ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb  Bswjk ˆKvÁ·vwb AÅvÙ 1844-‰i wfwîGZ cÉYxZ 1850 mvGji 43 bs AvBb eGj ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb Pvjy nq ‰es ‰GZ KGi ivRKxq mb` QvovB cÉ^g ˆKvÁ·vwb MVb I wbe®¬Gbi myGhvM m†wÓ¡ nq| fviZxq AvBb AbymvGi KjKvZv, gv`ËvR I ˆevÁ¼vBGqi ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö kniàwjGZ AewÕ©Z mywcÉg ˆKvUÆGK Hme Askx`viG`i Awbew®¬Z ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji wbe®¬b AvG`k cÉ`vGbi ÞgZv ˆ`Iqv nGqwQj ˆhme Askx`vGiiv `wjGj wjwce«¬ nÕ¦v¯¦iGhvMÅ ˆkqvGii kGZÆ ˆKvÁ·vwb MVb KiZ| wbew®¬Z bvGg gvgjvq ev`x ev weev`x nevi AwaKvi ˆKvÁ·vwbàwjGK ˆ`Iqv nGjI mxgve«¬ `vGqi myweav ‰B AvBGb ˆ`Iqv nq wb| 1857 mvGj m`mÅG`i mxgve«¬ `vGqi myweav mn ev eÅZxZ RGq´Ÿ Õ¡K ˆKvÁ·vwb I AbÅvbÅ aiGbi msÕ©v ‰KòxKiY I wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ ‰KwU AvBb cvk Kiv nq| wK¯§ ‰B mxgve«¬ `vGqi myweav exgv ev eÅvsK MVGb BœQyK ˆKvb ˆKvÁ·vwbGK ˆ`Iqv nq wb| 1857 mvGji Bswjk ˆKvÁ·vwb AÅvGÙi wfwîGZ cÉYxZ 1860 mvGji AvBGb ‰ Amyweav `ƒi Kiv nq| Zvici 1862 mvGji ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGbi AbymiGY fviGZI 1866 mvGj eÅemvwqK ˆKvÁ·vwb I AbÅvbÅ msÕ©v ‰KòxKiY, wbq¯¨Y I wejywµ¦ mÁ·wKÆZ AvBbàwj mgw¯¼ZKiY I msGkvaGbi RbÅ ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb cvm Kiv nq| 1866 mvj ˆ^GK 1913 mvj chƯ¦ BsjÅvGí AvBGbi cwieZÆGbi avivevwnKZvq fviGZI ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGb eüwea msGkvabx Avbv nq| 1913 mvGji ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGb ˆKvÁ·vwb welqK mKj AvBbKvbyb cƒYÆvãfvGe wewae«¬ nq| ‰ AvBbwU gƒjZ 1908 mvGji Bswjk ˆKvÁ·vwb (‰KòxKiY) AvBGbi wfwîGZB cÉYxZ nGqwQj| 1908 ˆ^GK 1936 mvGji gGaÅ 1913 mvGji AvBGb wKQy ˆQvULvU msGkvabx Avbv nq| 1929 mvGji ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb AbymvGi fviZxq ˆKvÁ·vwb (msGkvabx) AvBb 1936-‰i gvaÅGg 1913 mvGji ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGb AGbKàwj ài‚Z½cƒYÆ weavb msGhvwRZ nq| 1936 mvGji ‰ msGkvabx AvBb DcgnvG`Gk ‰B cÉ^gevGii gGZv gÅvGbwRs ‰GRw´Ö cÉ^vGK Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆ`q|

fviZ wefvGMi (1947) ci gƒjZ 1948 mvGji Bswjk ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGbi wfwîGZ ‰es fe ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb KwgwUi wiGcvGUÆi mycvwik AbymvGi fviGZ 1956 mvGj ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb cvm nq| cvwKÕ¦vwb AvgGj ‰KwU ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb Kwgkb MwVZ nq ‰es ‰ Kwgkb BsjÅví I fviGZ M†nxZ msGkvabàwj AbymiY KGi 1962 mvGj wKQy msGkvabx cÉÕ¦ve mycvwik KGi ‰es Z`byhvqx wKQy msGkvabxI cvm nq| wmwKDwiwUR AÅv´£ ‰ÝGPé AaÅvG`k, 1969 wQj meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AvBb hvGZ ‰ mgqKvGji KGcÆvGiU KvhÆò×g A¯¦fzÆî× nGqwQj| ‰GZ KGi 1947 mvGji cyuwR wewje´Ÿb (AeÅvnZ wbq¯¨Y) AvBb mÁ·ƒiY KGi cuywRi wewje´Ÿb wbq¯¨KGK eÅvcK ÞgZv ˆ`Iqv nq|

evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`Gqi ci 1979 mvGj DœPc`Õ© miKvwi KgÆPvix, PvUÆvWÆ AÅvKvD´ŸÅv´Ÿ I AvBbæG`i mg¯¼Gq ‰KwU ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBb msÕ•vi KwgwU MwVZ nq| KwgwU AGbKàwj cwieZÆGbi mycvwik KiGjI 1994 mvj chƯ¦ msm` bZzb ˆKvb cƒYÆvã AvBb cvm KGi wb| 1993 mvGji wmwKDwiwUR AÅv´£ ‰ÝGPé Kwgkb AvBGb MwVZ wmwKDwiwUR AÅv´£ ‰ÝGPé Kwgkb cyuwRi wewje´Ÿb Zî½veavb KGi| ˆKvÁ·vwbGZ wewbGqvMKvixG`i Õ¼v^ÆiÞvB ‰i DGókÅ| msÕ©vwUGK wewa-weavb cÉYqGbi eÅvcK ÞgZv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| 1947 I 1969 mvGji AvBGbi AvIZvq cuywRi wewje´Ÿb wbq¯¨GKi `vwqZ½àwj ‰B msÕ©vi Dci bÅÕ¦ AvGQ|

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1905 mvGji Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb ˆ`kxq eÅemvGq evowZ ˆcÉiYv ˆhvMvq, AGbK bZzb ˆKvÁ·vwb MGo IGV| ‰me ˆKvÁ·vwb gÅvGbwRs ‰GRw´Ö «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nGZv| gÅvGbwRs ‰GRw´Öàwj A^Æ I eÅemvwqK KjvGKŒkGji ˆhvMvb w`Gq weKvkgvb evRvGi gƒjÅevb Ae`vb ivGL| ˆmmgq ˆhGKvb DG`Åvî×vi cGÞ ˆKvb gÅvGbwRs ‰GRw´Öi kiYvc®² nIqv ‰KwU mvaviY eÅvcvi nGq `uvwoGqwQj| AvøÆGhi welq, 1936 mvj chƯ¦ AvBb cÉGYZvMY Kwgkb wnGmGe gÅvGbwRs ‰GR´ŸG`i cÉvcÅ mxwgZ Kivi RbÅ ZrKvjxb 1913 mvGji ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGb ˆKvb wewa msGhvRb AvekÅK gGb KGib wb| evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`Gqi ci DG`Åvî×viv Õ¼ Õ¼ DG`ÅvGM eÅemv PvjvGZ cviGQ ‰es ‰G`Gk gÅvGbwRs ‰GRw´Öi Õ¼vfvweK wejywµ¦ NGUGQ, hw`I fviGZ ‰LbI ‰ aiGbi KGqKwU cÉwZÓ¤vb wUGK AvGQ|

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‰LwZqvi  ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGbi A¯¦fzÆî× welqàwj wePvGii RbÅ nvBGKvUÆ wefvM weGkl mswewae«¬ ‰LwZqvi cÉGqvM KGi| ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGbi 3bs aviv AbymvGi ˆKvÁ·vwb msò×v¯¦ ˆhGKvb AviwR nvBGKvUÆ wefvGM ˆck KiGZ nq| XvKv RyU wgj wjwgGUGWi wm.ˆR gyGkÆ` I Avey mvqx` ˆPŒayix ebvg mZxk P±`Ê ewYK Ms gvgjvwU (1967) ˆLv` IB AvBGb ˆKvGUÆi Dci bÅÕ¦ weGkl mswewae«¬ ‰LwZqvGiB wbÓ·wî nGqwQj| wK¯§ ˆgvt kvgmyävgvb Lvb ebvg ‰g. ‰m. Bmjvg gvgjvi (1976) ivGq ˆ`Lv ˆMj ˆh ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGbi 3bs aviv ˆKvÁ·vwb AvBGb weGiva gxgvsmvi RbÅ nvBGKvUÆGK gvò wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGqKwU ‰LwZqvi w`GqGQ| wePvhÆ welq mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆ`Iqvwb weGiva nGj ˆKvb ˆhvMÅ ˆ`Iqvwb Av`vjZB ˆKej Zv wePvi KiGZ cvGi|

wmwKDwiwUR AvBb  Õ¡K ‰ÝGPGé ˆkqvi I FYcGòi ò×qweò×q mswkÏÓ¡ AvBb| evsjvG`Gk XvKv I PëMÉvGg `ywU Õ¡K ‰ÝGPé AvGQ| 1993 mvGji wmwKDwiwUR I ‰ÝGPé Kwgkb AvBGbi AaxGb MwVZ wmwKDwiwUR KwgkGbi Dci wmwKDwiwUGZ wewbGqvMKvixi Õ¼v^ÆiÞvq ˆkqvi I FYcGòi h^vh^ cÉ`vb wbwøZKiY ‰es ˆ`Gk cyuwR I wmwKDwiwUR evRvGii weKvk I wbq¯¨GYi `vwqZ½ bÅÕ¦ nGqGQ| AbÅvbÅ ˆ`Gki gGZv evsjvG`Gki wmwKDwiwUR AvBGbi BwZnvmI cÉavbZ gvwKÆb hyî×ivGÓ¡Ëi AvBGbi ‰B kvLvi weKvkGKB AbymiY KGiGQ| 1929 mvGj Iqvj Õ¡ËxGUi gnvwechÆGqi ci ˆWGgvò×vU `j ˆ`Gki ˆkqvi evRvi I eÅemvi AvBGb eÅvcK cwieZÆGbi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ ˆ`q ‰es 1933 I 1934 mvGj gvwKÆb hyî×ivÓ¡Ë `ywU AvBb cvm KGi wmwKDwiwUR I ‰ÝGPé Kwgkb MVb KGi| ZLb ˆ^GK ‰ Kwgkb gvwKÆb A^ÆbxwZi iÞK wnGmGe ˆek LÅvwZ ARÆb KGi| cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj wmwKDwiwUR I ‰ÝGPé AaÅvG`k ˆkqvi eÅemvGq cÉZviYvgƒjK ˆjbG`b wbwl«¬ KGi, wK¯§ 1996 mvj chƯ¦ AvBbwU ài‚Z½ mnKvGi KvhÆKi Kiv nq wb| 

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