wLjvdZ
AvG±`vjb (1919-1924) fviZxq
RvZxqZvevG`i cÉfvGe D«¿„Z ‰KwU cÅvb-Bmjvwg AvG±`vjb| Imgvbxq myjZvb
w«¼Zxq Ave`yj nvwg` (1876-1909) cÅvb-Bmjvwg KgÆmƒwP ÷i‚ KGiwQGjb| wbR
ˆ`Gk RvZxqZvev`x MYZvw¯¨K AvG±`vjb wbgƒÆj Kivi jGÞÅ ‰es weG`kx kwî×i
Avò×gY ˆ^GK Zuvi Þwqúz mvgËvRÅGK iÞv KGi wek¼-gymwjg mÁ·É`vGqi ‘myjZvb-Lwjdv’
ghÆv`vq wbGRGK cÉwZwÓ¤Z Kivi DGóGkÅ wZwb ‰ AvG±`vjGbi mƒPbv KGib| Dwbk
kZGKi ˆkGli w`GK Zuvi `ƒZ Rvgvjyóxb AvdMvwb cÅvb-Bmjvgev` cÉPvGii RbÅ
fviZ mdi Kivi ci ‰ gZevG`i cÉwZ wKQy fviZxq gymjgvGbi gGaÅ AbyK„j mvov
RvGM|
1905
mvGji eãfã i` (1911), ZziGÕ•i Dci BZvjxq (1911) I ejKvb Avò×gY
(1911-1912) ‰es ZziGÕ•i wecGÞ cÉ^g wek¼ hyG«¬ (1914-18) ˆMÉU weËGUGbi
Ask MÉnGYi dGj wek kZGKi ÷i‚GZ cÅvb-Bmjvwg AvG±`vjb AviI ZxeË nGq IGV|
cÉ^g
wek¼hyG«¬ ZziGÕ•i civRq ‰es ˆmfvmÆ Pzwî×i (AvMÕ¡ 10, 1920) AaxGb ZziGÕ•i
f„L´£ BDGivcxq kwî×àwji gGaÅ fvM-evGUvqviv nIqvq BmjvGgi cweò Õ©vbmgƒGni
Ici Lwjdvi AwffveKZ½ wbGq fviGZ AvksKv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰ KviGY ZzwKÆ wLjvdZ
iÞv ‰es ˆMÉU weËGUb I BDGivcxq kwî×àwji ZziÕ• mvgËvRÅGK euvPvGbvi RbÅ
1919 mvGji ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i gvGm ‰KwU ˆMuvov mvÁ·É`vwqK AvG±`vjb wnGmGe wLjvdZ
AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ nq| Avjx övZ‡«¼q gynÁÃ` Avjx I kIKZ Avjx, Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` , W. ‰g.‰ Avbmvix I nmiZ ˆgvnvbxi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰ AvG±`vjb mƒwPZ
nq| Dîi fviGZi ˆek KGqKwU knGi wLjvdZ mGÁÃjb AbywÓ¤Z nq ‰es cÉvG`wkK
kvLvi weavbmn ˆevÁ¼vB knGi ‰KwU ˆK±`Êxq wLjvdZ KwgwU MwVZ nq| ˆkV ˆQvUvbx
bvgxq ‰K abx eÅemvqxGK ‰ KwgwUi mfvcwZ I gIjvbv kIKZ AvjxGK mÁ·v`K Kiv
nq| 1920 mvGj Avjx övZ‡«¼q wLjvdZ BkGZnvi ˆNvlYv KGib| ˆK±`Êxq wLjvdZ
KwgwU ZziGÕ• RvZxqZvev`x AvG±`vjGb mnvqZv `vb ‰es ˆ`Gk wLjvdZ AvG±`vjb
msMwVZ Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU Znwej MVb KGi|
‰mgGq
ˆgvnb`vm KigPuv` Mv®¬x 1919 mvGji ‰wcÉGj msNwUZ RvwjbIqvjvevM nZÅvKv´£
‰es 1919 mvGji ivIjvU AÅvÙGK miKvwi wbhÆvZGbi cÉgvYi…Gc wPwn×Z KGi ‰i
cÉwZevG` Awnsm RvZxqZvev`x AvG±`vjb ‘mZÅvMÉn’ ÷i‚ KGib| Zuvi AvG±`vjGbi
cÉwZ gymjgvbG`i mg^Æb wbwøZ Kivi RbÅ Mv®¬x wLjvdZ AvG±`vjbGK mg^Æb KGib
‰es ˆK±`Êxq wLjvdZ KwgwUi m`mÅ nb| meÆ fviZxq KsGMÉGmi bvMcyi mGÁÃjGb
(1920) Mv®¬x ‘Õ¼ivR’ KgÆmƒwPGK wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi `vwei mGã hyî× KGib
‰es Dfq jÞÅ ARÆGbi RbÅ AmnGhvM cwiK͸bv MÉnY KGib|
1920
mvGji gvSvgvwS mgGq wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi cÉwZ Mv®¬xi mg^ÆGbi wewbgGq wLjvdZ
ˆbZ‡e†±` Mv®¬xi Awnsm AmnGhvM AvG±`vjGbi mGã ‰KvñZv ˆNvlYv KGib| ‰fvGe
fviGZ weËwUk kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ wn±`y I gymwjg mÁ·É`vq ‰KwU mwÁÃwjZ dÌ´Ÿ
MGo ˆZvGj| RvwgqvZzj Djvgv-B-wnG±`i gvaÅGg gymwjg agÆZî½we`G`i mg^ÆbI
cvIqv hvq| ˆK±`Êxq wbeÆvwn I mvsweavwbK KwgwUGZ evsjvi gIjvbv AvKig Lvb ‰KRb m`mÅ wQGjb|
AekÅ
wKQy eo aiGbi NUbv ‰ AvG±`vjGbi mvÁ·É`vwqK mÁ·ÉxwZ I Awnsm DGókÅ mvaGb
cÉwZe®¬KZvi m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰me NUbvi gGaÅ wQj 1920 mvGj 18 nvRvi gymwjg
K‡lGKi wnRiZ, ‰G`i AwaKvskB wQj wm®¬z I Dîi cwøg cÉG`kmgƒGni Awaevmx;
fviZGK ‘`vi‚j nvie’ weGePbv KGi ‰ wbGq gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ evovevwo; 1921
mvGj `wÞY fviGZ ˆgvcjv weG`Ëvn; 1922 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwiGZ gaÅ cÉG`Gki ˆPŒwi-GPŒivGZ
DœQ†OLj RbZv ‰KwU ^vbvGZ Avàb w`Gj 22 Rb cywjGki g†ZzÅ| ‰i ciciB Mv®¬x
AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb cÉZÅvnvi KGib| wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi ˆbZ‡e†±` ‰
c`GÞcGK wek¼vmNvZKZv eGj gGb KGib|
ˆkl
chƯ¦ ZzwKÆG`i KvQ ˆ^GKB AvGm wLjvdZ ˆbZ‡e†G±`i ewnivbyMGZÅi cÉwZ PigZg
AvNvZ| ZzwKÆ RvZxqZvev`x ˆbZv ˆgvÕ¦dv KvgvGji PgKcÉ` ˆmKzÅjvi ˆiGbmuv,
nvbv`vi wMÉK evwnbxi Ici Zuvi weRq ‰es cwiYvGg 1922 mvGji bGfÁ¼i gvGm
mvjZvbvGZi wejywµ¦ I 1923 mvGji AGÙvei gvGm ZziGÕ•i cÉRvZG¯¨ i…cv¯¦i,
1924 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm wLjvdGZi wejywµ¦ NUvq wLjvdZxG`i ˆgvnfã nq| ‰ici
cÉvmwãKZv I ài‚Z½nxb AeÕ©vq 1924 mvGj wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi cwimgvwµ¦ NGU|
1918
mvGji 30 wWGmÁ¼i w`wÍÏGZ AbywÓ¤Z wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxGMi ‰Kv`kZg AwaGekGb
meÆcÉ^g ˆLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi Dóxcbv jÞ Kiv hvq| evsjv ˆ^GK AvMZ ‰.GK
dRjyj nK mfvcwZi fvlGY civwRZ Imgvbxq mvgËvGRÅi f„L´£ fvMevGUvqviv
Kivi RbÅ weËGUb I Zvi wgòkwî×àwj ˆh gGbvfve MÉnY KGi ZvGZ DG«¼M cÉKvk
KGib|
cÅvwim
kvw¯¦ mGÁÃjGb (1919) ‰ mÁ¿vebv I DG«¼M AbyGgv`b jvf KiGj evOvwj wLjvdZ
ˆbZ‡e†±` gIjvbv AvKig Lvb, Aveyj KvGkg, gywReyi ingvb Lvb KjKvZvq 1919
mvGji 9 ˆdeË‚qvwiGZ ‰K Rbmfvi AvGqvRb KGib| Imgvbxq mvgËvGRÅi AL´£Zv
‰es wLjvdZGK iÞv Kivi mcGÞ Rb mg^Æb Av`vq KivB wQj ‰i jÞÅ|
evsjvq
wLjvdZ-AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb (1918-1924) ‰KwU MYAvG±`vjGb cwiYZ nq ‰es ‰GZ
wn±`y I gymjgvGbiv Ask ˆbq| ˆK±`Êxq I cÉvG`wkK ˆbZ‡e†G±`i mgw¯¼Z c`GÞGci
KviGY evsjvq AvG±`vjb cÉmvi jvf KGi| MÉvg evsjvq wLjvdZ gZv`kÆ cÉPvi
KGib gIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`| cÉv^wgK chÆvGq ‰ AvG±`vjbGK RbwcÉq KGi
ˆZvGjb evOvwj ˆbZ‡e†±` gIjvbv AvKig Lvb, gwbi‚ävgvb Bmjvgvev`x , gywReyi ingvb Lvb, gynvÁÃ`
Ave`yÍÏvwnj Kvdx, gynvÁÃ` Ave`yÍÏvwnj
evKx, BmgvBj ˆnvGmb wmivRx,
Aveyj KvGkg I ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK| gIjvbv AvKig Lvb I gwbi‚ävgvb Bmjvgvev`x
evsjv mdi KGib ‰es weGklfvGe XvKv I PëMÉvGg wLjvdZ mfv msMwVZ KGib|
‘AmnGhvwMZv I AvgvG`i KZÆeÅ’ kxlÆK wbeG®¬ gwbi‚ävgvb Bmjvgvev`x ˆNvlYv
KGib ˆh, wLjvdZ iÞv Kiv I Õ¼ivR ARÆb Kiv AvgvG`i AvG±`vjGbi `ywU DGókÅ
‰es ‰ AvG±`vjbGK mg^Æb Kiv cÉwZwU fviZxq bvMwiGKi cweò KZÆeÅ|
1919
mvGji 17 AGÙvei cÉ^g wLjvdZ w`em cvjGbi mgq KjKvZvi AwaKvsk fviZxq gvwjKbvaxb
ˆ`vKvbcvU e®¬ ^vGK, wewf®² gmwRG` cÉv^Æbv Kiv nq ‰es mviv
evsjvq Rbmfv AbywÓ¤Z nq| 1919 mvGji 23-24 bGfÁ¼i w`wÍÏGZ evsjv ˆ^GK
AvMZ ‰.ˆK dRjyj nGKi mfvcwZGZ½ wbwLj fviZ wLjvdZ mGÁÃjb AbywÓ¤Z nq|
wLjvdZ mgmÅv SzwjGq ivLvq cÉÕ¦vweZ kvw¯¦ mGÁÃjGb Ask bv ˆbIqv, weËwUk
cYÅ eRÆb Kiv ‰es miKvGii mGã AmnGhvwMZvi bxwZ MÉnGYi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv nq|
1920 mvGji cÉ^g w`GK eãxq cÉvG`wkK wLjvdZ KwgwU MwVZ nq| gIjvbv Ave`yi
iDdGK KwgwUi mfvcwZ, gIjvbv gwbi‚ävgvb Bmjvgvev`xGK mnmfvcwZ, gIjvbv
AvKig LvbGK mvaviY mÁ·v`K ‰es gywReyi ingvb I gwR` eLkGK hy™Â mÁ·v`K
Kiv nq| KjKvZvi KjyGUvjv Õ¡ËxGUi wniYevwo ˆjGb msMVGbi KvhÆvjq Õ©vwcZ
nq|
1920
mvGji 28-29 ˆdeË‚qvwi KjKvZv UvDb nj ‰ cÉ^g eãxq cÉvG`wkK wLjvdZ
mGÁÃjb AbywÓ¤Z nq| ˆK±`Êxq wLjvdZ KwgwUi KwZcq ˆbZv ‰ mGÁÃjGb ˆhvM ˆ`b|
mfvq DcwÕ©Z wewkÓ¡ evOvwj wLjvdZ ˆbZ‡e†±` ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK, Aveyj KvGkg,
gywReyi ingvb I AbÅvbÅiv wLjvdZ mgmÅv mÁ·wKÆZ `vwe cƒiY bv nIqv chƯ¦
AmnGhvM I eqKU AeÅvnZ ivLvi KgÆmƒwP cybeÆÅî× KGib| mGÁÃjGb 1920 mvGji
19 gvPÆ w«¼Zxq wLjvdZ w`em cvjGbi wm«¬v¯¦ M†nxZ nq|
1920
mvGji gvPÆ gvGm wLjvdZ cÉGk² AvGjvPbvi RbÅ gIjvbv gynÁÃ` Avjxi ˆbZ‡GZ½
‰KwU wLjvdZ cÉwZwbwa `j BsjÅv´£ Mgb KGi| ‰ `Gj Aveyj KvGkg evsjv ˆ^GK
cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGib| Õ©vbxq wLjvdZ KwgwUI MwVZ nq| KjKvZv wLjvdZ KwgwUGZ
gIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` I ˆgŒjfx Ave`yi ingvb h^vò×Gg mfvcwZ I mÁ·v`K
wbeÆvwPZ nb| 1919 mvGji 20 wWGmÁ¼i XvKvi Avnmvb
gw±Rj ‰ XvKv KwgwU MwVZ nq| KwgwUi mfvcwZ nb LvRv nvweeyÍÏvn , weK͸ mfvcwZ Šmq` Ave`yj nvwdR ‰es mÁ·v`K wbeÆvwPZ nb ˆMvjvg
Kzóym| XvKv knGii bvMwiKG`i `vwei cwiGcÉwÞGZ ‰KwU ‘m`i wLjvdZ KwgwU’
MwVZ nq| LvRv myjvqgvb KvG`i KwgwUi mfvcwZ, gIjvbv Ave`yj Re&evi
Avbmvix, nvGdR Ave`yi ivävK, nvGdR Ave`yj nvwKgGK mn-mfvcwZ ‰es ˆgŒjfx
mvgmyj ü`vGK mÁ·v`K Kiv nq|
1920
mvGji 19 gvPÆ evsjvq w«¼Zxq wLjvdZ w`em cvwjZ nq| ‰ w`Gb KjKvZvi Rxebhvòv
APj nGq cGo ‰es XvKv, PëMÉvg I gqgbwmsGn eümsLÅK mfv AbywÓ¤Z nq| meGPGq
eo mfvwU AbywÓ¤Z nq UvãvBGj ‰es ‰GZ mfvcwZZ½ KGib D`vi RvZxqZvev`x gymwjg
Rwg`vi Ave`yj nvwjg MRbex| ‰ mfvq gwbi‚ävgvb Bmjvgvev`x wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi
cÉZxK wnGmGe ‘mZÅvMÉn’ AbykxjGbi RbÅ RbmvaviGYi cÉwZ Avn»vb Rvbvb|
KsGMÉm
KwgwUàwji cvkvcvwk evsjvi AwaKvsk ˆRjvq eümsLÅK wLjvdZ KwgwU MGo IGV|
‰me KwgwUGZ cÉvqk ‰KB m`GmÅi cybt cybt A¯¦fzÆwî× ˆ`Lv ˆhZ| ‰Uv wQj weËwUk
weGivax cÉ^g MY-AvG±`vjb ˆhLvGb wn±`y gymjgvb mgvb Dóxcbv wbGq AskMÉnY
KGi| wn±`y-gymwjg msev`còàwj AvG±`vjGb MYmg^Æb jvGfi jGÞÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ‰me cwòKvi gGaÅ ˆgvnvÁÃ`x, Avj-Bmjvg, I w` gymjgvb
weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|
gIjvbv
AvRv`, AvKig Lvb, gwbi‚ävgvb Bmjvgvev`x, wewcbP±`Ê cvj I wPîiéb
`vGmi ˆbZ‡GZ½ wLjvdZ AvG±`vjb mviv evsjvq ‰KwU gymwjg ivR‹bwZK ˆPZbvGK
weKwkZ KGi| wLjvdZ AvG±`vjb gƒjZ ‰KwU ˆMuvovcw¯© AvG±`vjb nGjI wn±`y
I gymjgvGbi gGaÅ cviÕ·wiK mÁ·KÆ I mgGSvZvi dGj gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ D`vi
gGbvfvGei m†wÓ¡ KGi| KjKvZvi KgÆmƒwPi AbymiGY weG`kx cYÅ eRÆb, Av`vjZ
I miKvwi Awdm eqKU KvhÆò×g ˆRvi`vi Kivi DGóˆkÅ ˆÕ¼œQvGmeKG`i cÉwkÞY
`vGbi RbÅ MÉvgevsjvq ˆÕ¼œQvGmex msMVb MGo ˆZvjv nq| ‰me ˆÕ¼œQvGmeKG`i
PiKvq myZv KvUv, ˆ`kxq `ËeÅvw` RbwcÉq KGi ˆZvjv ‰es wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi
Aby`vb msMÉGni KvGR wbGqvwRZ Kiv nq| XvKvi wKQy wKQy ‰jvKvq gymwjg Rwg`viMY
wbGRG`i ZzwKÆ myjZvGbi cÉwZwbwa ˆNvlYv KGi gymwjg cÉRvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK ‘wLjvdZ
mvjvgx’ Av`vq KGib| Rwg`viMY wLjvdZ Aejywµ¦i eüKvj cGiI cÉRvG`i AæZvi
myGhvM wbGq ‰ mvjvgx Av`vq AeÅvnZ ivGL|
AvG±`vjGbi
RbwcÉqZvq fxZ nGq evsjv miKvi 1921 mvGji 19 bGfÁ¼i ‰KwU cÉævcGbi gvaÅGg
wLjvdZ I KsGMÉm ˆÕ¼œQvGmeKG`i KvhÆò×g A‹ea ˆNvlYv KGi| miKvwi KgÆKZÆviv
wLjvdZ AwdmmgƒGn nvbv w`Gq `wjj `Õ¦vGeR evGRqvµ¦ KGi, mfv wbwl«¬ KGi
‰es msMVGbi KgÆKZÆvG`i ˆMÉdZvi KGi| 1921 mvGji 10 wWGmÁ¼i KjKvZvq gIjvbv
AvRv`, wPîiéb `vk, AvKig Lvb I AwÁ¼Kv
cÉmv` evRGcqxmn cÉvq ˆ`ok’ ˆbZv KgÆxGK ˆMÉdZvi Kiv nq|
‰
mâUgq mgGq wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb I AvBb cwil` eRÆb cÉGkÏ wLjvdZ I AmnGhvM ˆbZ‡e†G±`i
gGaÅ fvOb m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆKvb ˆKvb gymwjg ˆbZv ‰ aiGbi eRÆbGK gymjgvbG`i
RbÅ AvñNvZx eGj gGb KGib| 1919 mvGji Bwíqv AÅvGÙ fviGZ Õ¼-kvwmZ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
ˆh cÉwZkÉ‚wZ wQj Zvi cwiGcÉwÞGZ Zviv H AvBGbi AaxGb wbeÆvPGb Ask ˆbIqvi
cÞcvZx wQGjb|
‰
MÉ‚Gci Õ¼ivR ˆbZ‡e†G±`i gGaÅ wewkÓ¡ wQGjb wPîiéb `vm, wewcbP±`Ê cvj,
gwZjvj ˆbni‚, myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆx , Av÷GZvl ˆPŒayix, Av÷GZvl gyLvRÆx I kirP±`Ê emy | ‰KB gZv`kÆx wewkÓ¡ gymwjg ˆbZ‡e†±` wQGjb ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK, Aveyj
KvGkg, LvRv gynÁÃ` AvRg, LvRv AvdRvj, bIqve LvRv nvweeyÍÏvn, nvwKg nvweeyi ingvb , Šmq` bIqve Avjx ˆPŒayix , mÅvi Šmq` kvgmyj ü`v, mÅvi Ave`yÍÏvn ˆmvnivIqv`Æx, gIjvbv
AveyeKi wmwóKx, (dzidzivi cxi), kvn Avnmvb DÍÏvn, KvGRg Avjx I ˆnvGmb
knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx| fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm ‰es gymwjg RvZxqZvev`xiv
AvBb cwilG` ˆhvM`vGbi ZxeË weGivwaZv KGib|
wLjvdZ
AvG±`vjb mg^ÆK wewkÓ¡ wn±`y eÅwî×Z½ nGjb wewcbP±`Ê cvj, kÉxk P±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq,
Kvwgbx Kzgvi eG±`vcvaÅvq, W. ivq Kzgvi Pò×eZÆx, wc.wm ˆNvl, em¯¦ Kzgvi
gRyg`vi, Awk¼bxKzgvi `î , wcqvix jvj ivq, ài‚PiY AvBP, kirKzgvi
൦, Kwe gyKz±` `vk, nibv^ ˆNvl, bGM±`Ê fëvPvhÆ, mZx±`Ê ˆmb, W. Zvwibx
൦, mij Kzgvi `î, wbwkKv¯¦ Mvãywj, gGbvi±Rb ൦, kirKzgvi ˆNvl, bGM±`Ê
weRq fëvPvhÆ, bwjbx `vm, ŠkGj±`Ê bv^ `vm, wÞwZkP±`Ê ivqGPŒayix cÉgyL|
AvKwÕÃKfvGe
wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGbi cwimgvwµ¦ NUGjI ‰ AvG±`vjGbi dGj ˆh ivR‹bwZK ZrciZvi
m†wÓ¡ ‰es AwfæZv AwRÆZ nq Zv 1947 mvGji fviZ wefwî×i ci evOvwj gymjgvbG`i
wbKU LyeB gƒjÅevb weGewPZ nq| evsjv ˆ^GK wLjvdZ AvG±`vjGb AskMÉnYKvix
AmsLÅ eÅwî×G`i gGaÅ ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq wewkÓ¡ eÅwî×eMÆ nGjb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (hvui Avw` wbevm wQj cvebv, cGi UvãvBj ˆRjvi KvMgvwiGZ
emwZ KGib), Rwni‚óxb Zid`vi (gqgbwmsn), Aveyj gbmyi Avng` (gqgbwmsn),
Aveyj Kvjvg mvgmyóxb (gqgbwmsn), ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx (KjKvZv),
gIjvbv Ave`yi ikx` ZKÆevMxk (cvebv), nvweeyi ingvb ˆPŒayix (KzwgÍÏv),
Avkivd Dóxb AvnGg` ˆPŒayix (KzwgÍÏv), kvn e`i‚j Avjg (PëMÉvg), ˆgŒjfx
Avgvb Avjx (PëMÉvg), bƒi‚j nK ˆPŒayix (PëMÉvg), gynÁÃ` IqvjxDÍÏvn (PëMÉvg),
KvGRg Avjx wgqv (PëMÉvg), ZwgRDóxb Lvb (dwi`cyi), cxi ev`kv wgqv (dwi`cyi),
ˆgvqvGäg ˆnvGmb ˆPŒayix IiGd jvj wgqv (dwi`cyi), wePvicwZ ˆgvnvÁÃ` Beivwng
(dwi`cyi), gwR` eLk (ewikvj), Aveyj KvGkg (ewikvj), Lvb evnv`yi ˆngvGqZ
Dóxb AvnGg` (ewikvj), Kwe ˆgvRvGÁÃj nK (ˆfvjv), nvGkg Avjx Lvb (ewikvj),
IqvGn` ˆiRv ˆPŒayix (Djvwbqv, ewikvj), myjZvb AvnGg` ˆPŒayix (ewikvj),
gvGR` KvRx (Kmev, ewikvj), Lvb mvGne nvGZg Avjx Rgv`vi (ewikvj), Šmq`
gynÁÃ` AvdRj (wcGivRcyi), BmgvBj Lvb ˆPŒayix (ewikvj), ˆgŒjfx gynÁÃ`
Beivwng (ˆbvqvLvjx), Ave`yj Re»vi Lói (ˆbvqvLvjx), Ave`yj ˆMvdivb (ˆbvqvLvjx),
Šmq` Avng` Lvb (ˆbvqvLvjx), bvwmi Avng` f„Bqv (ˆbvqvLvjx), myGibP±`Ê
`vm൦ (eàov), ˆnvGmb Avng` (MvBev®¬v), ivwRe Dóxb Zid`vi (eàov), KweivR
ˆkL Ave`yj AvwRR (eàov), BmnvK ˆMvKzjx (eàov), gIjvbv gwbiDóxb AvbIqvix
(w`bvRcyi), ˆmvGgk¼i cÉmv` ˆPŒayix (eaÆgvb), kvn Ave`yj nvwg` (iscyi),
Avdmvi Dóxb AvnGg` (Lyjbv), myKzgvi eG±`vcvaÅvq (KzwÓ¡qv), ˆgŒjfx kvgmyóxb
AvnGg` (KzwÓ¡qv), Šmq` gwR` eL&k (hGkvi) ‰es gIjvbv Avng` Avjx (Lyjbv)|
wLjvdZ
AvG±`vjGbi cÉ^g mvwii ˆbZ‡e†±` QvovI ‰ mgGq kni ‰jvKv ‰es cÉavbZ evsjvi
cÉZů¦ AçGj ‰KwU bZzb gymwjg ˆbZ‡GkÉYxi D«¿e NGU| RbMYGK msMwVZ I D«¼y«¬
Kivi ˆÞGò Zvuiv AwfæZv ARÆb KGib| wLjvdZ AvG±`vjb gdÕ¼j wfwîK ‰K bZzb
ˆbZ‡GZ½i myGhvM m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰ ˆbZ‡Z½ evOvwj gymjgvbG`i ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z AvñmGPZb
ivR‹bwZK cwiwPwZ ZzGj aivi ˆÞGò gyLÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
[mywdqv
AvnGg`]
