevmÕ©Gj cwiYZ nq| gyMjG`i PëMÉvg weRGqi dGj mvweÆKfvGe ‰ ˆRjvq ‰es weGkl KGi bMixGZ kvw¯¦ k†OLjv cybtcÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| AekÅ cZÆywMRG`i AwaKvGi ^vKvKvGj PëMÉvg bMix I e±`i eÅemv-evwYGRÅi ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe weGkl myLÅvwZ ARÆb KGi| AÓ¡v`k I Ebwesk kZvõxGZ cÉavbZ BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb i evwYwRÅK KvhÆò×g e†w«¬GZ w`Gb w`Gb KjKvZvi Dïvb I D®²qGbi dGj ‰Z`çGj PëMÉvGgi ài‚Z½ nËvm cvq|

1905 mvGji eãfã ‰es cƒeÆevsjv I Avmvg wbGq bZzb cÉG`k m†wÓ¡ nGj PëMÉvg cybivq cÉvavbÅ jvf KGi| Avmvg-ˆeãj ˆijIGq wbgÆvGYi dGj ‰i cÉvK‡wZK cøv`f„wgi mGã PëMÉvg e±`Gii msGhvM mvwaZ nq ‰es mvweÆKfvGe PëMÉvg eÅvcK cÉe†w«¬ ARÆb KGi| wesk kZvõxi cÉ^g cvG` PëMÉvg bMixi ˆh D®²qb mvwaZ nq Zvi AGbKLvwbB mÁ¿e nGqGQ ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©vi ‰ D®²wZi RbÅ|

PëMÉvGgi BwZnvGm weËwUk JcwbGewkK kvmb nGZ wbGRG`i gyî× Kivi cybtcyb cÉGPÓ¡v jÞÅ Kiv hvq| 1857 mvGji wmcvwn weµÏe ‰i mgq 34Zg ˆeãj c`vwZK ˆiwRGgG´Ÿi 2q, 3q I 4^Æ ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj PëMÉvGg ˆgvZvGqb wQj| 18 bGfÁ¼i ivGZ DwÍÏwLZ wZbwU ˆKvÁ·vwb weG`Ëvnx nGq IGV ‰es ˆRj ˆ^GK mKj ew±` gyî× KGi wmcvwniv 3wU miKvwi nvwZ, ˆMvjvevi‚` I abmÁ·` wbGq PëMÉvg ZÅvM KGi| Zviv cveÆZÅ wòcyivi mxgv¯¦ c^ aGi ‰wMGq wmGjU I KvQvGo ˆcuŒGQ| `yfÆvMÅekZ ZvG`i mKGjB KzwK Õ•vDU&m ‰es cieZÆxKvGj `kg ˆMvLÆv ivBGdj bvGg cwiwPZ wmGjU jvBU BbdÅvw´ŸÈi nvGZ wbnZ ev ew±` nq|

PëMÉvGgi AwaevwmMY wLjvdZ I AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb ‰ ˆRvivGjv mg^Æb Rvbvq| 1925 mvGj KjKvZv I fviGZi AbÅvbÅ AçGj mvÁcÉ`vwqK `vãvq gymwjg wbaGbi dGj PëMÉvGgi AwaevmxMY AekÅ gymjgvbG`i Õ¼v^ÆiÞvi msMÉvGg iZ evsjvi gymwjg ˆbZvG`i cÉwZ mg^Æb Rvbvq|

wesk kZvõxi cÉ^g w`GK m¯¨vmev`x AvG±`vjb hLb `vbv ˆeuGa IGV ˆmmgq mƒhÆGmb ‰i ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰K`j wn±`y hyeK wicvewjKvb AvwgÆ bvGg ‰KwU ˆMvcb `j MVb KGi| knGii wn±`y AaÅywlZ ‰jvKvq ˆMvcb ˆK±`Ê cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv nq ˆhLvGb hyeKMY kixiPPÆvi cÉwkÞY MÉnY KGi m¯¨vmevG` `xÞv wbZ| KGqK eQi aGi Zviv weËwUGki wei‚G«¬ ZvG`i KvhÆò×g PvwjGq hvq| 1930 mvGji 18 ‰wcÉj ivGZ 700 hyeK KGqKwU `Gj wefî× nGq ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq AwÝjvix ˆKvGii AÕ¨vMvi I ˆMvjvevi‚G`i fvívi Avò×gY KGi, ˆUwjGdvb I ˆUwjMÉvd Awdm `Lj KGi ‰es ayg bvgK Õ©vGb ˆijcG^i wdmGµÏU DcGo ˆdGj mKj ˆhvMvGhvM wewœQ®² KGi ˆ`q| wK¯§ ˆkl chƯ¦ AvG±`vjbwU eÅ^ÆZvq chÆewmZ nq ‰es  cieZÆx mgGq mƒhÆGmbGK ˆMɵ¦vi KGi 1933 mvGji 20 ˆdeË‚qvwi duvwm ˆ`Iqvi ci PëMÉvGg m¯¨vmev`x AvG±`vjGbi cwimgvwµ¦ NGU|

w«¼Zxq wek¼hy«¬ PjvKvGj weËwUkMY PëMÉvgGK ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ NuvwU wnGmGe eÅenvi KGi| dGj PëMÉvg Rvcvwb Avò×gGYi jÞÅÕ©Gj cwiYZ nq| 1942 mvGji ‰wcÉGj cGZãvi wegvbNvwUGZ ci ci `yw`b ‰es H eQi 20 I 24 wWGmÁ¼i cybivq ˆevgvelÆY Kiv nq| ‰i dGj PëMÉvGg mcwievGi emevm wbwl«¬ ˆNvwlZ nq ‰es wefvMxq KwgkbvGii m`i `µ¦i KzwgÍÏvq ‰es Avmvg ˆeãj ˆijIGqi m`i `µ¦i XvKvq Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| miKvwi mKj gƒjÅevb `wjjcò gqgbwmsGn mwiGq ˆbIqv nq| hyG«¬i dGj AGbKUv wbÓcÉvY ˆQvU kni PëMÉvg KgÆPvçGjÅ gyLi nGq IGV| cÉavbZ weËGUb, AGÕ¡Ëwjqv I AvGgwiKv ˆ^GK AvMZ wgò evwnbxi ŠmbÅG`i eÅvcK mgvGek NGUwQj PëMÉvGgi moKàwjGZ| Rvcvwb hy«¬wegvGbi NbNb nvgjv, ivGZ wbÓcÉ`xc gnov, RvcvwbG`i AwaK‡Z ‰jvKv ˆ^GK `Gj `Gj D«¼vÕ§G`i AvMgb mewKQy wgwjGq PëMÉvGgi bvMwiK Rxebaviv cvGΟ hvq| ‰ hy«¬ wKQy ˆjvKGK mvgwiK wVKv`vi wnGmGe cÉPzi weî ARÆGb mnvqZv KiGjI, hyG«¬i AeÅewnZ cGi 1943 mvGji gnv`ywfÆGÞi dGj RbRxeGb mxgvnxb `yGfÆvM ˆbGg AvGm| AGbGKi wek¼vm `ywfÆÞwU wQj gbylÅ-m†Ó¡ ‰es cÉGqvRbxq Rbkwî× msMÉGni DGóGkÅ RbmvaviYGK ˆmbvevwnbxi wbGqvMGKG±`Ê ˆhGZ evaÅ Kivi RbÅ ‰wU wQj weËwUk miKvGii KvimvwR|

1971 mvGj evsjvG`Gki gywî×hyG«¬ PëMÉvg bMix ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| PëMÉvg ˆ^GKB ˆeZvGii gvaÅGg Õ¼vaxbZv I gywî×hyG«¬i cÉ^g ˆNvlYv cÉ`vb Kiv nq| PëMÉvGgi RbmvaviY `Lj`vi cvwKÕ¦vwb ˆmbvevwnbxGK mgyG`&Ë cÉGeGki ‰es bZzb ŠmbÅ msMÉn I AÕ¨ ˆhvMvGbi myGhvM ewjÓ¤fvGe cÉwZnZ KGi| `yaÆlÆ gywî×Ghv«¬vMY KYÆdzjx b`xi PÅvGbGj ˆek wKQymsLÅK RvnvR WzweGq ˆ`q ‰es ‰fvGe cvwKÕ¦vwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi RbÅ e±`i eÅenvGii c^ mÁ·ƒYÆ i‚«¬ KGi ˆ`q| cwiYvGg gywî×hyG«¬i mgq PëMÉvGg RvbgvGji eÅvcK ÞwZ mvwaZ nq|

evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv I cvwKÕ¦vb evwnbxi AvZÄmgcÆGYi ci PëMÉvGgi RbÅ eÅvcK cybeÆvmb I cybMÆVb KgÆmƒwP cÉGqvRbxq nGq cGo| mgy`Ë ˆhvMvGhvGMi cÉavb c^ `xNÆKvj eÅenvGii AbycGhvMx ivLv mÁ¿e bq eGj ‰ KgÆmƒwP LyeB AMÉvwaKvi wfwîGZ evÕ¦evqb Kiv nq| Õ¼vaxbZvi ci KGqK eQGii gGaÅ PëMÉvg bMix I e±`iGK Õ¼vfvweKfvGe KgÆPçj KGi ˆZvjv nq|

bMixi mÁ·ÉmviY I weKvk  1947 mvGj PëMÉvg knGii AvqZb wQj gvò mvGo Pvi eMÆgvBj ‰es mviv knGi wewÞµ¦ wbPz I ˆQvU  wUjvàwji Pvicvk wNGi kniwU MGo IGV| knGii Dîi mxgvq iGqGQ `vgcvov, bvwmivev`, KvZvjMé, KvcvmGMvjv I ˆkvjKeni; `wÞGY KYÆdzjx, cƒGeÆ PvKZvB Lvj ‰es cwøGg gv`vievwo, cvVvbUzwj I ˆ`IqvbnvU| cÉ^Gg kniwU ‰ ˆPŒnwóGZB mxgve«¬ wQj| `Ë‚Z wk͸vqb I D®²qGbi mGã mGã kniwU cyivZb ˆcŒimfvi mxgv QvwoGq bMixGZ cwiYZ nq| bMiwU `wÞY-cwøg w`GK cGZãv chƯ¦ mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nGqGQ ˆhLvGb eZÆgvGb PëMÉvg Av¯¦RÆvwZK wegvbe±`i AewÕ©Z| cwøg w`GK ‰i mÁcÉmviY nvwjkni, AvmKvivev` I AvMÉvev` MÉvgàwjGK A¯¦fzÆî× KGiGQ| Awdm I evwYwRÅK cÉwZÓ¤vb wbgÆvGYi RbÅ miKvi ‰ MÉvgàwji f„wg AwaMÉnY KGiGQ| Dîi w`GK ‰i mÁcÉmviY NGUGQ ˆdŒR`vi nvU I PëMÉvg KÅv´ŸbGg´Ÿ ‰jvKv ‰es Dîi-cƒeÆ w`GK KvjyiNvU chƯ¦|

bMixi mÁcÉmviGYi mg¯¼q mvab I cwiKw͸ZfvGe bMiwU MGo IVvi KvGR mnvqZvi RbÅ cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi 1959 mvGj 51 bs AaÅvG`k eGj Õ¼kvwmZ msÕ©v PëMÉvg D®²qb KZƆcÞ cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| ‰ AaÅvG`k AbymvGi PëMÉvg D®²qb KZƆcGÞi cÉavb `vwqZ½àwj nGœQ:

(1) PëMÉvg I ‰i mw®²wnZ ‰jvKvi RbÅ ‰KwU gnvcwiK͸bv cÉYqb Kiv ‰es cÉwZ cuvP eQi A¯¦i ‰ gnvcwiK͸bv cybwbÆixÞY Kiv; (2) PëMÉvg bMixi D®²qb I mÁcÉmviGYi RbŠռ͸Ggqvw` I `xNÆGgqvw` cwiK͸bv cÉYqb I evÕ¦evqb Kiv; (3) 1952 mvGji cƒeÆevsjv M†nwbgÆvY AvBb cÉGqvM Kiv| PëMÉvGg BgviZ wbgÆvGYi bKkv cixÞY I AbyGgv`b ‰ msÕ©vi ‰wî×qvifzî×|

PëMÉvg D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ bMixGK KGqKwU eÐGK wefî× KGi ‰KwU gnvcwiK͸bv cÉYqb KGi| evwYwRÅK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi AwdGmi eÅeÕ©vmn e±`i D®²qb KgÆmƒwPi RbÅ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKv wQj m`iNvU, gv`vievwo, Wejgywis I nvwjkni| miKvwi `µ¦i ‰es KgÆKZÆv I KgÆPvixG`i AvevwmK feGbi RbÅ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKv wQj AvMÉvev`| ˆijIGq KZ‡ÆcÞ cvnvoZwj chƯ¦ wbPz ceÆZmvwii cwøg XvGji D®²qb mvab KGi| wkG͸v®²qGbi RbÅ PëMÉvg D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ wewf®² wkG͸i RbÅ wf®² wf®² Açj wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi| ‰ Açjàwj wQj cÉavbZ bvwmivev`, cuvPjvBk, ˆdŒR`vinvU, KvjyiNvU ‰es XvKv UÇvsK ˆivGWi mw®²wnZ ‰jvKv|

1961 mvGji gGaÅ D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ 212 eMÆgvBj ‰jvKv wbGq ‰KwU AvçwjK cwiK͸bv ‰es 100 eMÆgvBj ‰jvKv wbGq ‰KwU gnvcwiK͸bv cÉYqb KGi| UNDP I UNCHS KZ‡ÆK eivóK‡Z AG^Æ 1992 I 1996 mvGj PëMÉvg bMixi RbÅ wbÁ²ewYÆZ gnvcwiK͸bv ŠZwi Kiv nq: (K) PëMÉvg bMix I cvkƦeZÆx ‰jvKvq 1154 eMÆwKGjvwgUvi ‰jvKv wbGq ‰KwU wbgÆvY cwiK͸bv; (L) PëMÉvg bMixi kni ‰jvKvi RbÅ gnvcwiK͸bv; (M) cwiKw͸ZfvGe I mgZv iÞv KGi AMÉvwaKvi wfwîGZ PëMÉvg bMixi D®²qGbi RbÅ eügyLx ˆmÙGi wewbGqvM cwiK͸bv; (N) PëMÉvg bMixi cqtwbÓ•vkb I ebÅv wbGivGai RbÅ gnvcwiK͸bv; (O) PëMÉvGg hvbRU wbimb I cwienb wbq¯¨Y eÅeÕ©vi D®²qGbi gnvcwiK͸bv; (P) bMi D®²qb mswkÏÓ¡ AvBb I wewai AvaywbKxKiY ‰es D®²qb KZ‡ÆcGÞi cÉkvmwbK eÅeÕ©v cybweÆbÅvGmi cwiK͸bv; (Q) D®²qb KZƆcGÞi KgÆÞgZv evovGbvi RbÅ Rbej D®²qb ‰es fwelÅr bMi cwiK͸bv I D®²qGbi RbÅ cÉhywî×i nÕ¦v¯¦i|

cÉkvmb  PëMÉvGgi cÉkvmwbK KvhÆò×g wewf®² msÕ©vi mg¯¼Gq cwiPvwjZ nq| PëMÉvGgi wmwU KGcÆvGikb ‰Kgvò wbeÆvwPZ msÕ©v| ˆgqi I IqvWÆ KwgkbviMY bMievmxG`i ˆfvGU wbeÆvwPZ nb| miKvi KZƆK ˆcÉlGY wbGqvwRZ ‰KRb wmwbqi miKvwi KgÆKZÆv KGcÆvGikGbi cÉavb wbeÆvwn KgÆKZvi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib| wbq¯¨Y I mg¯¼Gqi RbÅ bMi chÆvGq ˆKvb AvBbvbyM ˆK±`Êxq KZ‡ÆZ½ ˆbB| wewf®² msMVGbi Õ¼ Õ¼ wbq¯¨Y, mg¯¼q, bxwZ wbaÆviY ‰es Avw^ÆK msÕ©vb iGqGQ hvi P„ov¯¦ KZ‡ÆZ½ ^vGK XvKvq wewf®² g¯¨YvjGqi ‰wî×qvGi| bMi chÆvGq meÆGRÅÓ¤ wbeÆvwPZ KgÆKZÆv wnGmGe ˆgqi gvGSgGaÅ ˆKvb ˆKvb evÕ¦evqbvaxb KvhÆò×Gg mg¯¼qK wnGmGe KvR KGib|

ivÕ¦vq AvGjvi eÅeÕ©v, cwiœQ®²Zv msiÞY, cqtwbÓ•vkb, bMixi ˆmŒ±`hÆ weavb, bMixi ivÕ¦vNvU msiÞY ‰es gkK wbab cÉf‡wZ ˆgŒwjK bvMwiK ˆmev msò×v¯¦ `vwqZ½ cvjGbi RbÅ wmwU KGcÆvGikGbi mxwgZ ÞgZv I evGRU iGqGQ| wmwU KGcÆvGikb ˆcŒiKi I cwiœQ®²Zv msiÞY Ki Av`vq KGi ‰es ‰me  KiB KGcÆvGikGbi AvGqi cÉavb Drm|

bMixGZ AvBb k†OLjv weavb ˆgGUÇvcwjUb cywjk I wPd ˆgGUÇvcwjUb gÅvwRGÕ¡ËGUi `vwqZ½| Õ¼ivÓ¡Ë g¯¨Yvjq ‰ `ywU wefvGMi wbq¯¨Y I ‰G`i KvGR mg¯¼Gqi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi|

ˆWcywU KwgkbvGii KvhÆvjq Rwgi ciPv I AvbylwãK `Õ¦vGeR msiÞY KGi ‰es f„wgivRÕ¼ Av`vq KGi| ivÓ¡Ëxq cÉGqvRGb fzwg AwaMÉnY KiGZ nGj ˆWcywU KwgkbvGii KvhÆvjq c«¬wZMZ eÅeÕ©vw` MÉnY KGi|

bMi chÆvGq ˆRjv I ˆmkb RR nGœQ wePvi wefvMxq cÉavb| ài‚Zi AcivGai ‰es mKj ˆ`Iqvwb gvgjvi wePviKvhÆ ˆRjv I ˆmkb RGRi Av`vjGZ mÁ·®² nq|

we`yÅr D®²qb ˆevWÆ, wZZvm MÅvm wjwgGUW ‰es ˆZj ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj h^vò×Gg we`yÅr, MÅvm I R¾vjvwb ˆZj mieivn KGi ^vGK| ‰ mKj cÉwZÓ¤vb we`yÅr I LwbR mÁ·` g¯¨YvjGqi mg¯¼q I wbq¯¨Yvaxb|

Õ¼vÕ©Å g¯¨Yvjq KZ‡ÆK cwiPvwjZ nvmcvZvjmgƒn cÉavbZ Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev cÉ`vb KGi| wmwU KGcÆvGikGbi wbRÕ¼ Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev ˆK±`Ê I nvmcvZvj iGqGQ| ‰àwj miKvwi I ‰bwRI cÉ`î Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmevi mÁ·ƒiK wnGmGe KvR KGi| evwYwRÅK wfwîGZ cwiPvwjZ eÅvGOi QvZvi gGZv MwRGq IVv eÅwî× gvwjKvbvaxb wKÑwbKàwj QvovI ‰bwRI cwiPvwjZ ˆek wKQy wKÑwbK iGqGQ|

bMixi wkÞv-myweav cÉavbZ wkÞv g¯¨Yvjq cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| wmwU KGcÆvGikb,  ‰bwRI I ˆemiKvwi DG`ÅvGM cwiPvwjZ wKQy wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb wkÞvi AMÉMwZGZ Ae`vb ivLGQ| PëMÉvg wek¼we`Åvjq, PëMÉvg ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR I PëMÉvg cÉGKŒkj gnvwe`Åvjq cÉvq mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe miKvwi A^ÆvqGbB cwiPvwjZ nq|

PëMÉvg e±`i PëMÉvg bMixi AvIZvi gGaÅB AewÕ©Z| ‰ AeÕ©vq e±`Gii hveZxq ˆgŒwjK bvMwiK ˆmev cÉ`vb wmwU KGcÆvGikb I ‰LvGb KgÆiZ AbÅvbÅ miKvwi msÕ©vàwji `vwqZ½|

‰KRb ˆPqvigÅvb I cuvP Rb m`mÅ (Õ©vqx miKvwi KgÆKZÆv ev ˆemiKvwi eÅwî×eGMÆi gaÅ ˆ^GK miKvi KZ‡ÆK wbGqvMK‡Z) mg¯¼Gq MwVZ PëMÉvg D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ cÉavbZ bMixi D®²qGbi RbÅ gnvcwiK͸bv cÉYqb I evÕ¦evqGbi `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi| PëMÉvg D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ ‰jvKv D®²qb (h^v, evwYwRÅK ‰jvKv, AvevwmK ‰jvKv, weGbv`b ‰jvKv cÉf‡wZ) ‰es bMixi ivÕ¦vNvU D®²qGbi RbÅ bMixi AbyGgvw`Z gnvcwiK͸bvi mGã mãwZ ˆiGL cwiK͸bv cÉYqb I evÕ¦evqb KGi ^vGK| bMixi wbgÆvYwewa KvhÆKi KivI D®²qb KZ‡ÆcGÞi `vwqZ½| ‰ KZ‡ÆcÞ KZ‡ÆK bKkvi cƒeÆvbyGgv`b Qvov bMi ‰jvKvq ˆKvb Õ©vqx feb wbgÆvY Kiv hvq bv| D®²qb KZ‡ÆcÞ cƒZÆ g¯¨YvjGqi mg¯¼q I wbq¯¨Yvaxb| wmwU KGcÆvGikGbi mGã ‰i mg¯¼q AGbKUv AÕ©vqx aiGbi ‰es cwiK͸bv evÕ¦evqb chÆvGqi|

Õ¼ivÓ¡Ë g¯¨Yvjq wbqw¯¨Z dvqvi weËGMW I wmwfj wWGd´Ö wefvM bMixGZ Aw™² wbeÆvcY I Ri‚wi D«¬viKvGhÆ wbGqvwRZ| WvK Zvi I ˆUvjGdvb g¯¨YvjGqi AaxGb ˆUwjGdvb I ˆUwjMÉvd wefvM ˆUwjGhvMvGhvM ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| wKQymsLÅK eÅwî×gvwjKvbvaxb ˆUwjGdvb ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰LvGb ˆmev `vb KiGQ|

`kÆbxq Õ©vb  PëMÉvGgi my`†kÅ `vjvbGKvVv, gmwR` I cweò ˆmŒamgƒn AZxZKvj nGZ eZÆgvb chƯ¦ ‰i BwZnvGmi mvÞÅ enb KGi| bMixi cyivGbv I bZzb AwaKvsk BgviZ wbPz cvnvo I wUjvi DcGi ‰es DcZÅKv I mgf„wgGZ wbwgÆZ| `xDqvwb Av`vjZ, ˆdŒR`vwi Av`vjZ ‰es wefvMxq Kwgkbvi, ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi, ˆRjv I `vqiv RGRi KvhÆvjq mÁ¼wjZ wekvj ˆKvUÆ wewΣs cixi cvnvGoi DcGi AewÕ©Z| ‰ cvnvGoi kxlÆG`k nGZ wbGP knGii cÉvK‡wZK ˆmŒ±`hÆ AeGjvKb Kiv hvq| ˆh ˆKD ˆgvnbv chƯ¦ KYÆdzjx b`x ‰es ‰i Zxi aGi e±`i ‰jvKv, `wÞY w`GK w`qvO I euvkLvjx ceÆZGkÉYx ‰es cƒeÆ w`GK cveÆZÅ Açj ˆ`LGZ cvGi| cvnvGoi cv`G`k aGi ˆRbvGij ˆcvÓ¡Awdm, wgDwbwmcÅvj nvBÕ•zj, wbDgvGKÆU ‰es PëMÉvg D®²qb KZƆcÞ feb AewÕ©Z| isgnj cvnvo kxGlÆ ˆRbvGij nvmcvZvj AewÕ©Z| ˆUgGcÕ¡ wnjm bvGg cwiwPZ ‰K ceÆZGkÉYxi kxGlÆ ˆUwjMÉvd Awdm, wefvMxq eb KvhÆvjq, wefvMxq Kwgkbvi I ˆWcywU KwgkbvGii evmfeb AewÕ©Z|

evsjvG`k ˆijIGqi cƒeÆvçGji m`i `dZi PëMÉvGg AewÕ©Z| 1891 mvGj Avmvg ˆeãj ˆijIGq wnGmGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰B ˆijc^ cieZÆx mgGq cƒeÆevsjv ˆijIGq ‰es 1947 mvGji ci cvwKÕ¦vb cƒeÆvçjxq ˆijIGq bvGg cwiwPZ nq| PëMÉvg ˆijIGq ˆÕ¡kb ˆ^GK cvnvoZwj chƯ¦ ‰jvKv ‰es cvnvGoi cv`G`k aGi ˆijc^ Dîi w`GK PGj ˆMGQ; ˆijIGq KZ‡ÆcÞ ‰ cyGiv ‰jvKvi D®²qb mvab KGiGQ| ‰ ‰jvKv ˆijIGq KGjvwb bvGg cwiwPZ ‰es bMixi meGPGq AvKlÆYxq ‰jvKvi AbÅZg| cvnvGoi DcGi myweavRbK Õ©vGb my`†kÅ evsGjvàwj wbwgÆZ nGqGQ| ˆijIGq KÑve, KgÆPvixG`i AvevwmK febmgƒn, ˆijIGqi cÉavb Awdm, ˆijIGq nvmcvZvj, cvnvoZwj IqvKÆkc ‰es  AbÅvbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj ‰ ‰jvKvGZ AewÕ©Z|

bMixi ‰K gGbvig Õ©vGb 1913 mvGj BsGiRiv PëMÉvg mvwKÆU nvDm wbgÆvY KGi| cieZÆx mgGq ‰wUGK ‰K cÉvmvG`vcg AëvwjKvi i…c w`Gq ögYiZ DœPc`Õ© miKvwi KgÆKZÆvG`i AÕ©vqx wbevm wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| 1981 mvGji 30 ˆg gvwKÆU nvDGmi 4bs KGÞ ivÓ¡ËcwZ wRqvDi ingvGbi nZÅvKvGíi ci mvwKÆU nvDmwUGK ‘wRqv ÕÆwZ Rv`yNi’-‰ i…cv¯¦wiZ Kiv nq|

ev`kv wgqv moGK AewÕ©Z ‘Iqvi wmGgwUÇ’ Aci ‰KwU HwZnvwmK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Õ©vb| ‰LvGb w«¼Zxq wek¼hyG«¬ BG±`v-evgÆv iYvãGb Avñ`vbKvix wgòevwnbxi 755 Rb ŠmwbGKi mgvwa iGqGQ| ‰LvGb mgvwaÕ© ŠmwbKG`i AwaKvskB wQGjb AGÓ¡Ëwjqv, weËGUb, KvbvWv, cƒeÆ I cwøg AvwdÌKv, weËwUk fviZ I wbDwRjÅvG´£i Awaevmx| ˆgvU AvU ‰Ki RvqMvi Dci weÕ¦‡Z mgvwaÕ©jwUi iÞYvGeÞY KGi KgbIGqj^ ˆMÉfm Kwgkb|

bMixi ˆK±`ÊÕ©Gj ‰KwU wXwei Dci ‘A±`iwKÍÏv’ bvGg cwiwPZ ‰KwU HwZnvwmK `yMÆ wQj| `yMÆwUi eYÆbv w`Gq wknveyóxb Zvwjk wjGLGQb, `yGfÆ`ÅZvi w`K ˆ^GK ‰wU AvGjKRv´£vGii `yGMÆi mgKÞ ‰es ‰i eyi‚Ràwj dj&K-Dj-eyi‚GRi bÅvq myDœP| gyMjG`i «¼viv mÁ·ƒYÆ a»smcÉvµ¦ ‰ `yGMÆi bvg Qvov ‰Lb Avi ˆKvb AwÕ¦Z½ ˆbB| A±`iwKÍÏv bvGg ‰KwU wecwY ˆK±`Ê ‰Kmgq Lye RbwcÉq wQj, wK¯§ KvPvwi cvnvGoi cwøg w`GK wiqvRyóxb evRvi I wbKUeZÆx wbDgvGKÆU MGo IVvi ci ‰i ài‚Z½ eüjvsGk  nËvm ˆcGqGQ|

PëMÉvGg cvBKvwi I LyPiv eÅemvi RbÅ Aci ‰KwU cÉwm«¬ Õ©vb nGœQ PvKZvB| cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰wU nGœQ KbÆdzjx b`xi ZjG`k ˆ^GK ˆRGM IVv ‰KwU cyivZb I cwiZÅî× Õ©jfvM| Õ©vbxq eÅemvqxiv PvKZvB Lvj bvGg cwiwPwZ ‰KwU LvjcG^ ˆbŒKv I mvÁ·vb ˆhvGM ZvG`i gvjvgvj ‰LvGb wbGq AvGm| abx eÅemvqxG`i AwaKvsk Awdm, eÅvsK ‰es B´ÖyÅGi´Ö ˆKvÁ·vwbi Awdmàwj ‰LvGb AewÕ©Z|

gmwR` I `iMvn  PëMÉvg mydx `iGek I dwKiG`i wgjbGÞòi…Gc cwiwPZ| ˆek wKQy gmwR` I `iMvn ‰Kmgq ‰ knGi ZvG`i AeÕ©vGbi mvÞÅ enb KGi| PëMÉvGgi meGPGq ghÆv`vi Õ©vb nGœQ cÉLÅvZ `iGek evGqRx` ˆevÕ¦vgx i `iMvn| wZwb 777 mvGj BivGbi ˆevÕ¦vGg R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| wZwb PëMÉvGg ‰GmwQGjb ‰i…c wek¼vm mvaviGYÅ cÉPwjZ AvGQ| ˆh cvnvGoi Dci `iMvnwU AewÕ©Z Zvi cv`G`Gk ‰K wekvj cyKzGii cvGo mgËvU AvIiãGRe ‰KwU gmwR` wbgÆvY KwiGqwQGjb| cyKziwUGZ KGqKk KœQc iGqGQ| ‰i…c wek¼vm cÉPwjZ AvGQ ˆh, KœQcàwj `yÓ¡ wRbG`i eskai| ‰ `yÓ¡ wRGbiv `iGeGki ˆKvcvbGj cGo ZviB AwfkvGc KœQGc cwiYZ nGqGQ|

`iGek e`i AvDwjqv wQGjb ‰KRb eo gvGci `iGek I cÉPviK| Kw^Z AvGQ ˆh, wZwb PëMÉvGg Bmjvg cÉPvi KGiwQGjb| AekÅ ‰ `iGeGki cwiPq wbGq wKQy gZGf` iGqGQ ‰es evsjvG`Gki wewf®² AçGj wZwb wf®² wf®² bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆh mKj bvGg wZwb cwiwPZ Zvi KGqKwU nGœQ e`i Avjg, e`i cxi I e`i AvDwjqv| cÉPwjZ gZvbyhvqx wZwb ‰KwU cÉ`xc (PvwU) R¾vwjGq `yÓ¡ wRbG`i weZvwoZ KGiwQGjb ‰es ‰ cÉ`xc ev PvwU ˆ^GKB ‰ Õ©vGbi bvgKiY nq PvwUMÉvg| ˆh cvnvGoi P„ovq ‘PvwU’ R¾vjvGbv nGqwQj ˆmwU ‘ˆPivwM cvnvo’ A^Ævr cÉ`xGci cvnvo bvGg cwiwPZ| cvnvowU bMixi Rvgvj Lvb ‰jvKvq AewÕ©Z| PëMÉvg wmwU KGcÆvGikb mÁ·ÉwZ ‰ cvnvGoi DcGi ‰KwU my`†kÅ MÁ¼yR wbgÆvY KGiGQ| eLkxnvGU e`icwëGZ e`i AvDwjqvi `iMvn AewÕ©Z|

`iGek kvn AvgvbGZi (KzóyQ miivüj AvwRR) `iMvn kwid PëMÉvGgi weLÅvZ `iMvnàwji AbÅZg| ˆm´ŸÈvj ˆRGji Dîi I jvjw`wNi cƒeÆ w`GK ‰i AeÕ©vb| `iGek AvgvbZ kvGni RG¯Ãi mwVK ZvwiL Rvbv hvq wb| ‰i…c wek¼vm Kiv nq ˆh, wZwb AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ˆkl w`K ˆ^GK Ebwesk kZvõxi cÉ^g w`K chƯ¦ RxweZ wQGjb| cÉwZw`b nvRvi nvRvi ˆjvK Zuvi `iMvn cwi`kÆb KGi|

DcwiDî× `iMvnàwj QvovI bMixGZ AmsLÅ `iMvn I gvhvi QwoGq AvGQ| ‰àwji gGaÅ ˆlvjkni ˆijGÕ¡kGbi KvGQ bvwmivevG` Pkgv-B-nRiZ ˆkL dwi` ‰es KGjR ˆivˆW gv`Ëvmv wnGji cƒeÆ XvGj AewÕ©Z `iGek ˆgvÍÏv wgmwKGbi `iMvni DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|

ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v  moK, ˆijc^, wegvb I RjcG^ PëMÉvGgi mGã ˆ`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki ˆhvMvGhvM iGqGQ|

moKc^  AvcvZ `†wÓ¡GZ gGb nq, evsjvq ˆkikvnB ˆlvok kZvõxi cÉ^gvGaÆ `xNÆ moK wbgÆvGYi ˆÞGò meÆcÉ^g ài‚Z½cƒYÆ c`GÞc MÉnY KGiwQGjb| ˆkikvGni  MÉÅv´£ UÇvâ ˆivW MvGãq DcZÅKv aGi XvKv I PëMÉvgGK mshyî× KGiGQ| ‰ `ywU bMixi gGaÅ ‰UvB nGœQ cÉ^g eo aiGbi moK msGhvM hvi myÕ·Ó¡ ˆjLÅ cÉgvY iGqGQ| AekÅ PëMÉvgGK gaÅevsjvi mGã moK cG^ mshy&î× Kivi DG`ÅvM ˆkikvGni cÉvq `ykZvõx KvGji AvGMB ˆbIqv nGqwQj| ‰ gGgÆ cÉgvY iGqGQ ˆh, ˆmvbviMuvGqi Õ¼vaxb myjZvb dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn PëMÉvg weRGqi ci PëMÉvgGK Puv`cyGii mGã mshyî× KGi ‰KwU mvgwiK moK wbgÆvY KGiwQGjb| 1760 mvGj PëMÉvg AwaKvGii ci weËwUkiv ‰KwU Aby®²Z moK eÅeÕ©v, gƒjZ PëMÉvg nGZ XvKv chƯ¦ UÇvsK ˆivWwUi DîivwaKvi jvf KGi| 1898-99 mvGj PëMÉvg ˆRjvi ˆgvU 577 gvBj `xNÆ ivÕ¦vi gGaÅ gvò ‰K gvBj wQj cvKv, Avi ˆmUv nGjv e±`Gii mÁÃyL w`GK b`xi Zxi aGi gGnkLvjx Õ¡Ëv´£ ˆivW| 1962 mvj ˆ^GK miKvi moK wbgÆvGYi cÉwZ gGbvGhvM ˆ`b ‰es cvKv ivÕ¦vi `ƒiZ½ evovGbv nq| PëMÉvg nGZ Dîi-cƒeÆ I `wÞY-cƒeÆ w`GK cÉavb moKàwj mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nq|

wesk kZvõxi weGki `kK chƯ¦ PëMÉvGgi ivÕ¦vNvGU ÷ay ˆNvovi Mvwo I Mi‚i Mvwo ˆ`Lv ˆhZ| ‰ mgGqi w`GK ˆKvb ˆKvb Rwg`vi I BDGivcxqG`i Avbv ˆgvUihvb knGi ˆ`Lv ˆhZ| 1924-25 mvGji w`GK PëMÉvg nGZ wbKUeZÆx ‰jvKvq, ˆhgb PëMÉvg nGZ 12 gvBj `ƒieZÆx nvUnvRvix ‰es 23 gvBj `ƒGi bvwRinvU chƯ¦ cÉ^g UÅvwÝ Pvjy nq| UÅvwÝàwj kni ˆ^GK Dîi-cƒeÆw`GK ˆRjvi mxgv¯¦ chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z ivgMo moGKI PjvPj KiZ| KGqK eQi ci UÅvwÝi e`Gj AaÆUbx evm Pvjy Kiv nq| 1947 mvGj knGi meÆcÉ^g wiK&mv Pvjy nq| ‰KB eQGi knGi evm PjvPjI ÷i‚ nq|  ò×gv¯¼Gq ‰ evm mvwfÆm e†nîi bMi ‰jvKvq mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nq| 1962 mvGj ò×geaÆgvb kni ‰jvKvi Pvwn`v cƒiGYi RbÅ AGUvwiÝv Pvjy Kiv nq| eZÆgvGb PëMÉvGgi mGã  evsjvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ ˆRjvi moK ˆhvMvGhvM e†w«¬ I D®²qGbi mGã mGã ‰KmgGqi ˆbŒc^ wbfÆi eÅemv evwYRÅ moKc^ I ˆijcG^ cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ| cÉwZw`b me aiGbi cYÅGevSvB kZ kZ UÇvK ivÕ¦vq PjvPj KiGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|

ˆijc^  AvmvGgi Pv evMvbàwji mGã PëMÉvg e±`Gii ˆhvMvGhvM cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉGqvRGb PëMÉvGg ˆijc^ wbgÆvY ÷i‚ nq| 1891 mvGj 1,50,000 cvD´£ gƒjab wbGq j´£Gb Avmvg-ˆeãj ˆijIGq ˆKvÁ·vwb MwVZ nq| 3Æ-33/<sub>8wgUviGMR</sub> ˆijc^ wbwgÆZ nq| e±`iGK AvmvGgi mGã mshyî× KGi cÉ^g ˆijjvBb 1895 mvGj Pvjy Kiv nq| ‰i ci evsjvG`Gki AewkÓ¡ AskGK bMix I ˆRjvi mGã mshyî× KGi AbÅvbÅ ˆijjvBb wbwgÆZ nq| wbD gvGKÆU bvGg cwiwPZ wecwY weZvb ‰es wiqvRDóxb evRvGii KvGQ PëMÉvg ˆijIGq ˆÕ¡kb AewÕ©Z| Av¯¦-GRjv ˆUÇb QvovI ˆ`vnvRvix, bvwRinvU I PëMÉvg wek¼we`Åvjq ‰jvKvi mGã bMixi msGhvMKvix ˆjvKvj ˆUÇbI PjvPj KGi| 

wegvbc^  PëMÉvg ‰g.‰ nv®²vb Av¯¦RÆvwZK wegvbe±`i bMiGK±`Ê nGZ cÉvq 11 wKGjvwgUvi `ƒGi KYÆdzjx b`xi ZxGi AewÕ©Z| evsjvG`Gki cÉvq AwaKvsk ˆRjvi mGãB PëMÉvGgi wegvb ˆhvMvGhvM iGqGQ| bMiGK±`Ê ‰es wegvbe±`Gii mGã D®²Z moK msGhvM iGqGQ ‰es hvòxMY ˆgvUi, evm I AGUvwiÝvq KGi wegvbe±`Gi ˆcuŒQGZ cvGi|

Rjc^  PëMÉvg bMix evsjvG`Gki Acivci AsGki mGã DcK„jxq ˆbŒc^ ˆbUIqvKÆ «¼viv mshyî×| DcK„jxq Rjhvbmgƒn PëMÉvg nGZ AbÅvbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evwYRÅ-ˆK±`ÊàwjGZ ˆewkifvM cYÅ cwienb KGi ^vGK| DcK„jxq Rjhvbàwj Acivci cÉPzi cGYÅi gGaÅ R¾vjvwb ˆZj, wmGg´Ÿ, Lv`ÅkmÅ I jeY cwienb KGi| DcK„jxq ˆbŒcG^ hvòx cwienb KLbB Lye RbwcÉq I wbivc` wQj bv| eZÆgvGb ‰ cG^ ejGZ ˆMGj ˆKvb hvòx cwienb ˆbB| PëMÉvGg `ywU jç I wÕ¡gvi UvwgÆbvj iGqGQ| ‰àwj gvwSi NvU I m`iNvU bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰ `ywUi gGaÅ gvwSi NvU ˆewk cyivZb| hw`I ‰Kmgq eÅemvqx I ewYKMY ˆbŒKv I mvÁ·vb ˆevSvB KGi ‰LvGb ZvG`i cYÅ`ËeÅ wbGq AvmZ, ‰wU ‰Lb Avi ˆZgb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evwYRÅGK±`Ê bq| gvwSi NvGUi KvGQ AewÕ©Z m`iNvU ‰Lb bMixi RbwcÉq jç I wÕ¡gvi UvwgÆbvj| cÉwZw`b m±`xc, KzZzew`qv, gGnkLvjx cÉf‡wZ wbKUeZÆx «¼xc nGZ jç I Õ¡xgviàwj wbqwgZ hvòx I cYÅ wbGq ‰LvGb Avmv hvIqv KGi|  [wkixb nvmvb Imgvbx]