ˆKkeP±`Ê ˆmb (1838-1884)  Dwbk kZGKi evsjvi ‰KRb eyw«¬Rxex I eËvþ ˆbZv whwb 1880 mvGj ‘be weavb’ bvGg meÆRbxb agÆ cÉwZÓ¤v KGiwQGjb|

1838 mvGj AvaywbKZvev`x cwievGi R¯ÃMÉnYKvix ˆKkeP±`Ê ˆcGqwQGjb Zvui `v`vi gGZv mvsMVwbK ÞgZv ‰es evevi gGZv Šeúe ˆPZbv| Zvui `v`v ivgKgj ˆmb (1783-1844) wQGjb ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwUi cÉ^g fviZxq ˆmGò×Uvwi, meÆcÉ^g BsGiwR-evsjv AwfavGbi (1830 I 1834 mvGj `ywU LG´£ cÉKvwkZ) ‰KRb msKjK, ‰es wn±`y KGjR (1817), KjKvZv Õ•zj eyK ˆmvmvBwU (1818) I msÕ•‡Z KGjR (1824)-‰i ‰KRb cÉwZÓ¤vZv m`mÅ| ˆKkePG±`Êi evev cÅvixGgvnb ˆmb (1814-1848) hw`I Bqs ˆeãj AvG±`vjb (1831-1843) hLb PiGg ZLb wn±`y KGjGRi Qvò wQGjb, Z^vwc wZwb ‰ AvG±`vjGbi cÉwZ KLbB AvK‡Ó¡ nb wb|

mgvR msÕ•vGi ˆKke ˆmGbi KgÆcÉGPÓ¡v evsjvi mgvGR ‰K Mfxi Qvc ˆiGLwQj| agÆxq I mgvR msÕ•viK wnGmGe ˆKke ˆmb meÆòB AvZÄcwiPq ZzGj aGiGQb agÆweævbx ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi be-‹eúeev` I gvZ‡ ˆ`ex APÆbvi eÅvLÅvZv, weµÏex mgvR msÕ•viK ˆ^GK mshZ Zî½ev`x, ZxeË wbqgZvw¯¨KZvev`x ˆ^GK KZ‡ÆZ½evG`i aviK, RvZxqZvevG`i mg^ÆK ˆ^GK weËwUk kvmGbi mydj cÉPvGi DœPK¥¤| wek¼ agÆ cÉwZÓ¤vB wQj ˆKkGei cÉavb AwfÓ¤ jÞÅ| wn±`y KGjGRi Qvò ^vKvKvGj wZwb MfxifvGe ‰KZ½ev`x agÆZî½ ‰es w^IWi cvKÆvi, ‰d.WweÐD wbDgÅvb, Avi.WweÐD ‰gvimb, wgm dÑvw´Öm ˆKvGe ‰es AbÅvbÅG`i `†p cÉPviYvi cÉwZ AvK‡Ó¡ nb| AvGgwiKvb ‰KZ½ev`x agÆcÉPviK wm.‰BP.‰ Wvj ‰KZ½evG`i ài‚Z½ «¼viv ˆKkeGK cÉfvweZ KGib| ‰ aiGbi cÉfvGe cÉfvweZ nGqB ˆKke 1857 mvGj ‘àWDBj dÅvUvwbÆwU’ bvGg QvòG`i ‰KwU ‰KZ½ev`x agÆ mfvi cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|

ˆKkeP±` ˆmb

wZwb wQGjb ‰ mfvi cÉavb eî×v| ‰ msMVGbi ‰KwU mfvq ˆKke cÉ^gevGii gGZv ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ VvKzi ‰i mvG^ cwiwPZ nb| ‰GKk¼icw¯© ˆe`v¯¦ev`x ˆ`Ge±`ÊbvG^i cÉPvwiZ agÆZGî½ AvK‡Ó¡ nGq 1857 mvGj ˆKkeP±`Ê eËvþ mgvGR ˆhvM ˆ`b ‰es 1858 mvGji gGaÅB msMVGbi ‰KRb ˆK±`Êxq eÅwî×GZ cwiYZ nb| ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ ‰B cÉwZfvevb eî×v ‰es msMVGKi gGaÅ eËvÞ mgvGRi ‰KRb AmvaviY ˆbZv LyuGR cvb| 1858 mvGj cÉKvwkZ ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ Zvui AvðRxebxGZ ˆjGLb ‘‰ici nGjv ˆKkGei hyM’|

1858 ˆ^GK 1862 chƯ¦ mgq KvGj ˆKke Zvui bZzb bZzb wP¯¦v-fvebv ‰es KgÆKv´£ w`Gq eËvþ mgvRGK bZzb Rxeb cÉ`vb KGib| 1861 mvGj ˆKke eËvþ mgvGRi Aã wnGmGe w` Bw´£qvb wgii cÉKvk KGi ‰i gvaÅGg AmvÁcÉ`vwqK wek¼ aGgÆi ˆPZbv QwoGq ˆ`b| wZwb mgvGRi cÉvZÅwnK I wbqgvbyM agÆ cÉPvGii eÅeÕ©v KGib| 1862 mvGj AvPvhÆ wbhyî× nIqvi ci wZwb ˆÕ¼œQvq agÆ cÉPvi welqwU cÉmvGi gGbvwbGek KGib| wZwb Dcjwº¬ KGib ˆh, mgvGR cÉGqvRb AvZÄZÅvMx KgÆx| ‘ˆeZb’ kõwU eËvþ mgvGRi kõ fv´£vi ˆ^GK evwZj KiGZ nGe| 1857 ˆ^GK 1866 mvGji gGaÅ eËvþ mgvGRi 31wUi gGZv kvLv cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|

mgvGRi AvPvhÆ wnGmGe ˆKkeP±`Ê wKQy wn±`y ixwZ-bxwZ h^v: eYÆ cÉ^v, AÕ·†kÅZv, evjÅ weevn, eü weevn BZÅvw` e®¬ Kivi Ici ˆRvi ˆ`b| wZwb wQGjb weaev I Av¯¦eYÆ weevGni ‰KRb ˆRvivGjv mg^ÆK| ˆKkGei ˆbZ‡GZ½ AGbK eËvþ hyeK ŠcZv civi ixwZ e®¬ KGi ˆ`q| 1862 ‰es 1864 mvGj cÉ^g evGii gGZv h^vò×Gg weaev ‰es Av¯¦eYÆ weevn mÁ·®² nq|

bvix wkÞv wQj ˆKkGei ‰KwU AbÅZg ˆkÉÓ¤ KgÆGÞò| ‰wU ˆKke cwiPvwjZ ‘eËvþ e®¬z mfv’i (1863) AcwinvhÆ AvGjvPÅ welGq cwiYZ nq| wZwb ‘evgvGevwabx mfv’ I ‘evgvGevwabx cwòKv’i (DfqwUB 1863 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z) msMVKG`i wkÞv msò×v¯¦ cÉGPÓ¡vGK mwò×qfvGe mnGhvwMZv ˆ`b ‰es bvixi ŠbwZK ‰es ŠelwqK AeÕ©vi D®²qGb ‘evgv wn‹ZwlYx mfv’ˆK (1871) cwiPvjbv KGib|

‰ aiGbi mvgvwRK msÕ•vi I bvix gywî× AekÅ ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ I ˆKkGei gvGS gZGfG`i cÉavb KviY nGq `uvovq, hvi cwiYwZGZ 1866 mvGj eËvþ mgvGRi gGaÅ fvãb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ RvZxq Abyf„wZGZ AvNvZ w`GZ ‰es ‰ eÅvcvGi wn±`y mgvRGKI weGivax KGi ZzjGZ Pvb wb| wZwb ˆKvb Avgƒj cwieZÆb Pvb wb| dGj ‘RvZxq cwiPq’ welqwU ZvG`i gGaÅ ZGKÆi mƒòcvZ NUvq| ˆKke ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^GK `vqx KGib ‰B eGj ˆh wZwb fviGZ eËvþYÅev`GK AvGiKwU wn±`y eYÆ wnGmGe cÉwZÓ¤v Kivi cÉqvmx| BGZvgGaÅB eËvþ hye mÁcÉ`vq ˆ`Ge±`ÊbvG^i KZÆZ½civqYZvq bvGLvk nGq DGVwQj| Zviv 1864 mvGj ‘cÉwZwbwa mfv’ MVb KGi Zuvi ÞgZvGK PÅvGjé Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| ˆKke agÆxq Õ¼vaxbZv I eËvþ mgvR D®²qGb ZvG`i cÉGPÓ¡vq ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`b| ZvG`i `vwe wQj eËvþ mgvGRi mvsweavwbK I MYZvw¯¨K wbq¯¨Y| ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ VvKzi ‰wU ˆgGb ˆbb wb| dGj 1866 mvGji 15 bGfÁ¼i ZvG`i gGaÅ AvbyÓ¤vwbK mÁ·KÆ ˆQ` nq| ˆKke Zvui mgvGRi bvg ˆ`b ‘fviZelÆxq eËvþ mgvR’, Avi cyiGbvwU cwiwPZ nGq IGV ‘Avw` mgvR’ wnGmGe|

ˆKkGei mgvR hye mÁcÉ`vGqi gvGS eÅvcK RbwcÉqZv jvf KGi| 1868 mvGji gGaÅ cƒeÆ fviGZi 65wU kvLvi cÉvq meKqwU cÉK‡ZcGÞ bZzb mgvGR ˆhvM ˆ`q ‰es 1872 mvGji gGaÅ mgMÉ fviGZ ‰i msLÅv wMGq `vovq 101-‰| ‰B `Ë‚Z RbwcÉqZv ˆ`Ge±`ÊbvG^i RvZxqZvevG`i Dci ˆKkGei wek¼evG`i weRq cÉgvY KGi| ˆKke Zuvi ‰ wek¼ev` cÉ^g cÉPvi KGib Zuvi bZzb wbwgÆZ gw±`Gi (1869 mvGji 22 AvMÕ¡ wbwgÆZ), hv wQj wn±`yG`i gw±`i, gymjgvbG`i gmwR` I wLËÓ¡vbG`i wMRÆvi Õ©vcwZÅK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mswgkÉGY wbwgÆZ| AGbGKi gGZ ‰i gvaÅGg wLËÓ¡ aGgÆi cÉwZ ˆKkGei AvMÉn cÉKvk cvq, hv wQj ˆ`Ge±`ÊbvG^i KvGQ meGPGq AcQG±`i welq| AekÅ 1866 mvGji ˆg gvGm ˆKke Zvi ‘ˆRmvm ò×vBÕ¡ : BDGivc AÅv´£ ‰wkqv’ kxlÆK eîׇZvq AZů¦ mZKÆZvi mvG^ wh÷ wLËGÓ¡i wek¼ övZ‡GZ½i evZÆv ‰es cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK I Dwbk kZGKi wgkbvwiG`i cÉPvwiZ BDGivcxq wLËÓ¡ aGgÆi gvGS cv^ÆKÅ ZzGj aGib| wZwb KLbB BDGivcxq mvsÕ•‡wZK mvgËvRÅevG`i KvGQ gv^v bZ KGib wb|

1872 mvGji ‘ˆbwUf (eËvþ) gÅvwiR AÅvÙ w^Ë’ cvm nIqvi ci ˆ`Ge±`Êbv^ I ˆKkGei gvGS eÅeavb AviI e†w«¬ cvq| ‰ AÅvÙwU ˆKkGei mgvR msÕ•vGii mGeÆvœP mxgv wnGmGe weGewPZ nq| ‰B AvBGb 1850 mvj ˆ^GK we`ÅvmvMGii gGZv D`vicw¯© msÕ•viKMY KZ‡ÆK mKj msÕ•vi ˆhgb: Av¯¦eYÆ I weaev weevn mgw^ÆZ, evjÅ weevn, Õ¼vgx ev Õ¨x KZ‡ÆK w«¼Zxq weevn I eüweevn wbwl«¬K‡Z ‰es weevn weGœQ` Õ¼xK‡Z nq| cÉexY mgvR ‰ bvwÕ¦KÅagÆx wmwfj gÅvwiR AÅvÙGK weRvZxq wnGmGe weGePbv KGi| Zviv ‰i gvGS ˆKkGei BDGivc ˆNlv gvbwmKZvi ewntcÉKvk ˆ`LGZ cvq| AwaK¯§ Zviv ‰GK agÆxq I mvgvwRK eÅvcvGi AGnZzK ivÓ¡Ëxq nÕ¦GÞc eGj wb±`v Rvbvq|

BsjÅv´£ ögGYi ci (gvPÆ-ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i, 1870) ˆKkGei msÕ•vi Õ·†nv AviI e†w«¬ cvq| fviGZi mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi msÕ•vGii jGÞÅ wfGÙvixq hyGMi BsjÅv´£GK Dóxµ¦ KiGZ wMGq ˆKke ‰i msÕ•vi KvhÆvw` I ‘D®²Z’ cvwievwiK Rxeb «¼viv MfxifvGe cÉfvweZ nb| BsjÅv´£ ˆ^GK ˆdivi AeÅewnZ cGiB ˆKkeP±`Ê ‘Bw´£qvb widgÆ AÅvGmvwmGqkb’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib (bGfÁ¼i, 1870)| ‰i KgÆZrciZvi cuvPwU w`K wQj e`vbÅZv, (ˆfvMwejvm-cvbGfvRGb) wgZvPvi, bvixi ŠelwqK I mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi D®²qb, gvZ‡fvlvq MYwkÞv ‰es myjGf cvV mvgMÉx mieivn| ‰ AÅvGmvwmGqkGbi QvqvZGjB ˆKke mgvR ˆmev KwgwU, g`Åcvb weGivax m›N, evwjKv we`Åvjq, eqÕ•G`i RbÅ Šbk we`Åvjq, ˆckvwfwîK KvwiMwi wkÞvi RbÅ wk͸ we`Åvjq, ‰es KjKvZv I ‰i DcKG¥¤ wPwKrmv ˆK±`Ê MGo ˆZvGjb| 1870 mvGji bGfÁ¼i gvm ˆ^GK wZwb mvµ¦vwnK myjf mgvPvi cÉKvk KiGZ ÷i‚ KGib, hvi gƒjÅ wQj gvò ‰K cqmv| 1872 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvm bvMv` ‰i cÉPvi mGeÆvœP chÆvGq wMGq ˆcuŒGQ (27,202) ‰es 1877 mvj chƯ¦ ‰wUB wQj evsjvq meÆvwaK cÉPvwiZ cwòKv| cwòKvwUGZ cÉKvwkZ cÉeG®¬i gGaÅ wQj, ‘cÉRvKzGji `y`Ækv’, ‘`wiG`Ëi wejvc’, ‘KjKvZvi kÉwgKG`i `y`Ækv’ BZÅvw`| cwòKvwU RbMGYi A^Æ‹bwZK I eyw«¬e†wîK D®²qGbi ˆÞGò miKvGii `vwqGZ½i IciI ˆRvi ˆ`q|

1872 mvjwUGK ˆKkGei mgvR msÕ•vi ZrciZvi kxlÆP„ov wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv hvq| ‰i ci ˆ^GK wZwb ò×gk cÉavb cÉavb agÆZGî½i ZzjbvgƒjK AaÅqb I aÅvbg™²Zvq wbGRGK wbweÓ¡ KGib| 1875 mvGj m®²Åvmxi AvkÉg wnGmGe mvab Kvbb-‰i cÉwZÓ¤v ‰es eËvþ mgvGRi KGqKRb cw´£ZGK Bmjvg, wn±`y, wkL, ˆeŒ«¬ ‰es wLËÓ¡vb agÆMɯ© welGq covGkvbv I ‰àwji AbyevG`i `vwqZ½ ˆ`Iqvi gvaÅGg ‰ cwieZÆb ˆPvGL cGo|

eËvþ mÁcÉ`vGqi RxebGK meÆRbxb agÆ Kivi wbwgGî ˆKkeP±`Ê 1878 mvGj ‘fviZ AvkÉg’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| mgvGRi KGgÆ wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY Š`e evZÆv ev AvG`k-‰i Ici wbfÆiZv ‰ mgq Zuvi agÆ wek¼vGmi gƒj welq nGq `vovq| 1875 ˆ^GK 1884 mvj chƯ¦ mgqKvGj ˆKkePG±`Êi mvG^ ivgK‡Gúi wbweo eÅwî×MZ mÁ·ÆK MGo IGV ‰es mÁ¿eZ ivgK‡Gúi cÉfvGeB wZwb eËvþ mgvGR ˆhvMvfÅvm, ŠeivMÅ ‰es Ck¼iGK gvZ‡ i…Gc Avivabvi mƒPbv KGib|

ˆKkGei msÕ•vi KgÆKvG´£ AeÞGqi Qvc dzGU IGV bvix AwaKvi cÉwZÓ¤vq Zvi cieZÆx KvGji wP¯¦v fvebvq| ‰KKvGj whwb wQGjb ‰i mg^ÆK ˆmB ˆKkeB bvixi DœP wkÞv ‰es mvgvwRK Õ¼vaxbZv wbGq ZKÆ ÷i‚ KGib| wZwb bvixG`i evBGii weGk¼ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvi RbÅ cÉÕ§wZgƒjK DœP wkÞvi cwieGZÆ bvixmƒjf àGYi D®²qGbi eÅvcvGi ˆewk ˆRvi ˆ`b|

ˆKkGei ‰ bZzb msiÞYkxjZv ‰es eËvþ mgvGR Zvi mÁ·ƒYÆ KZ‡ÆZ½ mgvGR wf®²gZvejÁ¼x m†wÓ¡ KGi| dGj wewœQ®²Zvev`xMY 1874 mvGj ‘mg`kÆx’ (D`vicw¯©) `j MVb KGi ‰es 1877 mvGj wkebv^ kvÕ¨xi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‘mg`kÆx mfv’ MGo IGV| ‰G`i `vwe wQj mvsweavwbK AwaKvi| Dwbk kZGKi ˆkGli w`GK evsjvq RvZxqZvev` ˆPZbv e†w«¬ ˆcGj ‰es ‰GZ cÉMwZkxj ˆkÉYxi AskMÉnY ˆKkGei KvQ ˆ^GK cÉMwZkxjG`i AviI `ƒGi mwiGq ˆ`q| hLb `jwU ZvG`i MwVZ Bw´£qvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb ‰i (1876) gvaÅGg weËwUk cÉkvmGbi wei‚G«¬ mgvGjvPbv ÷i‚ KGi ZLb ˆKke ‰i wei‚G«¬ `uvovb| hw`I wZwb 1866 mvGji w`GK fviZxqG`i civaxbZvq ZxeË h¯¨Yv cÉKvk KGiGQb ‰es 1870 mvGji w`GK RvZxqZvev`x ˆPZbvi Drmvn cÉ`vGb mGPÓ¡ nGqGQb, Z^vwc weËwUk miKvGii cÉwZ mg^ÆbB wQj Zuvi ivR‹bwZK wP¯¦v-ˆPZbvi gƒj ŠewkÓ¡Å| RxeGbi ˆkl w`b chƯ¦ wZwb wek¼vm KGi ˆMGQb ˆh, fviGZ weËwUk kvmb Š`e BœQvi cwicƒiY ‰es KjÅvYagÆx|

1878 mvGj ˆdeƒËqvwi gvGm RbmÁÃyGL KzPwenvGii gnvivRvi mvG^ ˆKkeP±`Ê Zvi bvevwjKv KbÅvi weevGni ˆNvlYv w`Gj ‰ `y MÉ‚Gci gvGS weGiva AviI ˆeGo hvq| hywî×ev`x eËvþG`i AvZswKZ KGi ‰es 1878 mvGji eËvþ weevn AvBb jsNb KGi ˆKkeP±`Ê Zvi ˆgGqi weevnGK bÅvhÅZv ˆ`b ‰B eGj ˆh, ‰wU ‘Ck¼Gii `ƒi`wkÆZv’| dGj fvOb wQj AeavwiZ ‰es 1875 mvGji 15 ˆg cÉMwZkxj MÉ‚c mvsweavwbK wfwîGZ mvaviY eËvþ mgvR MGo ˆZvGj| 1880 mvj chƯ¦ ˆKke Zuvi mgvGRi ˆKvb bvg ˆ`bwb|

‰w`GK ˆKke Zuvi mgvR msÕ•viK Pwiò aGi ivLGZ 1879 mvGji ˆg gvGm ‘AvhÆ bvix mgvR’ MVGbi gvaÅGg Zuvi msÕ•vi KgÆKv´£ cybivq wdwiGq AvGbb| ZGe ‰ msMVGbi bvgB BwãZ ˆ`q ˆh, ‰wU ŠgGòqx, jxjveZx, mxZv, ˆ`ËŒc`x ‰es AbÅvbÅG`i Av`Gj wbGRG`i MGo ZzjGZ eËvþ gwnjvG`i AbycÉvwYZ KGi|

wek¼agÆ Abym®¬vb AveviI nGq IGV Zuvi meÆvãxb DGókÅ| 1881 mvGj wZwb AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe ‘be weavb’ cÉwZwÓ¤Z KGib| ‰KwU bZzb mg¯¼qKvix agÆ MGo DGVwQj cÉvPÅ-cvøvZÅ mswgkÉGY ‰es ‰KB eQi ‰i gyLcò wbD wWmGcbGmkb cÉKvk nGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ‰ bZzb aGgÆ wZwb mswgkÉY NUvGZ ˆPGqwQGjb ‰wkqvi ‘mGeÆk¼iev`’ I ‘AZxw±`Êqev`’-‰i mvG^ BDGivGci eÕ§ev` I weævbGK| be weavGbi gƒj DGókÅ wQj mewKQyi gaÅ ˆ^GK fvjwU ˆeGQ ˆbIqv, mvi MÉvwnZv| ‰wU mKj agÆMɯ©, cqMÁ¼i ‰es agÆxq wewaweavGbi gGaÅ mvhyhÅ ˆNvlYv KGi| ˆKkGei gGZ eËvþ agÆ ‰KwU D`vi gZev` hv meÆÕ©vb I meÆmgqGK aviY KGi|

1883 mvGj ˆKke Zuvi mgvGRi cÉvZÅwnK RxeGbi mveÆRbxb AvBb I c^wbG`ÆwkKv wnGmGe bemswnZv msKjb KGib| Zvi mgÕ¦ cixÞv-wbixÞvi gƒGjB wQj wek¼agÆ cÉwZÓ¤v| 1883 mvGji 20 Rvbyqvwi Zuvi ˆkl fvlY ‘‰wkqvm ˆgGmR Uz BDGivc’-‰ wZwb ŠeævwbK ‰KZvi wfwîGZ be weavGbi cÉGqvRb cybi‚GÍÏL KGib hvGZ mvÁcÉ`vwqKZvi mgvwµ¦ NGU ‰es fviZxq RvZxqZvev`x I weËwUk mvgvRÅev`xG`i gGaÅ HKÅ wdGi AvGm|

wK¯§ Zuvi meÆvZÄK ˆPÓ¡v mGî½I beweavb RbwcÉq nGq DGVwb| Afů¦ixY ˆKv±`j I ˆKkGei f™² Õ¼vÕ©Å ‰B KgÆKvG´£ evav cÉ`vb KGi| 1884 mvGj 8 Rvbyqvwi ˆKkGei g†ZzÅi ci ‰wU ˆbZ‡GZ½i AfvGe cÉvq wejyµ¦ nGq hvq| ˆKke Zuvi A͸ wKQy Abymvix ˆiGL hvb| wK¯§ Zuvi g†ZzÅi ci AbywÓ¤Z ˆkvK mfvq `ynvRvi gvbyl DcwÕ©Z nGqwQj fviGZi ‰ K‡Zx m¯¦vbGK kÉ«¬v RvbvGZ|  [Z‡wµ¦ ˆPŒayix]