ˆKivgZ
Avjx ˆRŒbcyix agÆ I mgvR msÕ•viK| wZwb
fviGZi Dîi cÉG`Gki A¯¦MÆZ ˆRŒbcyGii ˆgvÍÏvnvUvq R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| Zuvi wcZv
Avey Beivwng ˆkL gynÁÃ` Bgvg eL&k wQGjb dviwm mvwnGZÅ mycwíZ ‰es
nvw`m I ævGbi AbÅvbÅ kvLvq cvi`kÆx| wZwb wQGjb kvn Ave`yj AvwRR ˆ`njfxi
wklÅ| ˆKivgZ Avjx wQGjb nhiZ AveyeKi wmwóKxi (ivt) AaÕ¦b 35Zg cyi‚l|
wcZvi
wbKU ˆKivgZ Avjxi cÉv^wgK wkÞv ÷i‚ nq| wZwb gIjvbv Kz`iZDÍÏvn i‚`jfxi
wbKU agÆZî½ ‰es Avng`DÍÏvn AvÍÏvgxi wbKU nvw`m wkÞv KGib| cweò KziAvb
ˆZjvIqvGZi KjvGKŒkjI wZwb wkGLwQGjb| AvVvGiv eQi eqGmB ˆKivgZ Avjx AvaÅvwñK
ævGbi DrKlÆ mvaGbi RbÅ AvMÉnx nGq IGVb ‰es Avñ÷w«¬i ZvwM` ZuvGK AwÕ©i
KGi ˆZvGj| wZwb ivqGewijxGZ Šmq` AvngG`i mGã mvÞvr KGi Zuvi wbKU evB’qvZ
MÉnY KGib| Šmq` Avng` knx` ZuvGK evsjvq wMGq eqvb I ˆjLbxi gvaÅGg Bmjvg
cÉPvGii wbG`Æk ˆ`b|
evsjvq
AvMgGbi cƒGeÆ ˆKivgZ Avjx ˆRŒbcyGi gv`ËËvmv-B-nvmvwdqv cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|
AwPGiB ‰ gv`ËËvmv Bmjvwg wkÞvi ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe weLÅvZ nGq IGV| wZwb wQGjb
BmjvGgi ˆgŒwjK Av`kÆ I AvPvi AbyÓ¤vGbi LyeB AvMÉnx Abyymvix| wK¯§ ZrKvjxb
evsjvi gymwjg mgvR we`Av’Z KvhÆò×g, KzmsÕ•vi I A‹bmjvwgK cvcvPvGi AvœQ®²
wQj| eü gymjgvb ˆivRv (wmqvg), bvgvh (mvjvZ) I AvhvGbi gGZv AekÅ cvjbxq
KZÆeÅ cwinvi KGi Z`Õ©Gj wn±`y AvPvi AbyÓ¤vb cvjb ‰es wn±`yyG`i agÆxq
AbyÓ¤vGb ˆhvM w`Z| wkiK I we`Av’Z gymwjg gbbGK mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc MÉvm KGi ˆdGj|
evsjvi gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ BmjvGgi cÉK‡Z gƒjÅGeva cybi‚«¬vGii KvGR gIjvbv
mvGne wbGRGK wbGqvwRZ KGib|
KjKvZvq
agÆcÉPvGii cÉv^wgK KvR mÁ·®² KGi ˆKivgZ Avjx hGkvi I Lyjbv nGq ewikvj
ˆcuŒGQb| ‰ mgq nvRx kixqZDÍÏvn, Avõyj Re»vi
‰es Acivci divGqRx ˆbZ‡e†±` msÕ•vi KvhÆò×g ‰wMGq wbGq hvwœQGjb| nvRx
kixqZzÍÏvn, `y`y wgqv I Avõyj Re»vi cÉgyGLi Abym†Z msÕ•vi KvhÆò×g ‰es ˆKivgZ Avjxi msÕ•vi
AvG±`vjGbi gGaÅ bxwZ ev Av`GkÆi cv^ÆKÅ Lye mvgvbÅB wQj| wK¯§ ‰ ˆ`Gk
weËwUk kvmGbi eÅvcvGi `ycGÞi AeÕ©vb wQj c†^K ˆgi‚GZ| nvRx kixqZDÍÏvn
gGb KiGZb, weËwUk kvwmZ fviZ wQj ‘`vi-Dj-nvie’ ev kò‚ wbqw¯¨Z wbevm|
cÞv¯¦Gi, gIjvbv ˆKivgZ Avjx BsGiRG`i mg^ÆGb hywî× ˆ`Lvb ˆh, ˆhGnZz weËwUkiv
Õ©vbxq RbMGYi agÆKGgÆ nÕ¦GÞc KiGQ bv ˆmGnZz fviZelÆ ‘`vi-Dj-nvie’ bq|
wZwb ‰ AwfgZ eÅî× KGib ˆh, fviZelÆ `vi‚j Bmjvg (Bmjvwg ivÓ¡Ë) bv nGjI
wbG`bcGÞ ‰wU `vi‚j Avgvb (wbivc` AvevmÕ©j) eGU| ‰ RbÅB gymjgvbMY fviGZ
agÆxq KvhÆò×g Abykxjb KiGZ cviGQ|
fviZelÆ
`vi-Dj-nvie wKbv ‰ welGq ˆKivgZ Avjxi mvG^ divGqRx ˆbZ‡e†G±`i AvbyÓ¤vwbK
weZKÆ (evnvm) AbywÓ¤Z nq| divGqRxG`i cGÞ Avõyj Re»vi ‰ weZGKÆ ˆbZ‡Z½
ˆ`b| ‰ weZGKÆ ˆKivgZ Avjx cÉgvY KGib ˆh, fviZelÆ `vi-Dj-nvie bq| ‰ AeÕ©vq
`yB C` I RygAvi RvgvZ AbyÓ¤vb gymjgvbG`i RbÅ evaÅZvgƒjK| weZGKÆ divGqRx
ˆbZ‡e†±` civwRZ nGjI Zuviv ˆKivgZ AvjxGK bvbvfvGe nqivwb KGib| ‰gbwK
KLbI KLbI ZuvGK Zuvi agÆcÉPvi Õ©Gj AeÕ©vb KiGZ ˆ`Iqv nq wb| wZwb gmwRG`
cuvP Iqvî× AvhvGbi cÉPjb KGib| BGZvcƒGeÆ ÷ay ivwòKvGj Avhvb ˆ`Iqv nGZv|
gmwRG` hLb w`Gbi ˆejvqI AvhvGbi cÉPjb Kiv nq, ZLb ˆjvGK ‰GK bZzb cÉ^vi
cÉeZÆb eGj gGb KGi| AGbK mvaÅ mvabvi ci wZwb ZvG`i gGb wek¼vm R¯ÃvGZ
mÞg nb ˆh, w`Gb cuvPevi Avhvb cÉPvi Kiv evaÅZvgƒjK| wZwb gmwRG` RygAvi
bvgvh Av`vqI ÷i‚ Kivb| cÉ^gw`GK Zuvi cÉwZcÞiv Zuvi DG`ÅvGMi weGivwaZv
KGib, ZGe axGi axGi RbMY ‰GZ AfÅÕ¦ nGq IGV|
ˆKivgZ
Avjxi msÕ•vi AvG±`vjb ‘ZvBDwb’ AvG±`vjb bvGg cwiwPZ| Aviwe ‘ZvBDb’ kõ
ˆ^GK ZvBDwb kõwUi Drcwî hvi A^Æ nGjv ‘kbvî× Kiv’| ˆKivgZ Avjxi KvhÆò×g
`ychÆvGq wefî× wQj| cÉ^gZ wZwb gyymwjg mgvGR weivRgvb wkiK I we`A’Av’ˆZi
gƒGjvrcvUGbi RbÅ KGVvi msMÉvg KGib ‰es w«¼ZxqZ ˆhme gymjgvb KzmsÕ•vGi
AvœQ®² nGq wec^Mvgx nGq cGowQj ZvG`iGK wZwb BmjvGgi mwVK cG^ wdwiGq
AvGbb| ˆKivgZ Avjx ˆbvqvLvjx, PëMÉvg, Avmvg, iscyi ‰es AviI AGbK cÉZů¦
Açj mdi KGib| iscyGi wZwb ài‚Zi AmyÕ© nGq cGob ‰es 1873 wLËÓ¡vGõi 30
ˆg ‘Kvwjgv’ DœPviY KiGZ KiGZ ˆkl wbk¼vm ZÅvM KGib| ZuvGK iscyGi mgvwnZ
Kiv nq|
ˆKivgZ
Avjx cÉvq 46wU Mɯ© I cywÕ¦Kv iPbv KGib| Zuvi Mɯ© ‘wgdZvn-Dj-Rv®²vn&’i
eü msÕ•iY cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ| eBwU BmjvGgi Ici wjwLZ ‰KwU cÉvgvYÅ Mɯ©i…Gc
DcgnvG`Gk Õ¼xK‡wZ jvf KGi| gIjvbv ˆKivgZ Avjxi iPbvewjGK Pvi ˆkÉYxGZ
wefî× Kiv hvq: 1| agÆxq welqvewji mswÞµ¦mvi, 2| KziAvGbi eÅvLÅv ‰es
bvgvh I Dhyi c«¬wZ; 3| AvaÅvwñK I cxi-gywi` Zî½ mÁ·wKÆZ welq ‰es 4|
nvRx kixqZDÍÏvn I `y`y wgqvi gZevG`i mgvGjvPbv| Zuvi AwaKvsk eB D`ÆyGZ
ˆjLv, ZGe wZwb Aviwe I dviwmGZI wjGLGQb| Zuvi ˆjLv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wKQy eB
nGjv wgdZvn-Dj-Rv®²vn, evBqv’Z-B-ZIev, wkm&Z Avj-gymwÍÏ,
gyLvwie-Avj-nvi‚id&, KvDKve-B-`yi&wi, ZiRgv
kvgvGqj-B-wZiwgRx, ZiRgv wgkKvZ, Avj-ÛvDj Avj-QvweZ,
evBqv’Z Iqv Zveyqv, ÛvDj Avj-Avwgb, gyi` Avj-gywiw`b,
diR&-B-Avhg, wKZve Avj-BbwZKvgvZ, bƒi‚b Avjv bƒi,
hv`& Avj-ZvÛIqv| [‰g.
Bbvgyj nK]