Þz`ËFY cÉwZ FYMÉnxZvGK 1,000 ˆ^GK 10,000 UvKv chƯ¦ cÉ`î RvgvbZwenxb ռ͸cwigvY FY| ‰B FY cÉavbZ KgÆmsÕ©vb I Avq m†wÓ¡Kvix KvhÆò×g AviÁ¿ Kivi DGóGkÅ Þz`ËFY cÉ`vbKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb ev ZävZxq KgÆmƒwP ‰es eÅvsK I cÉPwjZ Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vb KZ‡ÆK `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤xi gGaÅ hviv Avav ‰KGii ˆPGq Kg Rwgi gvwjK ZvG`iGK cÉ`vb Kiv nq| Þz`ËFY cÉ`vbKvix cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒn (‰g‰dAvB) `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤xGK FY A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi wewf®² c«¬wZi gvaÅGg ZvG`i Avq I Drcv`bkxjZv e†w«¬GZ mnvqZv KGi ^vGK| `vwi`Ë weGgvPGbi jGÞÅ cwiPvwjZ Þz`ËFY KgÆmƒwPmgƒn cÉavbZ cÍÏx ‰jvKvq we`Ågvb Av^Æ-mvgvwRK fvimvgÅnxbZv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwigvGY AcmviGYi DGóGkÅ eÅvcK msLÅK FY MÉnxZvGK ‰i AvIZvq wbGq AvGm|

MÉvGgi `wi`Ë RbMY `xNÆw`b aGi AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FGYi Ici AwaK gvòvq wbfÆikxj wQj| MÉvgxY eÅvsK evsjvG`Gk weK͸ Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×g Pvjy KGi| `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤x, weGkl KGi `wi`Ë gwnjvG`i gGaÅ ˆMvÓ¤xwfwîK FY cÉ`vGbi ‰KwU KgÆmƒwP wnGmGe cÉ^Gg Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×g AviÁ¿ nq| MÉvgxY eÅvsK 1976 mvGj ‰KwU cixÞvgƒjK Þz`ËFY cÉK͸ Pvjy KGi| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`k K‡wl eÅvsK (weGKwe), ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK (ivKve) ‰es KgÆmsÕ©vb eÅvsK -‰i gGZv weGklvwqZ Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vb, PviwU ivÓ¡Ëvqî evwYwRÅK eÅvsK ‰es 800-‰i AwaK ‰bwRI ˆ`Gk Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbv KGi AvmGQ| MÉvgxY eÅvsGKi ˆMvÓ¤xwfwîK Þz`ËFY A^Ævqb cÉKG͸i mvdjÅ ‰es MÉvgxY gGWGj cwiPvjbvaxb eümsLÅK ‰g‰dAvB wek¼eÅvcx cÉksmv ARÆb KGiGQ I gvwKÆb hyî×ivÓ¡Ëmn weGk¼i 45wUiI ˆewk ˆ`Gk ‰B gGWjwU Abym†Z nGœQ| cieZÆxGZ evsjvG`k miKvGii hye I ò×xov g¯¨YvjGqi Aaxb hye D®²qb Awa`µ¦i f„wgnxb cwieviwfwîK hyeGMvÓ¤xGK KgÆmsÕ©vb ‰es Avq m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg `vwi`Ë weGgvPGbi DGóGkÅ Þz`ËFY cÉ`vGbi jGÞÅ ‰KwU Þz`ËFY cÉK͸ MÉnY KGi| 2000 mvGj wek¼eÅvcx Þz`ËFY MÉnxZvi msLÅv cÉvq 9 wgwjqGb `uvwoGqGQ ‰es ZvG`i gGaÅ evsjvG`k ˆ^GKB iGqGQ 5 wgwjqGbiI ˆewk|

AekÅ, evsjvG`k ev ewnweÆGk¼ Þz`ËFY bZzb ˆKvb welq bq| UvKv avi cÉ`vbKvix ev gnvRb , AeÕ©vc®² cÉwZGekx ‰es Avñxq I e®¬zev®¬Gei gGZv cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK Õ©vbxq Drm ˆ^GK ÕÃiYvZxZKvj ˆ^GK Þz`ËFY cÉ`vGbi eÅeÕ©v Pvjy wQj ‰es ‰ aiGbi ˆjbG`Gbi bwRi Šew`K fviGZI cvIqv hvq| gƒjZ cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK cÍÏx-FY cÉ`vbKvix msÕ©vi AbycwÕ©wZi KviGY A^Æ avi ˆ`Iqvi ‰B cÉvPxb ixwZ mgMÉ gyMj kvmbvgGj cÉPwjZ wQj, ‰gbwK Zv weËwUk kvmGbi cÉ^g w`GKI mwò×q wQj| mµ¦`k kZvõxi gaÅfvGM ˆjvb Awdm ‰es eÅvsK-‰i gGZv cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK Drm ÷i‚ nIqvi cƒeÆchƯ¦ AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FY`vZvG`i KvhÆò×Ggi cÉmvi AeÅvnZ ^vGK| ZGe cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK Drmmgƒn KZ‡ÆK mieivGni Zzjbvq AG^Æi RbÅ Pvwn`v me mgqB ˆewk ^vKZ ‰es cÍÏx I bMi Dfq ‰jvKvi AwaKvsk `wi`Ë gvbyGli mnGR AvbyÓ¤vwbK FY cvIqvi myGhvM bv ^vKvq bZzb MGo IVv cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FY-Drmmgƒn cƒeÆZb AbvbyÓ¤vwbK DrmàwjGK mÁ·ƒYÆ wbgƒÆj KiGZ cvGi wb|

1971 mvGj evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZvi cƒGeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ‰KwU Qvov AewkÓ¡ meàwj eÅvsKB wQj ˆemiKvwi gvwjKvbvaxb| mvaviY gvbyl, weGkl KGi ռ͸ AvGqi ˆjvKRb Lye Kg ˆÞGòB eÅvsK FY ˆcZ| ZLb 22wU cwievi eÅvswKsmn ˆ`Gki me eÅemv-evwYRÅ wbq¯¨Y KiZ|

‰ mKj mgmÅv cieZÆxGZ eo aiGbi MYAmG¯¦vl m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi ‰ Avkâvq miKvi 1960-‰i ˆkGli w`GK wKQy Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×g Pvjy KGiwQj| ‰àwji gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj, cvU eÅemvq A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi RbÅ dwoqv-eÅvcvix cÉK͸ ‰es Þz`ËFY cÉK͸| cÉ^g cÉKG͸i AaxGb dwoqv ‰es eÅvcvixi gGZv cvU eÅemvGqi LyPiv eÅemvqxG`iGK Zdwkjfzî× eÅvsGKi gvaÅGg FY ˆ`Iqv nGZv ‰es FGYi mxgv wQj dwoqvG`i RbÅ 1,000 UvKv ‰es eÅvcvixG`i RbÅ 2,000 UvKv| ‰ FYàwj wQj RvgvbZwenxb, wK¯§ wbivcîv wnGmGe eÅvsGK eÅemvGqi jvBGm´Ö Rgv w`GZ nGZv| w«¼Zxq cÉKG͸i AaxGb Þz`Ë A^Æ‹bwZK KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbvi RbÅ ˆÕ¡U eÅvsK Ae cvwKÕ¦vb Zdwkjfzî× eÅvsKmgƒnGK ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ Þz`ËFY cÉK͸ Pvjy Kivi DcG`k ˆ`q| ‰ aiGbi Pvjy KGqKwU cÉKG͸i gGaÅ wQj bÅvkbvj eÅvsK Ae cvwKÕ¦vGbi ‘wccjm ˆò×wWU’ (FY-mxgv 2,000 UvKv), nvwee eÅvsK wjwgGUW ‰i ‘kc-wKcvmÆ ˆjvb wÕ•g’ (mxgv 1,000 UvKv) ‰es BDbvBGUW eÅvsK wjwgGUW- ‰i ‘ÕÃj ˆjvb wÕ•g’ (mxgv 1,000 UvKv)| ‰ mKj KgÆmƒwP gvivñKfvGe eÅ^Æ nq KviY Amr eÅvsK KgÆKZÆviv f„qv bvGg eo eÅemvqx ‰es dwoqv, eÅvcvix I Þz`Ë eÅemvqxG`i FY cÉ`vb KGi| ‰ KvGR RwoZG`i AmvayZv ‰es ˆKvb aiGbi wbq¯¨K AvBGbi AbycwÕ©wZ Þz`ËFGYi ‰B eÅ^ÆZvGK AviI `Ë‚Z I cÉej KGi|

1971 mvGj ˆ`Gki Õ¼vaxbZvi ci, miKvi DîivwaKvimƒGò cÉvµ¦ mKj Zdwkjfzî× eÅvsK RvZxqKiY KGi ‰es MYgyLx eÅvswKs eÅeÕ©v cÉeZÆGbi jGÞÅ MÉvGgi `wi`Ë gvbylG`i mçq I Þz`ËFY ˆmev cÉ`vGbi DGóGkÅ cÍÏx ‰jvKvq eÅvsGKi kvLv cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| ˆQvU AvKvGi K‡wlFY weZiGYi gƒj jÞÅGK mvgGb ˆiGL miKvi evsjvG`k K‡wl eÅvsK (weGKwe) ‰es cieZÆxGZ ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK (ivKve) cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| ivÓ¡Ìvqî evwYwRÅK eÅvsKmgƒn (‰bwmwe), weGKwe ‰es ivKvGei cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK KvhÆò×g eÅvcKfvGe mÁcÉmvwiZ ^vKGjI wewa-weavGbi KovKwo ZvG`i Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×gGK A`Þ KGi ˆZvGj| ‰iciI Zviv mwÁÃwjZfvGe Ryb 2000 chƯ¦ 1,798.45 wgwjqb UvKv Þz`ËFY wnGmGe weZiY KGiwQj|

Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬i mgGq, Õ¼cÉGYvw`Z nGq eü ˆÕ¼œQvGmex ˆMvÓ¤x gywî×Ghv«¬v ‰es kiYv^ÆxG`i Lv`Å, eÕ¨ I ŠbwZK mg^Æb cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg mvnvhÅ KGi| ‰ mKj ˆMvÓ¤xi KGqKwU cieZÆxGZ ˆ`Gk ZvG`i cybeÆvmb I gvbeGmevgƒjK KvhÆò×g AeÅvnZ ivGL ‰es A͸ w`Gbi gGaÅB ˆMvÓ¤xàwj mgvRKjÅvY I D®²qGbi jÞÅvwfmvix cÉwZÓ¤vGb cwiYZ nq| Zviv ˆemiKvwi msMVb (‰bwRI) bvGg cwiwPZ nGq IGV ‰es chÆvqò×Gg mvgvwRK mGPZbZv m†wÓ¡, mvÞiZv cÉmvi, Õ¼vÕ©Å-mGPZbZv e†w«¬, ò×geaÆgvb `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤xGK Þz`ËFY cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg Õ¼KgÆmsÕ©vb I Avq e†w«¬ cÉf‡wZ ˆÞGò ZvG`i KvhÆò×g mÁcÉmvib KGi| 1976 mvGj PëMÉvg ˆRjvi nvUnvRvix ^vbvi ˆRveiv MÉvGg MÉvgxY eÅvsK ‰KwU cÉK͸ wnGmGe KvR ÷i‚ KGi| ‰wUGK chÆvqò×Gg evsjvG`k eÅvsGKi Avw^ÆK mnvqZvq Þz`ËFY mÁ·wKÆZ ‰KwU cixÞvgƒjK cÉKG͸ i…cv¯¦i Kiv nq| MÉvgxY eÅvsK AvBb 1983-‰i AaxGb 1983 mvGj Þz`ËFY cÉ`vbKvix ‰KwU cƒYÆvã weGklvwqZ eÅvsK-‰ cwiYZ Kiv nq|

MÉvgxY eÅvsK Avq e†w«¬ ‰es mÁ·` m†wÓ¡gƒjK KvhÆò×Ggi jGÞÅ ‰KwU eo RbGMvÓ¤xGK RvgvbZwenxb FY cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| ‰wU ‰i m`mÅMYGK M†nwbgÆvY FYI cÉ`vb KGi| cÉwZÓ¤vi ci ˆ^GK Ryb 1999 chƯ¦ ‰i weZiYK‡Z ˆgvU Þz`ËFGYi cwigvY `uvovq 1,16,725 wgwjqb UvKv| ‰i FYMÉnxZvi msLÅv wQj 2.37 wgwjqb ‰es ‰G`i 95% wQj gwnjv| 1998 mvGji wWGmÁ¼i chƯ¦ eÅvsKwU M†nwbgÆvY FY wnGmGe 7,210 wgwjqb UvKv weZiY KGi| 39,000-‰iI ˆewk MÉvGg ‰wU KvR KGi| MÉvgxY eÅvsK KZ‡ÆK cÉ`î FGYi Ici MGo cÉvq 20% nvGi my` MÉnY Kiv nq| evsjvG`Gk MÉvgxY-‰i ˆMvÓ¤xwfwîK c«¬wZ AbymiYKvix eo aiGbi Þz`ËFY cÉ`vbKvixG`i gGaÅ AvGQ ‰K wgwjqGbiI AwaK m`mÅwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU ‰bwRI eËÅvK ‰es cÉvq 5,00,000 m`GmÅi gGaÅ Þz`ËFY mieivnKvix miKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vb evsjvG`k cÍÏx D®²qb ˆevWÆ (weAviwWwe)| hye I ò×xov g¯¨YvjGqi Aaxb hye D®²qb Awa`µ¦i ‘^vbv mÁ·` D®²qb I KgÆmsÕ©vb cÉK͸’ (^viGWc) evÕ¦evqb KiGQ, hv ‰i jÞÅGMvÓ¤xGK msMwVZ Kivi RbÅ cwieviwfwîK c«¬wZGZ Þz`ËFY mieivn KiGQ| ‰bwRIG`i cwiPvwjZ `vwi`Ë weGgvPb KgÆmƒwPmgƒGn Zviv ZvG`i jÞÅGMvÓ¤x wbaÆviGYi ˆÞGò AbÅvbÅ welGqi gGaÅ wjã (h^v, MÉvgxY eÅvsK), ˆckv (h^v, eËÅvK) A^ev msLÅvMZ cwigvY (h^v, weAviwWwe) BZÅvw` weGePbv KGi|

ˆMvÓ¤xwfwîK Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×Ggi AaxGb FYMÉnxZvG`i FY MÉnGYi Dchyî× nIqvi RbÅ cuvP RGbi ‰K ‰KwU `j MVb KiGZ nq ‰es ZvG`i wbGRG`i mçq msMÉn KiGZ nq| mvµ¦vwnK wfwîGZ msM†nxZ ‰B mçGqi cwigvY cÉwZ mµ¦vGn m`mÅcÉwZ ‰K ˆ^GK cuvP UvKv chƯ¦ nGZ cvGi| ˆMvÓ¤xwfwîK ‰es cwieviwfwîK jvfRbK DcvRÆbgyLx KvhÆò×g wPwn×ZKiGY cÉwkÞY, Drcv`b I wecYb msMVb ‰es ˆgŒwjK `ÞZv D®²qGbi gGZv mnvqK ˆmevI cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| AbÅvbÅ mnvqK ˆmevi gGaÅ A¯¦fzÆî× iGqGQ mvgvwRK mGPZbZv, cwievi cwiK͸bv , wkÞv, cywÓ¡, Õ¼vÕ©Å wkÞv ‰es cwiGek mGPZbZv KvhÆò×g|

weAviwWwe evsjvG`Gk Þz`ËFY ‰es mvgvwRK D«¼y«¬KiGYi ˆÞGò miKvwi LvGZi e†nîg cÉwZÓ¤vb| ‰wU FY, `ÞZv D®²qb, cwievi cwiK͸bv, Õ¼vÕ©Å, wkÞv ‰es AbÅvbÅ mvgvwRK D®²qb KvhÆò×Ggi gvaÅGg cÍÏxi `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤xi D®²qGbi RbÅ ZvG`iGK mgevq ‰es AbvbyÓ¤vwbK `j MVGbi gvaÅGg msMwVZ KGi| ‰G`i jÞÅGMvÓ¤xGZ A¯¦fzÆî× iGqGQ 0.5 ‰Ki chƯ¦ Rwgi gvwjK Þz`Ë K‡lK ‰es weînxb gwnjv I cyi‚l| 1990/91 ‰es 1997/98-‰i gaÅeZÆx mgGq weAviwWwe 440wU ^vbvq 0.12 wgwjqb MÉ‚Gci gvaÅGg 1.6 wgwjqb MÉnxZvGK Þz`ËFY wnGmGe 10.30 wgwjqb UvKv weZiY KGiGQ| ZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK UvKv Av`vGqi nvi 97%| msÕ©vwU 1999-2000 mvGj 4.03 wewjqb UvKv Þz`ËFY weZiGYi cwiK͸bv KGi| gƒjZ cÉwkÞY ‰es cÉvGqvwMK MGelYvi RbÅ cÉwZwÓ¤Z evsjvG`k cÍÏx D®²qb ‰KvGWgx (evWÆ) ‰es eàov cÍÏx D®²qb ‰KvGWgx (AviwW‰)"‰B cÉwZÓ¤vb `ywUI Þz`ËFY KgÆmƒwP evÕ¦evqb KGi ^vGK| 1998 mvj chƯ¦ ‰B `ywU cÉwZÓ¤vb KZ‡ÆK weZiYK‡Z ˆgvU FGYi cwigvY wQj h^vò×Gg 416 wgwjqb UvKv ‰es 100 wgwjqb UvKv, ZvG`i Av`vGqi nvi wQj 98%| AbÅ ˆh mKj miKvwi msÕ©v Þz`ËFY KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbv KGi, ˆmàwj nGœQ ˆek KGqKwU g¯¨Yvjq, `µ¦i ‰es `vwi`Ë weGgvPGbi DGóGkÅ weGklfvGe MwVZ wKQy msÕ©v| cÍÏx KgÆmnvqK dvDG´£kb ‰KvB Askx`vi cÉwZÓ¤vb wnGmGe mshyî× 150wU ‰bwRI-i gvaÅGg cÉvq 7,00,000 MÉnxZvGK Þz`ËFY mieivn KGiGQ| wKQy mgxÞv Abyhvqx, 1976-2000 ˆgqvG` 363wU ‰bwRI (‰g‰dAvB)-‰i gvaÅGg Þz`ËFY MÉnYKvix mKj myweavGfvMxi msLÅv 5 wgwjqb AwZò×g KGi hvq| ˆh mKj KvhÆò×Ggi RbÅ Þz`ËFY géyi ev eÅenvi Kiv nq, ˆmàwj nGœQ c÷mÁ·` I grmÅ, cÍÏx cwienY, Þz`Ë DG`ÅvM I eÅemvq, M†nwbgÆvY, MÉvgxY ebvqb, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, ˆmev ‰es AbÅvbÅ AK‡wl Õ¼KgÆmsÕ©vb I DcvRÆbgyLx wewf®² RxweKv| ˆh mKj AvBGbi AaxGb Þz`ËFY cÉ`vbKvix ‰bwRI wbe®¬b Kiv nq ˆmàwj nGœQ ˆmvmvBwUR ˆiwRGÕ¡Ìkb AÅvÙ 1860, ˆKvÁ·vwb AÅvÙ 1994, ˆKv-AcvGiwUf ˆmvmvBwUR AÅvÙ 1984, PÅvwiGUej AvÅ´£ wiwjwRqvm UÇvÕ¡ AÅvÙ 1920, ‰es UÇvÕ¡ AÅvÙ 1882| wewf®² weG`kx Drm ˆ^GK Aby`vb MÉnGYœQy ‰bwRImgƒnGK dGib ˆWvGbkb&m (fjv´Ÿvwi AÅvwÙwfwUR) ˆiàGjkb AwWÆbÅv´Ö 1978-‰i AaxGb ‰bwRI-welqK eyÅGivGZ wbe®¬b Kiv nq|

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