K‡wl (Agriculture)  dmj I AbÅvbÅ K‡wlR mÁ·` Drcv`Gbi weævbmÁÃZ c«¬wZ| K‡wlGÞGò AbÅ DckvLvàwj nGœQ Mevw` c÷, grmÅ, I eb| evsjvG`Gki K‡wl KvhÆò×g gƒjZ e†wÓ¡cvGZi Dci wbfÆikxj| ˆhGnZz K‡wlB evsjvG`Gki RbRxeGbi cÉavb AejÁ¼b ˆm KviGY K‡wl mÁ·wKÆZ AbÅvbÅ cÉvmwãK welq wbGÁ² DcÕ©vwcZ nGjv|

BwZnvm  cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GKB K‡wl evOvwji RxweKvi Drm| DcgnvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki AeÕ©vI cÉvq Awf®²| wK¯§ cÉvq ˆMvUv evsjv chÆvµ¦ e†wÓ¡cvZmn wZbwU cÉavb b`x c«Âv, eËþcyò I ˆgNbv ‰es ZvG`i AmsLÅ kvLvcÉkvLv cÉmvwiZ cwjMwVZ mgf„wg nIqvi `i‚b cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GKB ‰LvGb K‡wlKvR AGcÞvK‡Z mnR wQj ‰es ‰LvGb K‡wli Ici RbmsLÅvi Pvc wQj AZÅwaK| weËwUk kvmbvgGji ˆMvovi w`GK wk͸KgÆ, weGklZ mywZeÕ¨ Drcv`b  nËvGmi dGj ‰B Pvc AviI e†w«¬ cvq| eÕ§Z 1921 mvGji gGaÅ ˆgvU RbGMvÓ¤xi cÉvq Pvi-cçgvsk (77.3%) K‡wlwbfÆi nGq cGo, hv mgMÉ fviGZ wQj 69.8%| weËwUk AvgGj RbmvaviY wewf®² mvgvwRK ˆkÉYxfzî× wQj ‰Kw`GK wewf®² chÆvGqi LvRbv Av`vqKvix f„wggvwjK (Rwg`vi) I bvbv aiGbi gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMx, AbÅw`GK ivqZ, eMÆv`vi I ˆÞZgRyi| ZGe ivqZivB PvlvevG` cÉZÅÞfvGe RwoZ wQj| evsjvi `yB AsGki gGaÅ eZÆgvb evsjvG`k wnGmGe cwiwPZ f„LGíB K‡wli Ici RbmsLÅvi Pvc wQj cÉKU|

cÉvPxb, gaÅhyM I weËwUk AvgGj K‡wl A^ÆbxwZi meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å wQj DcLvZ wnGmGe kmÅ-Drcv`Gbi AZÅwaK cÉvavbÅ| K‡wli AbÅ wZbwU DcLvZ c÷mÁ·`, grmÅ I eb wQj AGcÞvK‡Z ài‚Z½nxb| wewf®² aiGbi dmj Avev` Kiv nGZv ‰es miKvwi cÉKvkbvq msMÉGni mgq Abyhvqx ‰àwj wZb wkGivbvGg DGÍÏL Kiv nGZv fv`B (kvi`), Lvwid (Šng¯¦x) I iwe (evm¯¦x)| ‰me dmGji gGaÅ wQj avb, cvU, Mg, ˆRvqvi, he, AvL, ZvgvK, ŠZjexR, Avjy, wcuqvR, imyb, Avwdg, bxj, Pv, wewf®² aiGbi kvKmewR, Wvj, myMw®¬ I gmjv| avb wQj AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ I cÉvPxbZg kmÅàwji ‰KwU| gnvÕ©vb eËvþx wkjvwjwcGZ wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ Z‡Zxq ev w«¼Zxq kZGK avGbi meÆcÉ^g DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq| AbÅ KGqKwU ˆjLvqI ‰ kGmÅi DGÍÏL iGqGQ Kvwj`vGmi ‘iNyesk’ I ‘ivgPwiZ’ MÉG¯© ‰es ‘Kvmvcvjv’ I ‘m`ywî×KYÆvg†Z’ cÉf‡wZ iPbvq|

ˆmb ivRGZ½ weGklfvGe wewf®² wjwcGZ avbGÞGZi weÕ¦i eYÆbv cvIqv hvq| jßY ˆmGbi Abywjqv ZvgËkvmGb ˆngG¯¦ kvwjavb KvUvi DGÍÏL iGqGQ| ‰KB wjwcGZ AviI AvGQ ˆh, ivRv eËvþYG`i avbxRwgmn KGqKwU MÉvg `vb KGib| Bw`jcyi ZvgËkvmGb avGbi AvGiKwU DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq| ‰GZ avbGK mvaviY AG^Æ kvwj ejv nGqGQ| AvmGj, evsjvi wewf®² mycÉvPxb Rbc` eã, eGi±`Ê, ˆMŒo, cyíËeabÆ, ivp I mgZGU Drc®² AGbKàwj RvGZi gGaÅ ‰wU mGeÆvîg| cÉvPxb evsjvq AbÅvbÅ eü dmj R¯ÃvGbvi DGÍÏLI cvIqv hvq Zzjv, he, mwilv, AvL ‰es KjvB I gyGMi gGZv Wvj| Zzjv wQj meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evwYwRÅK dmj| wewf®² mƒò ˆ^GK cÉvPxb evsjvq Zzjvi PvlvevG`i K^v Rvbv hvq| ‰me kmÅ QvovI eü kvKmewR I djgƒj Drc®² nGZv| Lbvi ePGb wbGÁ²vî× kvKmewRi DGÍÏL iGqGQ ˆeàb, jvD, gƒjv, KPz, gwiP, njy`, cUj| wewf®² aiGbi djMvQ ˆhgb Avg, KuvVvj, Wvwjg, Kjv, güqv, ˆLRyi, ˆjey, Wzgyi, ˆZuZzj, bvwiGKj cÉf‡wZ cÉPzi R¯ÃvGZv| cvj I ˆmb ivRZ½KvGji eü wjwcGZ Avg I KuvVvGji DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq|

wLËÓ¡xq mµ¦g kZGK evsjv mdiKvix Pxbv chÆUK wnDGqb-mvs cyíËeaÆGb chÆvµ¦ KuvVvGji K^v wjGLGQb| jßY ˆmGbi ˆMvwe±`cyi ZvgËkvmGb I KjKvZv mvwnZÅ cwilG`i wek¼i…c ˆmGbi ZvgËwjwcGZ ‰ dGji DGÍÏL iGqGQ| cvnvocyGi ˆcvovgvwUi djGK cÉvqB KjvMvGQi Qwe ˆ`Lv hvq| P±`Ê, egÆY I ˆmb kvmbvgGji wkjvwjwc ˆ^GK ‰Uv Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, AÓ¡g kZGKi ci ˆ^GK evsjvq bvwiGKGji eÅvcK Pvl PjwQj| cvb, mycvwi PvlI nGZv| evi‚B ev evi‚Rxex bvGg cwiwPZ ‰K ˆkÉYxi ˆjvGKiv cvb Pvl KiZ| ‰me dmj fviGZi AbÅvbÅ AsGk iµ¦vwb nGZv| AvGiKwU DcKiY wQj euvk Nievwo, Szwo I ˆiŒ`ËveiK Qv` ŠZwiGZ eÅen…Z nGZv| ‘ivgPwiZ’ MÉG¯© eGi±`ÊGK AGkvK, ˆKki, güqv, KbK, ˆKZKx, gvjZx, bvMGKki I c«Âmn AmsLÅ RvGZi AvKlÆYxq dzGji Õ©vb wnGmGe eYÆbv Kiv nGqGQ| ˆflR dje†Þ, ˆhgb AvgjwK, eGnov, nixZKx ‰B wòdjv cÉvPxb evsjvq ˆivcY Kiv nGZv|

Pvlvev`, cwienY I wewf®² `y™¬RvZ mvgMÉxi RbÅ eÅen…Z K‡lKG`i gƒj c÷mÁ·` wQj Mi‚| Mi‚i msLÅv w`Gq KLbI KLbI ˆjvGKi abG`ŒjGZi cwigvc Kiv nGZv| cvj I ˆmb ivRvG`i f„`vGbi KwZcq D«¬‡wZ ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, PviYf„wgGZ Mevw` c÷i RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi Nvm R¯ÃvGZv ‰es ‰àwj mvaviYZ MÉvGgi KvQvKvwQ AewÕ©Z ^vKZ| MÉvgevmxiv KLbI KLbI ˆhŒ^fvGe ivLvj wbGqvM KiZ, ˆh cÉwZw`b ˆfvGi gvwjGKi Mi‚i cvj ev^vGb ev PvlRwgi evBGi cwZZ RwgGZ wbGq ˆhZ ‰es ˆMvaƒwjGZ wdwiGq AvbZ| LvG`Åi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Dcv`vb wQj `ya, `B, gvLb I wN| Mi‚i nvo mvi ŠZwiGZ Avi ˆMvei mvi ‰es R¾vjvbx wnGmGe eÅen…Z nGZv| fvÕ•hÆ, wkjvwjwc I mvwnGZÅ DwÍÏwLZ AbÅvbÅ c÷i gGaÅ iGqGQ gwnl, ˆNvov, QvMj, ˆgl, nwiY, evbi, kƒKi, wkqvj, wmsn, evN BZÅvw`| mvgyw`ËK I Õ¼v`ycvwbi wewf®² aiGbi gvQ wgjZ cÉPzi ‰es ˆmUv wQj LvG`Åi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask|

wewf®² QvcwPò I ˆjLv ˆ^GK cÉvPxb evsjvi f„wgi DeÆiZvi cÉPzi Z^Å cvIqv hvq| wnDGqb-mvs RwgGZ wbweo I wbqwgZ Pvlvev` jÞÅ KGib| ‘m`ywî×KYÆvg†Z’ MÉG¯©i wKQy KweZvq ‰ eYÆbvi mg^Æb ˆgGj| AekÅ, mKj Rwg DeÆi wQj bv ‰es ˆmàwj chÆvµ¦ e†wÓ¡i cvwbI ˆcZ bv, ZvB ˆmme RwgGZ K‡wòg ˆmGPi cÉGqvRb nGZv| wewf®² kvmK gwncvj, ivgmvMi, cÉvYmvMimn DîieGãi wewf®² Õ©vGb AmsLÅ Rjvkq mÁ¿eZ ‰RbÅB Lbb KGiwQGjb| f„MfÆÕ© RjcÉevGni bvMvj cvIqvi RbÅ K„cLbb ˆKŒkjI ˆjvGK RvbZ ‰es bvjvq ev LvGj cvwb mieivGni RbÅ ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò Zviv b`xi MwZc^ cwieZÆb KiZ| Lvjàwj cvwbGZ DcGP avbGÞZ WzweGq ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ cvwb wbq¯¨GYi ˆKŒkjwUI Zviv fvjB Avqî KGiwQj| DBwjqg DBjKÝ (William Wilcox) ‰B cÉvPxb c«¬wZGK eGjGQb ‘DcGP-cov ˆmP’ (overflow irrigation)| ‰mgq eÅen…Z bvbv aiGbi K‡wl nvwZqvGii bvg wewf®² wjwLZ Drm ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq| ‰àwj nGœQ jvOGji dvj, `v, KvGÕ¦, cvwk, cvPbevwo I ˆXuwK| MÉvgÅ Kvgvi I KvVwgwÕ¨ivB ‰me nvwZqvGii AwaKvsk ŠZwi KiZ| ivGgk¼i wjwLZ ‘Kvmvcvjv’ MÉG¯© ‰me nvwZqvi ŠZwii wewf®² cÉwò×qv ewYÆZ nGqGQ| evsjvq cÉvµ¦ ൦hyGMi AwaKvsk ZvgËkvmGb DGÍÏL iGqGQ ˆh, ivÓ¡Ë ev ivRv wbGRB f„wg weò×q KiZ Avi ‰Uv agÆxq KvGR `vb Kiv nGj f„wg géywi ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ agÆxq AvGqi ‰K-lÓ¤gvsk ivRvGK w`GZ nGZv| cÉK‡ZcGÞ cÉGZÅK ˆÞGò f„wgò×Gqi AvGe`b Õ©vbxq KgÆKZÆvG`i gvaÅGg ivRvi wbKU ˆck KiGZ nGZv ‰es agÆxq géywii ˆÞGò ivRvi AbygwZ weGklfvGe cÉGqvRb nGZv, KviY f„wgi mKj ivRKxq cvIbv cwiGkva ˆ^GK AeÅvnwZ ˆ`Iqvi ÞgZv ‰Kgvò ivRviB wQj|

‰fvGe cÉvPxbKvGji h^vmÁ¿e jº¬ Z^Å ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh ivRv ev ivÓ¡ËB wQj Rwgi gvwjK| ZrKvjxb f„wgi eÅwî× gvwjKvbvi AwÕ¦GZ½i ˆKvb ˆKvb cÉeî×v ‰B hywî× DcÕ©vcb KGiGQb ˆh, AwaKvsk wkjvwjwcGZB DwÍÏwLZ Rwg wQj cwZZ ev wLjv| wK¯§ dwi`cyGi cÉvµ¦ wZbwU ZvgËkvmGb ‰es AwaKvsk cvj I ˆmb wkjvwjwcGZ ÷ay cwZZ bq, ˆMvUv ˆMvUv MÉvg Aby`vGbiI DGÍÏL iGqGQ| ‰me MÉvGg wbwøZB emZevwo ‰es Pvlvaxb RwgI ^vKZ| Avevi ˆjvKbvG^i wòcyiv Aby`vbcGò ebf„wgGZI ivRvi gvwjKvbvi cÉgvY iGqGQ| f„wgi ivRKxq gvwjKvbvi cGÞ AvGiKwU cÉgvY nGjv ivRv ‰KwU géywi evGRqvµ¦ ev evwZj KGi AbÅ ˆKvb eÅwî×GK ˆmwUi géywi cÉ`vb KiGZ cviGZb| AekÅ, ivÓ¡Ë f„wgi gvwjK nGjI MÉvGg emevmiZ K‡lKG`i «¼vivB K‡wleÅeÕ©v cwiPvwjZ nGZv ‰es Pvlvev` wQj eÅwî×MZ LvgviwfwîK| K‡wl`ËGeÅ ivRvi AskfvM wQj ivÓ¡Ëxq AvGqi cÉavb Drm| wK¯§ cÉvµ¦ DrmàwjGZ wewf®² bvGgi Ki DwÍÏwLZ nGjI ivRÕ¼ I AbÅvbÅ Ki wnGmGe Drc®² `ËGeÅi KZUv ivÓ¡Ë Av`vq KiZ Zv Rvbv hvq bv| f„wg ivRGÕ¼i AwaKvskB `ËGeÅi wnmvGe wbaÆvwiZ nGjI ˆKvb ˆKvb dmGji ˆÞGò fvMevGUvqviv KwVb weavq ˆmUv bM` AG^Æ wbaÆvwiZ nGZv| mÁ¿eZ wniYÅ wQj ‰ aiGbi ‰KwU Ki| ˆKvb ˆKvb Õ©vGb PvGl eÅen…Z jvOGji msLÅvi wnmvGe K‡lKiv ivRKxq cvIbv cwiGkva KiZ|

weG`kx chÆUKG`i eYÆbv I Õ©vbxq ˆjLvGjwL ˆ^GK gaÅhyGMi K‡wli AeÕ©v mÁ·GKÆ cƒYÆvãZi Z^Åvw` cvIqv hvq| weG`kx chÆUKMY AekÅ evsjvi gvwUi DeÆiZv I K‡wli AMÉMwZi DœPcÉksmv KGiGQb| D`vniY wnGmGe, 1349-50 wLËÓ¡vGõi ‰K Pxbv chÆUGKi eYÆbvq ‰B Z^ÅwU cvIqv hvq ‘Õ¼GMÆi FZzàwj c†w^exi abG`ŒjZ mviv ivGRÅ QwoGq ˆiGLGQ|’ cÉvq ‰KB mgGq BeGb eZzZv cƒeÆ evsjv mdi KGib| Zuvi eYÆbvq wZwb b`xcG^ 15 w`b aGi wmGjU ˆ^GK ˆmvbviMuvI chƯ¦ ögYKvGj WvGb I evGg djevMvb, D®²Z cvwbGmP eÅeÕ©v, mg†«¬ MÉvg I evMevwMPv ˆ`LGZ cvb, ‘ˆhb Avgiv ‰KwU evRvGii gaÅ w`Gq ‰wMGq PGjwQ|’ kvGqÕ¦v Luvi mgGq evwbÆqvi (Bernier) evsjvq ‰GmwQGjb| wZwb c«Âvi Dfq ZxGi wewf®² hvw¯¨K cvwbGmPmn dmGji AZů¦ DeÆi gvV jÞÅ KGib| Aveyj dRGji eYÆbv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, ‘dmGji mvgvbÅ ÞwZ QvovB ‰KwU weGkl RvGZi avb ‰KB eQGi wZbevi ˆivcY I KvUv nGZv’| wK¯§ ‰UvGK f„wgi mvaviY DeÆiZvi ‰KwU mƒPK wnGmGe aiv hvq bv| ‰gbwK wek kZGKi gvSvgvwSI Lye Kg RwgGZB eQGi wZbwU dmj Avev` Kiv ˆMGQ|

K‡wli mg†w«¬ mÁ·wKÆZ mgmvgwqK ZG^Åi mZÅZv mÁ·GKÆ mG±`Gni AeKvk ˆbB| myjZvwb I gyMj AvgGj evsjvi K‡wli hG^Ó¡ weKvk NGUwQj| AGbK Õ©vGbi bvGgi mGã ‘Avev`’ mshywî× (ˆhgb, dGZnvev` I Lvwjdvev`) ˆmme RvqMv PvlvaxGb Avmvi mvÞÅen nGZ cvGi| ZrKvjxb miKvi f„wg cybi‚«¬vGii gvaÅGg K‡wl mÁ·ÉmviGY KwZcq c`GÞc MÉnY KGiwQj| D`vniYÕ¼i…c, exR I ej` ev K‡wli h¯¨cvwZ I nvwZqvi ò×Gq mnvqZvi RbÅ miKvi K‡lKG`i ZvKvwe FY w`Z| cwZZ Rwg AvevG` Drmvn `vGbi RbÅ K‡lKG`i Kg LvRbvq Rwg eG±`veÕ¦ w`Gq axGi axGi Zv e†w«¬ KGi ˆkl chƯ¦ cyGiv LvRbv Av`vq Kiv nGZv| miKvGii M†nxZ ‰me c`GÞGci wcQGb gƒj KviY wQj PvlvevG`i mÁ·ÉmviY A^Ævr miKvwi AvGqi gƒj Drm f„wg ivRÕ¼ e†w«¬| AekÅ, K‡wl mÁ·ÉmviGY gƒj f„wgKv cvjb KGiwQj RbmsLÅv e†w«¬| cÉGqvRbxq ZG^Åi AfvGe gaÅhyGM dmwj Rwgi cwigvY e†w«¬i wnmve Rvbv hvq wb| wK¯§ gyMj AvgGj (1526-1707 wLË) evsjvi KwZcq AsGk (gyMj fviGZi AbÅvbÅ AçGjI) dmwj Rwgi cwigvY w«¼àY nIqvi aviYvwU Bidvb nvwee cÉk²mvGcÞ gGb KGib|

cÉvPxbKvGji gGZv gaÅhyGMi cÉavb K‡wlcYÅ wQj avb| ‰wU ‰Z Drc®² nGZv ˆh Õ©vbxq Pvwn`v ˆgUvGbvi ci iµ¦vwbi RbÅI hG^Ó¡ D«¼†î ^vKZ| ˆgvUvgywU wZb aiGbi avb Pvl nGZv| ‰àwj AvDk (ˆng¯¦), Avgb (kxZ) I ˆevGiv (MÉxÓÃ)| ‰ wZb aiGbi cÉGZÅKwUi gGaÅ eü cÉKviGf` wQj ‰es ‰àwji AGbK bvg ‘kƒbÅcƒivY’ I ‘wkevqb’ mn mgmvgwqK DrmmgƒGn DwÍÏwLZ AvGQ| AekÅ, kƒbÅcƒivY AbymvGi avGbi mnmËvwaK cÉKviGf` wQj| cÉGZÅK RvGZi avGbi ‰KwU KGi `vbv msMÉn Kiv nGjI ‰KwU eo cvò fGi hvGe eGj gyMj HwZnvwmK Aveyj dRj ˆh g¯¦eÅ KGiwQGjb DcwiDî× ZG^Å Zvi `†p mg^Æb ˆgGj| ‰ eYÆbv AwZiwéZ bq| wek kZGKi cÉ^g `kGK KjKvZvq AbywÓ¤Z ‰K cÉ`kÆbxGZ cÉK‡ZcGÞ avGbi mnmËvwaK cÉKviGf` cÉ`wkÆZ nq| Aveyj dRj ‰KwU weGkl RvGZi avGbi eYÆbv w`GqGQb hv cvwbi MfxiZv e†w«¬i mGã Zvj wgwjGq e†w«¬ cvq, dGj cvwb dmGji ˆKvb ÞwZ KiGZ cvGi bv| ‰LvGb wZwb mÁ¿eZ ebÅvcÉeY wbPz ‰jvKvi ˆevbv Avgb avGbi A^Ævr RwjavGbi K^v DGÍÏL KGi ^vKGeb| AvgGbi ‰KwU kxZKvjxb cÉKviGf`I AvGQ Avi ‰wU nj ˆivcv Avgb|

Zzjv I ZuyZ wQj cÉG`Gki `ywU AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wk͸gyLx dmj| cÉmãZ, myZv I ˆikg wQj evsjvi cÉavb wk͸| cwøg, Dîi I cƒeÆeGãi wewf®² ˆRjvq Zzjv Drc®² nGZv| cwøgeGã chÆvµ¦ Zzjv R¯ÃvZ exif„g, eaÆgvb I bw`qv ˆRjvq Avi DîieGã cÉavbZ iscyi, gvj`n I w`bvRcyi ˆRjvq| AekÅ, weLÅvZ gmwjb wkG͸i DcGhvMx AwZ D®²ZgvGbi Zzjv djZ XvKv I gqgbwmsn ˆRjvq| Rb ˆUji bvGg BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi R‹bK ‰GR´Ÿ 1800 mvGji w`GK DGÍÏL KGib ˆh, XvKv knGii PvicvGk I ˆgNbv b`xi ZxieZÆx Õ©vGb ‘c†w^exi ˆh ˆKvb AsGki Zzjbvq mGeÆvîg gvGbi’ Zzjv (KvcÆvm) Drc®² nq| ˆUji AviI wjGLGQb ˆh, Zzjvi exR ˆevbv nGZv AGÙvei-bGfÁ¼Gi ‰es dmj ˆZvjv nGZv ‰wcÉj-ˆg gvGm| BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi AvgGj mywZ eÕ¨wkG͸i AebwZi mGã mGã evsjvq Zzjvi PvlI cÉK‡ZcGÞ e®¬ nGq hvq| ˆikgGcvKvi RbÅ ZzuZMvQ R¯ÃvZ gaÅ I DîieGã, weGklZ gywkÆ`vev` I ivRkvnx ˆRjvq| Lye mÁ¿e dmjwU Pxb ˆ^GK cÉewZÆZ nq ‰es cGbGiv kZGK evsjvq ‰KRb Pxbv chÆUGKi eYÆbvq cÉ^gevGii gGZv ˆikGgi DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq| Aveyj dRj, ˆUfvwbÆqvi I evwbÆqvi-‰i ˆjLv ‰es BsGiR KviLvbvi bw^cGòI cÉG`Gk ZzuZPvGli DGÍÏL ˆ`Lv hvq| 1666 wLËÓ¡vGõ KvwmgevRvi mdiKvix ˆUfvwbÆqvi DGÍÏL KGib ˆh, KvwkgevRvGi ˆikGgi evwlÆK Drcv`b wQj cÉvq 25 jÞ cvDG´£i mgcwigvY hvi ‰Kvsk fviGZi AbÅvbÅ AçGj iµ¦vwb nGZv|

AvGiKwU evwYwRÅK dmj wQj BÞz| 1756 mvj chƯ¦I evsjvi wPwbi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ evwYRÅ Pvjy wQj gv`ËvR, ˆevGÁ¼, gvjvevi DcK„j, myivU, wm®¬z, gvmKvU, gØv I ˆRóvi mGã| ‰gbwK mGZGiv kZGKi gvSvgvwSI wecyj cwigvY wPwbi iµ¦vwb evwYRÅmn evsjv wQj ‰B wkG͸i cÉavb ˆK±`Ê| eviGevmv, eviG^gv I evwbÆqvi weeiYx ‰es BsGiR I Ij±`vR bw^cGò ‰i myÕ·Ó¡ cÉgvY AvGQ| ‰GZ ˆevSv hvq ˆh, BÞz gaÅhyGMi evsjvq ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ A^ÆKix dmj wQj| AvVvGiv kZGKi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ iµ¦vwb evwYRÅ nËvm cvq ‰es Drc®² wPwb ZLb ˆKej cÉG`Gki wbRÕ¼ Pvwn`v ˆgUvGZ cviZ| Rwgi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGk ‰KvwaK RvGZi mwilv I AbÅvbÅ ŠZjexGRi gGZv evwYwRÅK dmj djvGbv nGZv| ‰ mgq cÉG`Gk wKQy bZzb kmÅ cÉewZÆZ nq ZvgvK, fzëv I mÁ¿eZ bxj| ‰KBfvGe, wZbwU bZzb dj- KvRyev`vg, Avbvim I ˆcuGc cvøvZÅ ˆ^GK ‰Gm ˆcuŒQq| wgwÓ¡Avjy I mvaviY Avjy ‰ mgqB cÉewZZÆ nq| ‰fvGe, evOvwj K‡lKiv ÷ay eüwea kmÅ PvlB bq, bZzb kmÅ MÉnGYI Drmvnx nq| ‰Qvov, mgmvgwqK eYÆbv ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, b`-b`x, kvLvb`x, nvIi, wej, cyKzi I mgyG`Ë wQj wewf®² aiGbi cÉPzi gvQ|

gaÅhyGM f„wg ivRÕ¼ I AbÅvbÅ Ki wnGmGe miKvi K‡wl`ËGeÅi KZUv Av`vq KiZ ˆm mÁ·GKÆ wKQy Z^Å Rvbv hvq| PZz`Æk kZGK ‰ cÉG`k mdiKvix BeGb eZzZv DGÍÏL KGib ˆh, ‘bxj b`xi’ ZxGii MÉvgevmxiv AbÅvbÅ DcKiYmn f„wgKi wnGmGe ZvG`i Drc®² `ËGeÅi AGaÆK cÉ`vb KiZ| Iqvs-ˆZ-Dqvb (Wang-ta-Yuan) H mgGqi ‰K ˆjLvq eGjGQb ˆh, gaÅhyGM ivÓ¡Ë ˆgvU Drc®² `ËGeÅi ‰K-cçgvsk Ki wnGmGe Av`vq KiZ| Rwgi Drcvw`Kv kwî× I dmGji cÉK‡wZ Abyhvqx wewf®² AçGj ivRGÕ¼i nvGi cv^ÆKÅ nGq ^vGK ‰Uv gGb ivLGjB ‰B AvcvZ AmvgémÅ mnGRB eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq| ‰fvGe myjZvwb AvgGj K‡wl`ËGeÅi ‰K-cçgvsk ˆ^GK AGaÆK chƯ¦ ivRGÕ¼i wf®² wf®² nvi Pvjy wQj| AvKeGii mgq wbw`ÆÓ¡ nvi wQj Drc®² `ËGeÅi ‰K-Z‡Zxqvsk| gywkÆ`Kzwj Luvi AvgGjI ‰ nvi AeÅvnZ ^vGK| AekÅ, f„wg ivRÕ¼ QvovI AbÅvbÅ cÍÏxKiI wQj ‰es DGÍÏL Kiv nq ˆh, fviZeGlÆ ‰me AwZwiî× KGii cwigvY wQj ˆgvU f„wg ivRGÕ¼i cÉvq ‰K-PZz^Ævsk| ZvB ejv hvq, gaÅhyGMi evsjvq ˆh ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvb weGePbvq ivRÕ¼ nvi wQj AZÅwaK|

wbaÆvwiZ nvGi cÉwZ ‰KK cwigvY f„wgi RbÅ A^ev ˆMvUv MÉvGgi RbÅ ‰KKvjxb wnGmGe ivRÕ¼ avhÆ Kiv nGZv| ˆKvb ˆKvb Õ©vGb jvOGji msLÅvi wfwîGZ f„wg ivRÕ¼ avGhÆi cÉ^v Pvjy wQj| f„wg ivRÕ¼ I AbÅvbÅ Ki bM` AG^Æ cwiGkva Kiv nGZv| A^Ævr K‡lKG`i Drc®² K‡wl`ËGeÅi ‰KUv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ask weò×q KiGZ nGZv| AbÅw`GK cGYÅvrcv`b hG^Ó¡ e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj| MÉvgevmxiv A^ÆKix I Lv`ÅkmÅ knGii evRvGi weò×q KiZ, wK¯§ wewbgGq ˆZgb wKQyB wKbZ bv| ˆKbbv MÉvgevmxG`i cÉGqvRbxq mKj A-K‡wl`ËeÅ MÉvGgB Drc®² nGZv| ‰Uv ejv hvq, gaÅhyGM cÉGZÅKwU MÉvgB Õ¼wbfÆi wQj| Rwg`vi eGj AwfwnZ wewf®² msLÅv I ghÆv`vi mPivPi eskvbyò×wgK gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMx ‰KwU ˆkÉYx I ‘Avwgj’ wnGmGe cwiwPZ KgÆPvixG`i mnGhvwMZvq f„wg ivRÕ¼ Av`vq Kiv nGZv| myjZvwb I gyMj AvgGj mvaviYfvGe K‡lKG`i cvëv ˆ`Iqvi ˆiIqvR Pvjy wQj| KweKâGbi ‘Píxgãj’ I ivGgk¼i fëvPvGhÆi ‘wkevqb’ MÉG¯© DcK^vLÅvZ cÉRveGMÆi h^vò×Gg B±`Ê I KvjGKZzi KvQ ˆ^GK eG±`veÕ¦ cvëv MÉnGYi NUbv ewYÆZ AvGQ| cÉRv wQj `y’aiGbi Ly`KvÕ¦ I cqKvÕ¦| ˆMvovi w`GKi weËwUk ivRKgÆPvixiv cÉ^g eGMÆi cÉRvG`i ejZ Õ©vqx Pvwl| w«¼Zxq eGMÆi Pvwliv AÕ©vqx wfwîGZ RwgPvGli RbÅ AbÅvbÅ MÉvg ˆ^GK AvmZ ‰es Zviv Ly`KvÕ¦ PvlxG`i ˆPGq mvaviYZ Kg LvRbv w`Z|

Pvlvev` c«¬wZ ‰es K‡wli h¯¨cvwZ I nvwZqvi wQj cÉvPxb hyGMi gGZvB| ‰ mgq evsjv cÉG`Gki A¯¦fzÆî× cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg wQj Pvlvev` c«¬wZi w`K ˆ^GK ‰Kgvò eÅwZò×g| ˆmLvGb cÉPwjZ RygPvl AvRI Pvjy iGqGQ| Kzqv ˆ^GK cvwb ˆZvjvi c«¬wZ ZLbI D®²Z nq wb| ZrKvjxb Dîi-fviGZ cÉewZÆZ ‘cvimÅ üBj’ evsjvq cwiwPZ wQj bv| RwgGZ mvi cÉGqvM c«¬wZI mÁ¿eZ Abyi…c wQj| dGj, gyMj AvgGj ài‚Z½cƒYÆ kGmÅi djb Dwbk kZGKi ˆkl ev wek kZK ev cƒeÆeZÆx mgGqi ˆPGq ˆewk nIqvi K^v bq| H mgq AwaK DeÆi Rwg PvlvaxGb Avbvi RbÅ kGmÅi djb nvi AwaK nGZ cvGi ‰B hywî× ˆ`LvGbv PGj| wK¯§ ‰K^vI ejv hvq ˆh, Rwg-gvbyl AbycvZ AwaKZi AbyK„j ^vKvq ռ͸wbweo Pvlvev` AbymiY Kiv nGZv| AbyK„j Rwg-gvbyl AbycvZ ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, gaÅhyGMi evsjvq gv^vwcQy Drcv`b AGcÞvK‡Z AwaK wQj| gaÅhyGM K‡wl`ËGeÅi wbÁ²gƒjÅ hv weG`kx chÆUKG`i `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KGiwQj Zv K‡wl`ËGeÅi cÉvPzGhÆi mƒPK wnGmGe weGePÅ nGZ cvGi|

dmj Drcv`b KLbI AwZe†wÓ¡, KLbI ev Abve†wÓ¡GZ ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nGZv| cÉG`Gki ˆKvb ˆKvb Õ©vGb gvGS gvGS mÁ¿eZ `ywfÆGÞi cwiwÕ©wZ weivR KiZ| w«¼ZxqZ, K‡lKGkÉYxi gGaÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvòvi AmvgÅ we`Ågvb wQj| ‰Kw`GK ‰K ˆkÉYxi MÉvgxY cwievGii ‰Z ˆewk Rwg wQj ˆh ˆKej cvwievwiK kÉGg ˆmàwj Pvlvev` mÁ¿e nGZv bv, AbÅw`GK AvGiK ˆkÉYxi ˆKvb RwgB wQj bv ev ^vKGjI LyeB mvgvbÅ| ‰ ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, MÉvgxY cwieviàwji ‰Kvsk K‡wlkÉwgK wnGmGe RxweKv wbeÆvn KiZ| ZvB gv^vwcQy Mo Drcv`b AwaK ^vKGjI e¥Ÿb wQj Amgvb| Z‡ZxqZ, K‡lKG`i Ici ivGÓ¡Ëi `vwe wQj AZÅwaK, ˆgvU DrcG®²i cÉvq 40%| cwiGkGl, K‡wl mswkÏÓ¡ wekvj RbGMvÓ¤xi RbÅ K‡wl`ËGeÅi ˆhvMvb chÆvµ¦ ^vKGjI Rxebhvòvi mvweÆK gvb mG¯¦vlRbK wQj bv| weG`kx chÆUKG`i eYÆbv I Õ©vbxq mƒGòi cÉgvYvw` ˆ^GK ‰Uv Õ·Ó¡ nGq IGV| Aveyj dRj Rvbvb ˆh, evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl ÷ay ˆKvgGi jywã àuGR ˆMvUv kixi cÉvq DG`vg ivLZ| RjevqyMZ ev mvgvwRK cÉ^vi RbÅ ‰gbwU NUZ Zv Õ¼xKvhÆ bq| cwiGaq eGÕ¨i aib I gvb ˆ^GKB DœPGkÉYxGK c†^K Kiv ˆhZ| ˆmmgGq evsjvq Zzjv Drcv`b I ZuvGZi cÉPjb AZů¦ eÅvcK wQj| avb-PvGji Zzjbvq Kvco wQj gnvNÆ| RyZvi eÅenvi eÅvcK wQj bv ‰es ˆgvijÅvGíi gGZ Pvgovi DœPgƒGjÅi RbÅB ‰wU NUZ| AwaKvsk K‡lK LGo QvIqv gvwUi ‰K Kvgivi NGi ^vKZ| ˆPŒwK I euvGki PvUvB Qvov K‡lKG`i NGi AbÅ ˆKvb Avmevecò ˆZgb wgjZ bv| Kuvmv ev Zvgvi ŠZRmcò hG^Ó¡ `vgx nIqvq RbmvaviY mvaviYZ ˆmàwj eÅenvi KiZ bv| ZvB K‡wl Drcv`Gbi cÉvPzhÆ mGî½I evsjvi K‡lKiv DœPgvGbi Rxebhvcb KiZ ˆZgb wb`kÆb cvIqv mwZÅB KwVb|

weËwUk JcwbGewkK kvmGb fviZxq DcgnvG`Gki K‡wlLvGZi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ mÁ·ÉmviY NGU| cÉavbZ Avevw` ‰jvKv mÁ·ÉmviGYi gvaÅGg K‡wl Drcv`Gbi ˆgvU cwigvY I gƒjÅ e†w«¬ cvq| AwaK¯§, fviZ wk͸cYÅ ˆ^GK K‡wlcYÅ mieivnKvix wnGmGe wbR f„wgKv cwieZÆb Kivq ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ wKQy wk͸ I bMiGK±`Ê D®²qGbi mGã Afů¦ixY evRvi mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nIqvq, AZxGZi ˆPGq evRvGii RbÅ Drcv`b AviI Ri‚wi nGq IGV| HwZnÅevnx wkG͸i AebwZ I RbmsLÅvi Õ¼vfvweK e†w«¬i dGj ‰mgq K‡wlLvGZi Ici ewaÆZ (RbmsLÅvi) Pvc mGî½I ‰gbwU NGUwQj| evsjvGZB evRvi mÁ·ÉmviGYi cÉGqvRbxqZv cÉ^g Abyf„Z nq, KviY ‰wUB cÉ^g weËwUGki kvmbvaxb nGqwQj|

AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆkGli w`GK evsjvi weÕ¦xYÆ Açj RyGo Avev`GhvMÅ cwZZ Rwg wQj| ‰wU ^vKvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KviY 1770 mvGji `ywfÆÞ cÉG`Gki wewf®² AsGk eÅvcK Rbnvwb NUvq| wK¯§ cieZÆx kZGK dmwj ‰jvKv `Ë‚Z mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nq ‰es wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK ‰wU eÕ§Z ˆklmxgvq ˆcuŒQvq (Pvlvev` mÁ·ÉmviGYi Avi ˆZgb myGhvM wQj bv)| AekÅ, eZÆgvb evsjvG`k f„LGíB gƒjZ ZrKvjxb Pvlvev` mÁ·ÉmviY ˆK±`Êxf„Z wQj| ‰fvGe, Dwbk kZGK PëMÉvg I ˆbvqvLvjxi e†nîi Ask, wòcyivmn (eZÆgvb KzwgÍÏv ˆRjv) ˆgNbv ˆgvnbvi AwaKvsk, eGi±`Ê Açj, my±`ieb I Dîi-cƒeÆ evsjvi nvIi ‰jvKv cyGivcywi PvlvevG`i AvIZvq AvGm| 24 ciMbv, Lyjbv I evGKiMGé wZb ˆRjvi K‡lK my±`ieb Açj cybi‚«¬vGi Ask ˆbq| PvlvevG`i bZzb bZzb ‰jvKvq RbmsLÅv e†w«¬i DœPnvi Av`g÷gvwi cwimsLÅvGb ˆ`Lv hvq| AekÅ, my±`ieb Avev` KGi ‰me ˆRjvq Pvlvev` mÁ·ÉmviY cÉK‡ZcGÞ RbmsLÅv e†w«¬i nvGii ˆPGq AwaK gvòvq nwœQj| gvwUi AwaK DeÆiZvi dGj ˆmLvGb ‰KRb cÉRvi cGÞ AbÅ ˆh ˆKvb Õ©vGbi ˆPGq e†nîi ‰jvKv Pvlvev` mÁ¿e nGZv| AwaK¯§, PvlvevG`i ‰KwU eo Ask KiZ AbvevwmK cÉRviv hviv ˆmLvGb ˆgŒmyGgi RwgPvGli ci wbR MÉvGg cÉZÅveZÆb KiZ| cybi‚«¬vGii AvGiKwU ˆÞò wQj ‰me ˆRjvq b`xàwjGZ AbeiZ ˆRGM IVv DeÆi cwjgq Rwg| evGKiMé ˆRjvq ‰ myGhvM meGPGq ˆewk wQj| wòcyiv ˆRjvi wekvj Pivçj ‰mgq PvlvaxGb Avbv nq| mgMÉ cƒeÆeGã bZzbfvGe MGo IVv ‰me K‡wlemwZ QvovI ˆmLvGb KGqKwU ˆRjvi wbRÕ¼ weGkl Avev`GhvMÅ Açj wQj| XvKv I gqgbwmsn ˆRjvq ‰ aiGbi Açj wQj cÉvq RbkƒbÅ gaycyi Rãj| w`bvRcyGii `wÞGYi ‰K-Z‡Zxqvsk, cƒeÆ-gvj`Gni AaÆvsk, cwøg-eàovi AaÆvsk I ivRkvnxi DîGii ‰K-PZz^Ævsk wbGq MwVZ eGi±`Ê AçGji Rwg Awfevmx muvIZvj kÉwgKG`i «¼vivB Avev` mÁ¿e nGqwQj| AekÅ, cwøg I gaÅ evsjvi wKQy AsGk AeÕ©v wQj wf®²Zi| ‰LvGb eüKvj ˆ^GK cÉvK‡wZK cÉwò×qvq b`xeÅeÕ©vi ‰KwU AeÞq PjwQj| `ƒieZÆx MÉvgmgƒnGK ˆijcG^i mGã hyî× Kivi RbÅ ˆijc^ I msGhvM moK wbgÆvGYi dGj ‰B AeÞq ZrKvGj Zivw¯¼Z nq| dGj `ywU cÉwZK„j cÉfve ˆ`Lv ˆ`q f„wgi Drcv`kxjZv nËvm ‰es gÅvGjwiqvi eÅvcK cÉv`yfÆve| ˆkGlvî× KviGY ˆjvKe†w«¬i nvi nËvm cvq| ‰ cwiGcÉwÞGZ Dwbk kZGKi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ b`xqv, exif„g, ˆgw`bxcyi, üMjx, hGkvGii gGZv ˆRjvàwjGZ Avevw` ‰jvKv KGg hvq ev AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK| cÉG`Gki `ywU Ask ÞwqZ I mwò×q e«¼xc AçGj Drcv`b ÞgZvi cv^ÆKÅ ^vKGjI evsjvq mvgwMÉKfvGe Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvwœQj cwigvYMZfvGe ‰es gƒjÅe†w«¬i dGj A^ÆgƒGjÅI| Dwbk kZGK cƒeÆ evsjvi ˆRjvmgƒGn wewf®² dmGji djGbi nvGi ˆKvb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ e†w«¬i mÁ¿vebv wQj bv|

Dwbk kZGK kmÅ Drcv`Gbi DwÍÏwLZ eYÆbvi wfwî nGjv mswkÏÓ¡ KgÆKZÆvG`i eÅwî×K gƒjÅvqb ‰es cÉwZ `k eQGi Av`g÷gvwi RbmsLÅvi cwimsLÅvb, wK¯§ dmwj Rwg I ‰Ki cÉwZ djGbi ˆKvb Kvjvbyò×wgK Z^Å bq| miKvi ‰aiGbi Z^Å mieivn ÷i‚ KGi ˆKej 1891/92 mvGji ci ˆ^GK| ‰GÞGò cÉvmwãK cÉKvkbv nj Estimates of Area and Yields of Principal Crops in India, Agricultural Statistics of India, Agricultural Statistics of Bengal, Season and Crop Report| ‰me cwimsLÅvGbi wbfÆiGhvMÅZv wbGq weÕ¦vwiZ AvGjvPbv nGqGQ| miKvwifvGe cÉKvwkZ cwimsLÅvb ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, cwøg I gaÅeGãi ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆRjvq Avevw` Rwgi cwigvY nËvm ˆcGqwQj ev nËvm cvIqv AeÅvnZ wQj| cÞv¯¦Gi, cƒeÆeGãi ˆRjvmgƒGn Avevw` Rwgi cwigvY cÉvw¯¦KfvGe e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ (weGklZ `yBdmwj Pvl weÕ¦vGii dGj)| wK¯§ e†w«¬nvi ‰mgq ‰ZB cÉvw¯¦K wQj ˆh mvweÆK webÅvGm e«¬veÕ©v aiv cGo| ‰KK dmjàwji gGaÅ cvGUi Rwg wKQyUv evoGjI avGbi (ˆgvU dmwj Rwgi 80%) ˆÞGò e«¬veÕ©v mvweÆK cÉeYZvi wbaÆviK wQj| miKvwifvGe cÉKvwkZ cwimsLÅvb Abyhvqx 1941 mvGji ci Lv`ÅkGmÅi Pvlvaxb Rwgi cwigvY `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ cvq ‰es ‰Uv wQj ZLb KGqK eQi aGi miKvi cwiPvwjZ ‘AwaK Lv`Å djvI’ cÉPvivwfhvGbi Ae`vb| AekÅ, ‰B AwfhvGbi hZUv mvdjÅ `vwe Kiv nGqwQj AvmGj Zv nqZ ZZUv wQj bv| kGmÅi djb nvGi Kx Kx cÉeYZv jÞbxq wQj? cÉvµ¦ Z^Åvw`i wfwîGZ wnmve KiGj ˆ`Lv hvGe ˆh, cvU I BÞzi djb e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj, wK¯§ Avgb avGbi djb nvi e†w«¬ cvq wb| A^Ævr mvgwMÉK djb nvGi Õ©weiZv weivRgvb wQj| hveZxq dmGji djb nvi I AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvGYi Õ©weiveÕ©v ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, mvgwMÉK dmj Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvq wb| ‰wU ‰gb ‰KwU ˆcÉwÞGZ NGUwQj hLb evwlÆK 1% nvGi evowQj RbmsLÅv| wek kZGKi ÷i‚GZ AZÅwaK Rb NbGZ½i `i‚b gv^vwcQy dmj Drcv`b nËvm ˆcGqwQj, A^Ævr MocoZv ˆRvZRwg ˆQvU nGq (cÉvq 4 ‰Ki) cGowQj| ‰mgq kmÅ Drcv`Gbi Õ©weiZvi dGj gv^vwcQy Drcv`b AviI nËvm ˆcGqwQj|

BGZvgGaÅ 1885 mvGj ‰KwU cÉvG`wkK K‡wl wefvM cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰wU K‡wl D®²qGb ˆhme c`GÞc MÉnY KGi ZvGZ wQj 1. eaÆgvb, XvKv, ivRkvnx, wkecyi I iscyGi cixÞvgƒjK K‡wl Lvgvi cÉwZÓ¤vi gvaÅGg D®²Z Pvlvev` c«¬wZ wbGq mgxÞv cwiPvjbv; 2. cÉ`kÆK (ˆWGgvGbGÕ¡ËUi) wbGqvGMi gvaÅGg K‡lKG`i D®²Z Pvlc«¬wZ cÉ`kÆb; 3. K‡wlwelqK ˆjLv cÉKvGki gvaÅGg K‡lKG`i wewf®² cixÞGYi djvdj RvbvGbv; 4. K‡lKG`i D®²ZZi exR mieivn; 5. K‡lK m¯¦vbG`i D®²Z Pvlc«¬wZi cÉwkÞY cÉ`vb ‰es 6. D®²Z K‡wl nvwZqvi cÉeZÆb| wK¯§ Lvgvi chÆvGq ‰me DG`ÅvGMi cÉfve wQj LyeB mxwgZ| dGj Pvlvev` c«¬wZ ‰es K‡wli h¯¨cvwZ I nvwZqvi cÉvq gaÅ I cÉvPxb hyGMi gGZvB ˆmGKGj ˆ^GK hvq| evwYwRÅK mvi AævZ wQj| D®²Z RvGZi exR eÅenvGi mvgvbÅ AMÉMwZ NGU| Dwbk kZGKi wòGki `kGKi ˆkGli w`GK gvò 6% avbx RwgGZ D®²Z exR ecb Kiv nGZv| ˆgvU dmwj Rwgi ‰KwU Þz`ËvsGk ˆmPeÅeÕ©v Pvjy wQj ‰es ÷ay cwøgeGãi KwZcq ˆRjvq Zv mxwgZ wQj| ‰w`GK cƒeÆeGãi ˆRjvmgƒGn `yBdmwj Rwg e†w«¬i dGj cwZZ Rwg nËvm cvq| AZtci cÉavb cÉavb kGmÅi ‰Ki cÉwZ djGbi Õ©weiZvi KviYàwj Avi cÉœQ®² ^vGK bv|

BwZcƒGeÆB DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ, weËwUk kvmb cÉwZÓ¤vi dGj K‡wl Drcv`b ÷ay cwigvY I gƒGjÅi w`K ˆ^GKB e†w«¬ cvq wb, AwaKZi evwYwRÅK ev evRvigyLxI nGqwQj| bZzb bv nGjI evwYwRÅKxKiY ‰mgq K‡wl-A^ÆbxwZi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGq IGV| weò×Gqi RbÅ Drcv`b ÷ay A^ÆKix dmGji ˆÞGòB mxwgZ ^vGK wb, ‰K cwimsLÅvb Abyqvqx (Report on the Marketing of Rice in India) Dwbk kZGKi wòGki `kGKi ˆkGli w`GK evsjvq Drcvw`Z ˆgvU avGbi kZKiv 44 fvM evRviRvZ nGZv| AekÅ, A^ÆKix dmGji Avev`I e†w«¬ cvq ‰es meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wQj cvU Pvlvaxb Rwgi cwigvY e†w«¬, weGklZ cƒeÆ I DîieGãi KwZcq ˆRjvq (XvKv, gqgbwmsn I iscyi)| cvU Pvlvaxb Rwgi cwigvY mGeÆvœP e†w«¬i mgq ‰GZ ˆgvU K‡wlkÉGgi 10 kZvsGki KgÆmsÕ©vb ˆRvGU, cvU eÅemvq wewf®² gaÅM ˆkÉYx mÁ·†î× nq, KjKvZvq wgjgvwjK I iµ¦vwbKviK gybvdv ARÆb KiGZ ^vGK, hG^Ó¡ msLÅK wk͸kÉwgK MGo IGV ‰es meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ K‡wlLvGZ wecyj cwigvY evRviRvZ D«¼†î ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰K wnmve Abyhvqx, evRviRvZ D«¼†Gî cvGUi AskfvM wQj 1920/21 mvGj 20% ˆ^GK 1925/26 mvGj 64%, 1920/21-1932/33 mvGj Mo D«¼†î wQj 40%, ˆhLvGb avGbi ˆÞGò Zv wQj 34%|

cvU wQj ‰KwU iµ¦vwb dmj KuvPv I wk͸cYÅ DfqZ| cvURvZ cGYÅi gGaÅ wQj PGUi eÅvM I cÅvGKwRsGq eÅenvhÆ PGUi Kvco| ‰fvGe ŠeG`wkK Pvwn`vB cvU Drcv`b e†w«¬i wcQGb gƒj PvwjKvkwî× wnGmGe KvR KGiGQ| cÉ^g cvUKj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq KjKvZvq 1855 mvGj ‰es cieZÆx 50 eQGi AviI 34wU cvUKj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1900/01 mvGj ‰me KGji Drcv`b cÉwò×qvi wQj 3,15,000 UvKz I 15,340 ZuvZ ‰es ‰àwjGZ wbGqvwRZ 1 jÞ 10 nvRvi kÉwgK, eÅen…Z nGZv ˆgvU Drc®² dmGji cÉvq 40%| BGZvgGaÅ Wvw´£ wgjàwjGZ Pvwn`v e†w«¬ cvq ‰es 1896/97 mvGji w`GK cvU Pvlvaxb Rwg 1876/77 mvGji gvò 5 jÞ 53 nvRvi ‰Ki ˆ^GK e†w«¬ ˆcGq 16 jÞ ‰KGi `uvovq| 1920-47 mgqKvGj cvU Pvlvaxb Rwgi cwigvY wQj ˆgvU dmwj Rwgi 10% ‰es Zv kxGlÆ ˆcuŒGQ 1904/05-1907/08 mvGj, hLb 30 jÞvwaK ‰Ki RwgGZ cvU djZ| cvU Pvlvaxb Rwg AZtci ˆZgb nËvm cvq wb, ‰gbwK g±`vi eQiàwjGZI, hLb `vg Lye KGg wMGqwQj| `ywU cvU Abym®¬vb KwgwU (Finlow committee and Fawcus Committee) h^v^ÆB wPwn×Z KGiwQj ˆh, ‰wU NGUwQj ‰KwU jvfRbK weK͸ dmGji AbycwÕ©wZi RbÅB|

Dwbk I wek kZGK evsjvq Drc®² AbÅvbÅ A^ÆKix kmÅ wQj Pv, Avwdg, bxj, AvL, ZvgvK I wewf®² aiGbi ŠZjexR| ˆivcv dmj wnGmGe Pv wQj AbÅvbÅ A^ÆKix dmj ˆ^GK ‰ weGePbvq c†^K ˆh, ‰wU wQj mÁ·ƒYÆ gRywi-kÉg (AwaKvsk DcRvZxq) wfwîK| Pv evMvb wQj gvò wZbwU ˆRjvq `vwRÆwjs, RjcvBàwo I PëMÉvGg| AvwdGgi ‰KwU weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å wQj Drcv`b I weò×Gqi Ici miKvGii ‰KGPwUqv wbq¯¨Y| wK¯§ Avwdg Drcv`b cÉavbZ cvUbv I AvGkcvGk mxgve«¬ wQj| bxjPvGli e†w«¬nvi wQj DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ‰es cwøg fviZ, Dîi AvGgwiKvi ‰Kvsk I IGqÕ¡ Bw´£GRi gGZv mvGeK Drm ˆ^GK bxj mieivn NvUwZi dGj eaÆgvb weG`kx Pvwn`v ‰GÞGòI cÉavb cÉGYv`bv hywMGqwQj| bxjPvl mÁ·ÉmviGY BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb miKvGii hG^Ó¡ AvMÉn wQj| evsjv ˆ^GK mywZeÕ¨ iµ¦vwb nËvm cvIqvq cÉavbZ ˆcÉiYGhvMÅ gy`ËvRÆGbi RbÅ miKvGii ‰KwU jvfRbK ŠeG`wkK evwYGRÅi AZÅwaK cÉGqvRb ˆ`Lv w`GqwQj ‰es miKvi bxjGK ‰KwU mÁ¿vebvgq weK͸ wnGmGe ˆ`GLwQj| AekÅ bxjPvl e†w«¬i RbÅ bxjKiG`i A^ÆbxwZ ewnf„ÆZ ‰KwU `gb ˆKŒkj wQj| ˆKbbv bxjPvl PvwlG`i RbÅ jvfRbK wQj bv ‰es ˆÕ¼œQvq Zviv ‰ dmj Pvl KiZ bv| dGj bxjPvl wbhÆvZbgƒjK nGq cGo ‰es 1859-60 mvGj cÉRviv bxjPvGli wei‚G«¬ weG`Ëvn ˆNvlYv KGi| AvGMKvi bxjweGivax ˆQvULvGUv cÉwZGiva ˆ^GK c†^K ‰B bxjweG`Ëvn bxj PvGli ˆMvUv AçGj QwoGq cGo ‰es cwiYvGg evsjvq bxjPvl `Ë‚Z nËvm cvq| BÞz ZLbI AvGiKwU A^ÆKix dmj ‰es ‰wU wQj KGqKwU dmGji (AbÅàwj Pv, wZwm) ‰KwU, ˆhàwji ‰Ki cÉwZ djGb wKQyUv D®²wZ ˆ`Lv w`wœQj| `ywU KviGY ‰gbwU NGUwQj| cÉ^gZ, wek kZGKi wòGki `kGK AGaÆGKi ˆewk BÞzi RwgGZ D®²Z RvGZi Pviv ˆivcY Kiv nGZv ‰es w«¼ZxqZ, BÞz gvovBGqi RbÅ ˆjvnvi ŠZwi KGji eÅenvi e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj| wK¯§ cvU eÅZxZ AbÅ me A^ÆKix dmGji ‰Kò `LGj cÉG`Gki ˆgvU dmwj Rwgi 5 kZvskI wQj bv|

1793 mvGj jWÆ KbÆIqvwjm cÉewZÆZ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ weËwUk kvmbvgGj evsjvi K‡wlGK AvwfRvwZÅK KvVvGgv w`GqwQj| ‰ eÅeÕ©vq Rwg`viG`i Rwgi Õ¼Z½vwaKvix wnGmGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nq ‰es miKvi ZvG`i Ici avhÆK‡Z LvRbv wPiKvGji RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q| ‰GZ AviI kZÆ ^vGK ˆh, AZtci ˆKvb cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvGMi ARynvGZ LvRbv gIKzd ev Õ©wMZ `vwe Kivi ˆKvb AwaKvi Õ¼Z½vwaKvixG`i ^vKGe bv ‰es ˆKvb Õ¼Z½vwaKvix wbaÆvwiZ ZvwiGLi gGaÅ h^vixwZ LvRbv cwiGkvGa eÅ^Æ nGj Zvi Rwg`vwii mÁ·ƒYÆ ev AskZ weGkl wbjvGg wewò× nGe| LvRbv weò×q AvBGbi (mƒhÆvÕ¦ AvBb eGj cwiwPZ) KGVvi cÉGqvGMi dGj AGbK Rwg`vwi wbjvGg wewò× nGq hvq ‰es cƒGeÆ eÅemv-evwYGRÅ ‰es miKvwi I Rwg`vwi KvGR wbGqvwRZ ‰K ˆkÉYxi ˆjvK bZzb Rwg`vi nGq IGV| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ cÉeZÆGbi ‰KwU DGókÅ wQj ‰B ˆh, Rwg`viG`i Ici miKvGii `vwe AcwiewZÆZ ^vKvq Zviv K‡wl D®²qGb gƒjab wbGqvM KiGe| jWÆ KYÆIqvwjGmi cÉZÅvkv wQj eÅwî×MZ mÁ·G`i Rv`yÕ·kÆ ‰G`Gki Rwg`viG`iI weËwUk mnhvòxG`i AbymiGY ˆcÉiYv ˆhvMvGe| wK¯§ ‰ cÉZÅvkv cƒiY nq wb| cyivZb ev bZzb Rwg`vi ˆKDB K‡wlGZ gƒjab wewbGqvGMi ˆKvb DG`ÅvM ˆbq wb|

Rwg`viG`i AGbGK ivqGZi KvQ ˆ^GK LvRbv Av`vGqi KvR PvjvGZI cÉÕ§Z wQj bv| ZvB Zviv Õ©vqx LvRbv cÉ`vbKvix ‰KwU ˆkÉYxi KvGQ RwgRgvi `vwqZ½ nÕ¦v¯¦i KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AaxGb Zviv ˆhme kZÆcƒiGY mÁÃZ nGqwQj, ZvG`i IciI ˆmB kZÆvw`B AvGivwcZ nGqwQj| ˆfvM`LGji w`K ˆ^GK ‰me Õ¼Z½ wQj Rwg`vi I ivqGZi gaÅeZÆx ‰es ‰RbÅB ‰àwj nj gaÅÕ¼Z½ ev gaÅeZÆx mÁ·wî| Rwg`vwi Õ¼GZ½i gGZv gaÅÕ¼Z½I wQj nÕ¦v¯¦iGhvMÅ I eskvbyò×wgK| gaÅÕ¼Z½ wQj cÉavbZ `y’aiGbi cîwb Õ¼Z½ I cwZZvev` Õ¼Z½| cîwb Õ¼Z½ cÉ^g D«¿veb KGib eaÆgvGbi gnvivRv| wZwb Zuvi wekvj mÁ·wîGK nvRvi nvRvi eÐGK wefî× KGib hvi cÉGZÅKwUi `vwqGZ½ wQj ‰KRb gaÅM cîwb`vi| cîwb`vi AZtci m†wÓ¡ KGi `icîwb (w«¼Zxq ˆkÉYx) ‰es `icîwb`viiv ‰KBfvGe m†wÓ¡ KGi ˆQcîwb (Z‡Zxq ˆkÉYx), BZÅvw`| AbÅvbÅ Rwg`viI eÅeÕ©vwU AbymiY KGi| cƒeÆ evsjvi wewf®² ˆRjvi cÉavbZ cwZZ Rwg cybi‚«¬vGii `vwqZ½cÉvµ¦ivB wQj cwZZvev` gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMx| Rwg`viMY wewf®² chÆvGqi gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMx ˆkÉYx m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es Avev`K‡Z f„wgi Ici Õ©vqx AwaKvGii wewbgGq ZvG`i cwZZ (PvlGhvMÅ cwZZ) Rwg cybi‚«¬vGi gƒjab wewbGqvGMi AbygwZ ˆ`q| cîwb Õ¼GZ½i gGZv cwZZvev` Õ¼GZ½I eü Õ¦i KvVvGgvi D«¿e NGU hvG`i Õ©vbxq bvg wQj ZvjyK`vi, nvIjv`vi, wbg-nvIjv`vi, MuvwZ`vi cÉf‡wZ| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxG`i D«¿Ge Rwg`vwii ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AskB ÷ay cÉfvweZ nGqwQj| w«¼ZxqZ, gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxG`i Õ¦imsLÅv KLbB AaÆkZvwaK wQj bv, hv fviZxq mswewae«¬ KwgkGb DwÍÏwLZ nGqGQ| msLÅvwU evGKiMé ˆRjvq mGeÆvœP 12wU wQj| AbÅ ˆhme ˆRjvi Z^Å cvIqv ˆMGQ Z`byhvqx XvKvq 4, hGkvnGi 6 ev 7, Lyjbvq 8, eàovq 10 I gqgbwmsGn 3|

Rwg`vi ev gƒj Õ¼Z½vwaKvix I wewf®² Õ¦Gii gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxiv LvRbv I ˆMvUv ‰KcÉÕ© AveIqvGei (A‹ea DcKi) AvKvGi K‡wl D«¼†Gîi ‰KwU weivU Ask Avñmvr KiZ| 1793 mvj ˆ^GK `yfvGe ‰ D«¼†Gîi cwigvY e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK- LvRbvi eaÆgvb nvi ‰es AwZwiî× f„wg PvlvaxGb Avbv| wK¯§ ivGÓ¡Ëi Pvwn`v wQj euvav| ‰KwU Z^Å ˆ^GK ‰ e†w«¬i gvòv mÁ·GKÆ wKQyUv aviYv cvIqv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰K wnmve Abyhvqx 1918/19 mvGj ‰me Õ¼Z½vwaKvix I gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxiv ˆgvU LvRbv 12.85 ˆKvwU UvKvi 76.7% Avñmvr KGiwQj, Avi f„wgivRÕ¼ wnGmGe ivÓ¡ËGK w`GqwQj gvò 2.99 ˆKvwU UvKv| cÉmãZ, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦ DGÍÏL wQj ˆh Av`vqK‡Z ˆgvU LvRbvi 90% ˆKvlvMvGi hvGe ‰es Rwg`viiv cvGe gvò 10%| LvRbv I ivRGÕ¼i ‰ duvGKi myevG` Õ¼Z½vwaKvix I gaÕ¼Z½GfvMxiv ‰KwU ewaÆúz ghÆv`vmÁ·®² ˆkÉYxi (f`ËGjvK wnGmGe cwiwPZ) wfwî Õ©vcb KGi hv ˆ^GK D«¿„Z nGqwQj AvBb, mvsevw`KZv, wPwKrmvweævb, wmwfj mvwfÆm I wePvi KvGR wbGqvwRZG`i cÉ^g mdj cÉR¯Ã| wK¯§ Rwg`viiv ‰ D«¼†Gîi ‰Kvsk K‡wl D®²qGb wewbGqvM KGi wb| ‰LvGbB wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i meGPGq eo `yeÆjZv wbwnZ| ‰GZ K‡wlD«¼†î m†wÓ¡GZ ˆKvb f„wgKv cvjb bv KGiB Rwg`viiv ‰ D«¼†î ˆfvM Kivi myGhvM cvq| f„wg cybi‚«¬vGi mnvqZv hywMGq cwZZvev` f„wgÕ¼Z½ wKQyUv Drcv`bkxj f„wgKv cvjb KGiwQj| wK¯¦, wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK cybi‚«¬vi KvhÆò×g eÕ§Z ˆ^Gg ˆMGj gƒj gvwjKmn AbÅvbÅ mgGMvòxqG`i gGZv ‰B gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxivI ciRxexGZ cwiYZ nq| cÉvG`wkK miKvi KZƆK 1938 mvGj wbhyî× ‘ˆeãj f„wg-ivRÕ¼ Kwgkb’ (dÑvDW Kwgkb wnGmGe cwiwPZ) wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ weGjvGci mycvwik KGi| AekÅ, weËwUk kvmGbi AewkÓ¡ eQiàwjGZ Avi mycvwikwU evÕ¦evwqZ nq wb|

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AvBGb ivqGZi AwaKvi KLbI mwVKfvGe msævwqZ nq wb| AbÅw`GK, 1799, 1812, 1822 I 1844 mvGji wewaweavGbi gvaÅGg ZvG`i AeÕ©vb ‰gbwK `yeÆjZi Kiv nGqwQj| ‰me wewaweavGbi myevG`B Rwg`viG`i ÞgZv eÅvcKfvGe e†w«¬ cvq, K‡lKG`i Ici ewaÆZ nvGi LvRbv PvcvGbv nq ‰es f„wgÕ¼GZ½ Pig wbivcîvnxbZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| AZtci 1859 mvGji ÷i‚ ˆ^GK cÉRvG`i AeÕ©v D®²qGb ˆek wKQy AvBbMZ c`GÞc M†nxZ nGj 1938 mvj bvMv` ivqZiv cÉK‡ZcGÞ gvwjKvbvi mKj AwaKvi- DîivwaKvi, f„wgi Aeva nÕ¦v¯¦i, DGœQ` I LvRbve†w«¬i wei‚G«¬ wbivcîv jvf KGi| ‰gbwK ivqZG`i AaxbÕ© ZmÅ-ivqZivI KwZcq AvBbMZ AwaKvi cvq| eMÆv`vi ev fvMPvwlG`iI KwZcq AwaKvi ˆ`Iqvi DG`ÅvM ˆbIqv nq (Drc®² dmGj mvaviYZ ZvG`i AskfvM wQj 50%), wK¯§ mÁ¿eZ cÉvG`wkK AvBb cwilG` abx K‡lK I Rwg`viG`i cÉwZwbwaG`i weGivwaZvi KviGY DG`ÅvMwU mdj nq wb| ‰fvGe, weËwUk JcwbGewkK kvmGbi ˆkl w`GK f„wgÕ¼Z½ eÅeÕ©v AZů¦ RwUj AvKvi aviY KGi| ‰Kw`GK wQj LvRbv Av`vqKvix ‰KGkÉYxi Rwg`vi I wewf®² Õ¦Gii gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxiv ‰es AbÅw`GK Rwgi ‘gvwjK’ PvwlMY| ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ¦Gii ˆh gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMx wQj Zvi AaÕ¦b gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxi KvGQ ‰KRb Rwg`vi, ˆmB Avevi Rwg`vGii ev Zvi Ea»ÆZb gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxi KvGQ wQj, ˆm wQj ‰KRb cÉRv| wbqgvbyhvqx, LvRbv Av`vqKvix gvGòB f„wggvwjK Avi LvRbv cÉ`vbKvix gvGòB cÉRv| ‰KBfvGe, AaxbÕ© ivqZG`i KvQ ˆ^GK LvRbv Av`vqKvix ivqZI mywbw`ÆÓ¡fvGe ejGZ ˆMGj ‰KRb Rwg`vi| Avevi, f„Õ¼vgx (A^Ævr gƒj Rwg`vi I gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMx) cÉavbZ LvRbvi AvGq Rxebhvcb KiGjI ZvG`i wbw`ÆÓ¡ LvmRwgI ^vKZ ‰es Zviv ˆmàwj eMÆvPvwl I ˆÞZgRyGii mvnvGhÅ Pvl KiZ| PvlvevG`i aib DGÍÏL bv KGi wewf®² ˆkÉYxi `LGj f„wgi AbycvZ wQj ‰i…c Rwg`vGii LvmRwg 20%, ivqZG`i 72% I ZmÅ-cÉRvi 8%|

cÉvPxb I gaÅ hyGMi gGZv PvlvevG` PvwlG`iB cÉvavbÅ wQj| ˆeãj f„wg ivRÕ¼ KwgkGbi ‰K wnmve Abyhvqx K‡lK cwievGii m`mÅG`i PvlK‡Z f„wgi cwigvY wQj ˆgvU f„wgi 66%| AekÅ, ‰ f„wgi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask Pvl KiZ eMÆv`vi I ˆÞZgRyiiv| Avevi, f„wg ivRÕ¼ KwgkGbi Z^Åvbyhvqx ‰ `ywU ˆkÉYx h^vò×Gg 21% I 13% Rwg Pvl KiZ| ‰fvGe, wewf®² ˆkÉYxi MÉvgxY cwievGii gGaÅ K‡wlRwg e¥ŸGb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ŠelgÅ wQj| ‰Kw`GK, ‰K ˆkÉYxi abx K‡lGKi AwaK Rwg wQj hv cvwievwiK ‘kÉGg Pvlvev` mÁ¿e nGZv bv’| ZvB Zviv eMÆv`vi A^ev fvov gRyi wbGqvM KiZ| AbÅw`GK wecyj msLÅvMwiÓ¤ K‡lGKi Rwgi cwigvY ‰Z A͸ wQj ˆh ZvGZ ZvG`i mKGji KgÆmsÕ©vb nGZv bv| f„wg ivRÕ¼ KwgkGbi AbÅ ‰KwU ZG^Å ‰KB welq mZÅvwqZ nGqGQ| ‰fvGe, ˆhLvGb 5 ‰KGii AwaK Rwgi gvwjKG`i `LGj wQj cÉG`Gki ˆgvU Rwgi 25%, ˆmLvGb 2 ‰KGii Kg Rwgi gvwjKG`i `LGj wQj ˆgvU Rwgi cÉvq `yB-cçgvsk (46%)| Drc®² `ËGeÅi AGaÆGKi cwieGZÆ eMÆv`viG`i `yB-Z‡Zxqvsk cvIqv DwPZ ‰wU wQj dÑvDW KwgkGbi civgkÆ| ‰B mycvwik evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ weËwUk kvmGbi ˆkl eQiàwjGZ ‰KwU mkÕ¨ AvG±`vjb (ˆZfvMv wnGmGe cwiwPZ) msNwUZ nq| wK¯§ AvG±`vjb mdj nq wb|

BwZcƒGeÆ DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ ˆh, weËwUk kvmbvgGj ewnweÆGk¼i mGã eÅvcKZi evwYwRÅK ˆhvMvGhvGMi dGj MÉvgvçGj AZxGZi Zzjbvq AwaK nvGi bM` ˆjbG`Gbi mƒPbv NGU| evwYwRÅKxKiY cÉmvGi AGcÞvK‡Z AcÉfvweZ AçGji ev RbGMvÓ¤xi IciI AG^Æi eÅenvi hG^Ó¡ cÉfve ˆdGj| AekÅ, cwiewZÆZ cwiGeGk MGo IVv FY`vb msÕ©vmgƒn cÉvq ‰KGPwUqvfvGe iµ¦vwb evwYRÅ I Afů¦ixY wkG͸i cÉGqvRb wgUvGZ ^vKvq MÉvgvçj KvhÆZ msMwVZ A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi Drm ˆ^GK wewœQ®² ˆ^GK cGowQj| ‰fvGe, ‰KwU A^Æ‹bwZK KvVvGgvi KvhÆMZ c«¬wZGZ m†Ó¡ eÅvcK kƒbÅZv cƒiY KGiwQj gnvRb, cvVvb, Kveyjx, eÅemvqx, Rwg`vi I abx K‡lGKi gGZv DîgYÆiv| 1904 mvGj miKvi KZƆK mƒwPZ mgevq FY`vb AvG±`vjb Lye mxwgZ mvdjÅ ARÆb KGi, K‡wlFY cvq ˆgvU MÉnGYœQyG`i ‰K Þz`Ëvsk (1943 mvGj 10%)| ‰fvGe gnvRbivB cÉK‡ZcGÞ FGYi ‰Kgvò Drm ^vGK| wK¯§ ZvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK M†nxZ AwaKvsk FYB mivmwi Drcv`bkxj DGóGkÅ eÅen…Z nq wb| w«¼ZxqZ, ‰gbwK ‰me FY Drcv`bkxj DGóGkÅ eÅen…Z nGjI eÅwqZ nGqGQ MZvbyMwZK h¯¨cvwZ, nvwZqvi I exR ò×Gq, ‰Ki cÉwZ djb evovGZ cvGi ˆZgb ˆKvb DcKiGYi RbÅ bq| Z‡ZxqZ, DîgYÆG`i avhÆ myG`i nvi wQj AZÅwaK; SuywKgyî× FGYi Ici eQGi 18%-38%, Avi SuywKcƒYÆ ˆÞGò AviI ˆewk| wek kZGKi ˆMvovi w`GK mÁ¿eZ myG`i UvKvi cwigvY Rwg`vGii LvRbvi ˆPGq ˆewk nGZ ÷i‚ KGiwQj| ˆhfvGeB ˆnvK, ‰B wZbwU Šeix Dcv`vGbi cÉfvGe FGYi AG^Æi ‰Kvsk AcwiGkvwaZ ˆ^GK hvq ‰es cywéZ FYmgmÅv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| eãxq cÉvG`wkK eÅvswKs Z`¯¦ KwgwUi wnmve Abyhvqx 1929/30 mvGj ˆgvU FGYi cwigvY wQj 100 ˆKvwU UvKv| AbÅ ‰KwU wnmve ˆgvZvGeK 1934 mvGj FGYi cwigvY wQj (cywéZ my` eÅZxZ) 96 ˆKvwU UvKv| 1929 mvGj wek¼eÅvcx A^Æ‹bwZK g±`v ÷i‚ nGj FY mgmÅv AZů¦ ZxeË AvKvi aviY KGi| ‰ mgq K‡wl cGYÅi `vg cÉvq AGaÆK nGq hvq A^P FGYi cwigvY ‰KB chÆvGq ^vGK| ‰gZveÕ©vq FYMÉÕ¦ K‡lKG`i mvnvhÅ `vGbi Ri‚wi cÉGqvRb Abyf„Z nq| (cÉmãZ, fviZ miKvGii 1935 mvGji AÅvGÙi AaxGb K‡lKG`i ˆfvUvwaKvi ˆ`Iqv nq|) Z`byhvqx 1936 mvGj K‡wl FYMÉnxZv AvBb cvm nq ‰es ‰ AvBGbi AaxGb FYMÉÕ¦ cwieviàwji FGYi cwigvY cwiGkva ÞgZvi AvIZvq KwgGq AvbGZ cÉG`Gki wewf®² AsGk, weGklZ cƒeÆ evsjvi wKQy ˆRjvq FYmvwjkx ˆevWÆ MwVZ nq| 1944 mvGji gGaÅ FYmvwjkx ˆevWÆ 50 ˆKvwU UvKvi MÉvgxY FY 18 ˆKvwU UvKvq bvwgGq AvGb| ‰w`GK, gnvRbG`i avhÆ myG`i nvi wbq¯¨Y ‰es ZvG`i AcKgÆ ˆivGa 1940 mvGj ‰KwU FY`vZv AvBb (Moneylenders Act) cvm Kiv nq| wK¯§ ‰me mGî½I 1945 mvGj cÉG`Gk K‡wl FGYi cwigvY `uvovq cÉvq 15 ˆKvwU UvKv|

weËwUk AvgGji ˆkl chÆvGq cÉvq `yB `kK aGi me aiGbi dmj Drcv`Gb e«¬veÕ©v ^vKvKvGj weG`kx kvmGbi Aemvb NGU ‰es eZÆgvb evsjvG`k cvwKÕ¦vGbi A¯¦fÆyî× nq| 1950 mvGji Rwg`vwi DGœQ` AvBGbi gvaÅGg eãxq f„wg ivRÕ¼ KwgkGbi (1938) fvlvq ‘mKj ˆkÉYxi gvbyGli KgÆcÉGPÓ¡v I DG`ÅvGMi k¼vmi‚«¬Ki’ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ weGjvc ‰es K‡lKG`i Pvlvaxb RwgGZ ZvG`i gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi ˆ`Iqv nGjI ‰B e«¬veÕ©v AeÅvnZ ^vGK| AZtci wek kZGKi lvGUi `kGKi gvSvgvwS Z`vbx¯¦b cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi exR-cvwb-mvi cÉhywî× MÉnGYi gvaÅGg K‡wli, weGklZ Lv`ÅkGmÅi Drcv`b e†w«¬i RbÅ ‰KwU KgÆmƒwP ÷i‚ KGi| 1971 mvGj ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb ivÓ¡Ë wnGmGe evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`q NUGj KgÆmƒwPwU AviI MwZ jvf KGi| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb K‡wl D®²qb KGcÆvGikGbi Dîimƒwi cÉwZÓ¤vb evsjvG`k K‡wl D®²qb KGcÆvGikbGK ˆmPcvÁ·, mvi I D®²Z RvGZi exR msMÉn I e¥ŸGbi `vwqZ½ ˆ`Iqv nq| Õ¼vaxbZv Dîi mgGq ivmvqwbK mvGii eÅenvi, ˆmPK‡Z Rwg I D®²Z RvGZi avGbi ecYK‡Z ˆÞGZi cwigvY e†w«¬ cvq| ‰KB mgq, weGklZ evsjvG`k K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK (cvwKÕ¦vb K‡wl D®²qb eÅvGâi Dîimƒwi) KZƆK cÉ`î ռ͸, gaÅ I `xNÆ ˆgqvw` cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FGYi cwigvYI e†w«¬ cvq| wK¯§ ‰me cÉGPÓ¡v mGî½I 1967/70-1985/88 mvGj RbmsLÅvi e†w«¬nvi 2.48 kZvsGki cvkvcvwk mvgwMÉK kGmÅi Drcv`b gvò 1.53% I Lv`ÅkGmÅi Drcv`b 1.89% e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj| MGgi Drcv`b e†w«¬ wQj 15.1% nvGi| wK¯§ avGbi Drcv`b e†w«¬i AZÅwaK wbÁ²nvi (1.96%) mvgwMÉK Lv`ÅkGmÅi e†w«¬nvi nËvm KGiGQ| dGj, Lv`ÅkmÅ Drcv`Gb Õ¼qÁ¿iZv ARÆGbi jÞÅ cƒYÆ nq wb| ‰KB mgGq (1967-88 mvGj) Wvj I ŠZjexR Drcv`b h^vò×Gg 1.72% I 0.72% nËvm cvq| AbÅw`GK, cvU Drcv`b cÉvw¯¦KfvGe e†w«¬ cvq (0.15%)| MZ ‰K `kGK evwYwRÅK mvi I D®²Z RvGZi exGRi eÅenvi ‰es ˆmP ‰jvKvi AvbycvwZK nvi AviI e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ, wK¯§ evsjvG`k ‰LbI Lv`Å Drcv`Gb Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆZv ARÆb KiGZ cvGi wb| cÉvµ¦ Z^Å ˆ^GK ‰Uv Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, 1990/91-1993/94 I 1994/95-1997/98 mvGji gGaÅ avGbi Drcv`b cÉvq ‰KB chÆvGq (1 ˆKvwU 80 jÞ Ub) iGqGQ| cÉmãZ DGÍÏLÅ, cÉvPxb I gaÅ hyGM ‰es weËwUk AvgGj kmÅ Drcv`b meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ DcLvZ wQj ‰es 1997/98 mvGjI ZvB ˆ^GKGQ mvgwMÉK K‡wli 72%| AbÅvbÅ DcLvGZi Askàwj nGœQ eb (7%), c÷mÁ·` (10%) I grmÅ (11%)| kmÅ Drcv`b DcLvGZi gGaÅ avb ‰LbI meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ dmj (ˆgvU dmwj Rwgi wZb-PZz^Ævsk)| BGZvgGaÅ evsjvG`Gki K‡wl AviI bvbvfvGe cwiewZÆZ nGqGQ| cvUPvl mÁ·ÉwZ nËvm ˆcGqGQ, bxU dmwj Rwg 1973/74 mvGji 2 ˆKvwU 9 jÞ 77 nvRvi ‰Ki ˆ^GK 1996/97 mvGj 1 ˆKvwU 94 jÞ 1 nvRvi ‰KGi nËvm ˆcGqGQ; ‰KvwaK dmwj Rwgi cwigvY 1973/74 mvGji 84 jÞ 47 nvRvi ‰Ki ˆ^GK 1996/97 mvGj 1 ˆKvwU 46 jÞ 88 nvRvi ‰KGi e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ ‰es wRwWwc (GDP) ev ˆgvU ˆ`kxq Drcv`Gb K‡wli Ae`vb Õ¼vaxbZv cieZÆx mgGqi 60 kZvsk ˆ^GK nËvm ˆcGq 1997/98 mvGj cÉvq 30 kZvsGk ˆbGg ‰GmGQ|

HwZnvwmK I eZÆgvb ˆcÉwÞGZ jÞYxq ˆh, DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwimGi chÆvµ¦ wk͸vqb cÉqvGmi AbycwÕ©wZ nGjv ˆMvUv A^ÆbxwZ, weGklZ K‡wlLvGZi `yeÆjZvi ‰KwU cÉavb Drm| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`k wnGmGe cwiwPZ ‰ f„LGí weËwUk AvgGj cÉK‡ZcGÞ wk͸vqb cÉGPÓ¡v AbycwÕ©Z wQj| cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGjI ‰ `yeÆjZv ˆNvGPwb| 1971 mvGji cieZÆxKvGj AeÕ©vi weGkl cwieZÆb NGU wb| bxU dmwj Rwgi ò×gvMZ nËvGmi cwiGcÉwÞGZ wk͸ D®²qGbi AbycwÕ©wZi A^Æ (K‡wl I c÷mÁ·` ÷gvwii Z^Åvbyhvqx) f„wgnxGbi msLÅv e†w«¬ hv 1951 mvGji 17 kZvsk ˆ^GK 1983/84 mvGj 56.5 kZvsGk `uvovq| ˆRvZRgvi AvqZb wefvRGbi cwieZÆbkxj webÅvmI evsjvG`Gk K‡lK cwieviàwji wbtÕ¼Zvi nvi e†w«¬i ‰KwU mƒPK| Þz`Ë LvgvGii kZKiv nvi 1960 mvGji 51.6% ˆ^GK 1996 mvGj 79.9% e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| wK¯§ Þz`Ë AvKvGii LvgvGii Mo AvqZb ‰KB mgGq 1.11 ‰Ki ˆ^GK nËvm ˆcGq 0.9 ‰KGi ˆcuŒQq| Þz`Ë LvgvGii ˆewki fvMB ˆUKmB bq| AbÅw`GK, gvSvwi I eo ˆRvZRgvi AbycvZ Z^v ‰me ˆRvZRgvi Mo AvqZb MZ 36 eQGi ò×gvMZ nËvm ˆcGqGQ| 1984 mvGji f„wgmsÕ•vi AaÅvG`k K‡wlRwgi gvwjKvbvi Ea»Æmxgv cÉwZ cwievGii RbÅ 1972 mvGji 100 weNv ˆ^GK 60 weNvq nËvm KGiGQ| 1996 mvGji K‡wl÷gvwi Abyhvqx 15 ‰Ki ev ZGZvwaK cwigvY Rwgi LvgvGii AvqZb ˆ`Gki ˆgvU f„wgi gvò 0.4%, A^Ævr miKvi wbaÆvwiZ mGeÆvœP mxgvi AwaK mKj Rwg AwaMÉnY (hv nGe AZů¦ KwVb KvR) KiGjI ‰fvGe cÉvµ¦ f„wg boeGo LvgviàwjGZ cybeÆ¥ŸGbi RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½nxb nGq coGe| ‰LvGbB mgmÅvi gƒj RwUjZv wbwnZ hvi gyGLvgywL evsjvG`Gki K‡wl ‰es ˆMvUv A^ÆbxwZ|

[‰g ˆgvdvL&Lvi‚j Bmjvg]

K‡wlf„wg (Agricultural land)  dmj Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò RwgB cÉavb Dcv`vb nIqv mGî½I evsjvG`Gk ‰wU ‰KwU AcÉZzj cÉvK‡wZK mÁ·`| evsjvG`Gk AviI AwaK Rwg K‡wlKvGRi AvIZvq Avbvi myGhvM AwZ A͸ ev ‰GKevGi ˆbB ejGjB PGj; ZvB eZÆgvGb Rwg I gvbyGli AmG¯¦vlRbK AbycvZ (0.08) we`Ågvb|

evsjvG`Gk ˆgvU f„wgi cwigvY cÉvq 14.4 wgwjqb ˆnÙi hvi cÉvq 13.3 kZvsk RyGo iGqGQ ebf„wg, 20.1 kZvsGk iGqGQ Õ©vqx Rjvavi, Nievwo, wk͸-KviLvbv, ivÕ¦vNvU BZÅvw` ‰es AewkÓ¡ 66.6 kZvsk Rwg K‡wlKvGRi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv hvq| AeÕ©vbMZ w`K w`Gq evsjvG`Gki f„wgi AeÕ©vb mgy`Ëc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK cÉvq 1 wgUvi ˆ^GK 50 wgUvi DœPZvq AewÕ©Z| f„-cÉvK‡wZK w`K w`Gq evsjvG`Gki f„wgGZ iGqGQ cvnvo (12%), DœP mgZjf„wg (8%) ‰es ebÅvµÏvweZ mgZjf„wg (80%)| elÆv ˆgŒmyGg mgZjf„wgi wekvj ‰jvKv cvwbi wbGP ZwjGq hvq| ebÅvi MfxiZvi Ici wfwî KGi f„wgGK DœP f„wg (20%), gaÅg DœP f„wg (35%), gaÅg wbPz f„wg (20%), wbPz f„wg (8%) ‰es AwZ wbPz f„wgGZ (1%) ˆkÉYxfzî× Kiv nGq ^vGK| f„wg eÅenvGii mGã mÁ·†î× cÉvK‡wZK cvwicvwk¼ÆK AeÕ©vàwji wfwîGZ f„wgGK wòkwU K‡wl cÉwZGek AçGj ‰es 88wU Dc-AçGj wefî× Kiv nGqGQ|

mKj Rwg me aiGbi dmGji RbÅ Dchyî× bq| ˆKvb weGkl mgGq cvwbµÏvweZ Rwg avb PvGli DcGhvMx, wK¯§ DœP djbkxj RvGZi dmjmgƒGni Avev` Lvwid ˆgŒmyGg A͸ MfxiZvi cvwb µÏvweZ AçGj mxwgZ| `xNÆ mgqKvj Õ©vqx cÉej ebÅv Rwgi eÅenviGK Mfxi cvwbGZ djvGbvi DcGhvMx gvò ‰KwU wbÁ² djbkxj RvGZi avb PvGl mxwgZ KGi ˆ`q| DuPz Rwgi dmjmgƒGni AwaKvskB Dîg wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©v mÁ¼wjZ gvwUGZ mgMÉ ÷Ó• (iwe) ˆgŒmyg aGi ˆevGiv avb jvMvGbv nGq ^vGK ˆhLvGb ˆmP myweav cÉ`vb Kiv hvq ‰es dmj ˆZvjvi AvGM ˆhLvGb ebÅvi ˆKvb cÉGKvc ˆ`Lv ˆ`q bv|

AwZ ÷Ó• ˆgŒmyGg g†wîKvi jeYvî×Zv ‰es hG^vchyî× gvbmÁ·®² ˆmGPi cvwb bv cvIqvi KviGY DcK„jxq AçjmgƒGni K‡wl Rwgi eÅenvi Av`ËÆ ˆgŒmyGgi dmj PvGli gGaÅ mxwgZ| ‰ KviGY DcK„jxq AçjmgƒGn dmj Drcv`Gbi eÅvcKZv wbÁ² gvòvi| fvj ˆmGPi cvwbi wbøqZvi mGã mvaviYZ DuPz ˆ^GK gaÅg DuPz RwgGZ DœPdjbkxj RvGZi dmj wbweofvGe PvGli Abykxjb Kiv nGq ^vGK| 170 kZvsGkiI AwaK nvGi dmj AvevG`i eÅvcKZv mÁ¼wjZ dmwj Rwgi cwigvY cÉvq 14.0 wgwjqb ˆnÙi| ‰K dmwj, `yB ‰es wZb dmwj Rwgi cwigvY nGjv h^vò×Gg 3.5, 3.7 ‰es 0.99 wgwjqb ˆnÙi| ˆgvU Avev`GhvMÅ Rwgi 80 kZvsk RwgGZB ‰KKfvGe avGbi Pvl Kiv nGq ^vGK| Zvi gGaÅ DœPdjbkxj RvGZi avGbi Avev` Kiv nq cÉvq 50 kZvsk RwgGZ|

‰K wekvj msLÅK Lvgvi gvwjKvbv m†wÓ¡ nIqvi KviGY K‡wl Rwg Lí Lí KGi ˆQvU ˆQvU UzKivq cwiYZ KGiGQ| MGo cÉvq 0.5 ˆnÙi AvqZGbi Rwgi Lvgvi gvwjGKi msLÅv nGjv cÉvq 19 wgwjqb| cÉwZwU ˆRvZRgvq Avevi iGqGQ KGqK UzKiv Rwgi Lí, mvaviYZ hvi AvqZb 0.1 ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi 0.2 ˆnÙi|  [bƒi‚j Bmjvg f„uBqv]

K‡wl Rxe‹ewPòÅ (Agricultural biodiversity)  Açj weGkGl K‡wl KvhÆò×Gg eÅen…Z RxemÁ·G`i Ask| ‰G`Gki ˆMvUv f„fvM cÉavbZ e«¼xc «¼viv MwVZ| DcgnvG`Gki bvbv mvgvwRK-evÕ§msÕ©vwbK AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK, ‰gbwK weGk¼i AbÅvbÅ gnvG`k ˆ^GKI ‰G`Gk gvbyGli AvMgb NGUGQ| kZ kZ eQi hver ‰LvbKvi gvbyl cÉvq 85 aiGbi KvGR 1364 cÉRvwZi ˆ`kx-weG`kx Dw«¿` Pvl, msiÞY I eÅenvi KGi AvmGQ| ‰G`Gk cÉvq 175 cÉRvwZi ˆflR Dw«¿` RG¯Ã| kZvõxi ci kZvõx wewf®² AçGj QwoGq ^vKv wewf®² gvbeGMvÓ¤x Drcv`b cÉwò×qv I eÅenvi mvGcGÞ ZvG`i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Rxe‹ewPòÅ msMÉn I msiÞY KGi AvmGQ| cÉvq 8-10 nvRvi eQi aGi ‰ AçGji evwm±`viv chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY avb, cvU, AvL, Zzjv, wZwm, mwilv, kmv, wkg, jvD, Kjv, Avg, ˆej, ˆeàb, kvKmewR, Rvg, nixZKx, AvgjwK, eGnov, Av`v, njy` BZÅvw` wbGRG`i cQ±` gGZv Drcv`b KiGQ| cwievGii gwnjvivI wbGRG`i cÉGqvRGb emZevwoGZ ‰es ˆÞZRwgGZ hG^Ó¡ cwigvGY mgGqvcGhvMx Dw«¿G`i Pvl I ˆmàwj iÞYvGeÞY KGi| ÷ay ZvB bq, wewf®² ˆckvRxex cwievGi ZrKvjxb AwRÆZ ˆflRwe`Åvi PPÆv AvRI wUGK AvGQ| avGbi Rxe‹ewPòÅ AZÅwaK| ‰G`Gk avGbi cÉvq 10,000 cÉKviGf`/Õ©jR RvZ wQj| 1974 mvj chƯ¦ avGbi kbvî×K‡Z cÉvq 7439wU ˆRGbwUK mÁ¿vGii gGaÅ iGqGQ 63wU fÅvivBwU, 18wU msKixK‡Z ‰es AewkÓ¡ meàwj AwewgkÉ avivi wbeÆvPb| K‡lKiv eZÆgvGb ˆkGlvî×G`i gGaÅ gvò 22wU ‰es AvaywbK fÅvivBwUi 37wU avGbi Pvl KGi| my±`ieb I cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg ‰jvKvq avGbi wZbwU ebR cÉRvwZ kbvî× Kiv ˆMGQ| ˆMvcvjMé I wmGjGUi wbÁ²f„wg ‰jvKv Mfxi cvwbi avGbi RvZàwji Avw` Drm eGj aiv nq| avGbi AbÅvbÅ AGbK RvZI ˆ`Gki bvbv AçGji Õ©jR fÅvivBwU ˆ^GK wbeÆvPGbi gvaÅGg D«¿„Z| Avw^ÆK weGePbvq DœPdjbkxj (HYV) RvZ cÉeZÆGbi dGj avGbi AGbK Avw` RvZ BGZvgGaÅ wejyµ¦ nGq ˆMGQ| Mg (Triticum aestivum) ‰Lb ˆ`Gki w«¼Zxq cÉavb Lv`Å| ‰KwU ˆ`kxq evG` MGgi Avi meàwj wRbMZ Drcv`b msGhvwRZ ‰es msKixKiGYi avivq Õ©vbxqfvGe mg†«¬| AcÉavb dmGji AwaKvskB ˆ`kxq RvGZi| AekÅ KvDb, Pxbv I A͸ KGqKwU RvGZi avb ‰àwji A¯¦fzÆî×| ˆ`kx cvGUi (Corchorus capsularis) ˆÞGò 958wU aib (accessions) AvGQ| ˆZvlvcvU (Corchorus olitorius) evsjvG`Gk ‰KwU bZzb msGhvRb| cvU cÉRvwZàwji ˆRwbwUK mÁ¿vi evsjvG`Gk Zzjvi Ici Pvc m†wÓ¡ Kivq ˆkGlvî×wU ‰Lb wejyµ¦cÉvq|

AwaKvsk ŠZj dmj weGk¼i ‰ AçGji Õ©jR cÉRvwZ ˆ^GK wbeÆvwPZ I weKwkZ| evGivk’i ˆewk Dw«¿` ˆRwbwUK mÁ¿vi (PGR) mg†«¬ 10wU elÆRxex cÉRvwZ AvGQ hvG`i AwaKvsk ˆ^GKB bvbv aiGbi ŠZj I PweÆ Drc®² nq| mwilv I ˆicwmW `ywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠZj exR| ‰i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Brassica campestris ‰es B. juncea| ‰àwjGZ we`Ågvb cÉvq 500 PGR bZzb bZzb cÉKviGf` m†wÓ¡i RbÅ eÅen…Z nGœQ| Z`ycwi 70 `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK evsjvG`Gk B. napus, B. carinata I B. nigra cÉRvwZàwji Pvl cÉewZÆZ nGqGQ| Pxbvev`vg (420), mqvweb (145) I wZj (132) nGœQ AZÅwaK PGR mg†«¬ wZbwU cÉRvwZ ˆhàwj ‰G`Gk Pvl I eÅen…Z nGœQ| mîGii `kGKi ˆMvovi w`GK AvGgwiKvb cÉRvwZi mqvweb evsjvG`Gk cÉ^g cÉewZÆZ nq| AvGgwiKvb cÉRvwZi mqvweb, ‰i Avw`i…c PxGbi mqvweGbi PGR ˆ^GK hG^Ó¡ wf®²| cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg AçGj ebR ˆ`kx mqvweb PGR ˆ`Lv hvq| B`vwbs cÉewZÆZ ˆZjcvg Qvov PweÆ I ˆZjcÉ`vqx AviI wKQy e†Þ AvGQ|

Wvjmn wkgRvZxq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ dmj ‰ AçGj jfÅ AGbKàwj cÉvK‡wZK RvZ ˆ^GK wbeÆvwPZ nGqGQ| msMÉGni wnmve ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, 7099 PGR-i gGaÅ 3463wU gvò 8wU cÉRvwZ ˆ^GK Õ©vbxqfvGe Drc®²| AewkÓ¡àwj cÉewZÆZ ‰es ‰G`i AGbKàwj K‡wlGÞGò mydj`vqK ‰es PwjZ Drcv`b cÉYvjxGZ myAfÅÕ¦| cÉewZÆZ weG`kx cÉRvwZàwji gGaÅ gmyi, ˆLmvwi I gyM cÉavb|

evsjvG`k BÞzi Drm ˆKG±`Êi wbKGUB AewÕ©Z, Avi ‰wU fviZ I cvwKÕ¦vGb ˆcuŒQGZ AGbKàwj ˆRwbwUK mÁ¿vi m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ| evsjvG`k BÞz MGelYv BbwÕ¡wUDUB h^vò×Gg Saccharum officinarum I S. spontaneum `yB cÉRvwZi h^vò×Gg 459wU I 26wU PGR msiÞY KiGQ| wPwb weGUi wKQy PGR Qvov AbÅZi ˆKvb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wPwb dmj ˆbB| cÉwZ eQi ˆLRyGii im ˆ^GK hG^Ó¡ cwigvY cvUvwj ào Drc®² nq| cÉvq 24 cÉRvwZi PGR AvGQ, ˆhàwji wbhÆvm ˆ^GK ˆgŒgvwQiv gay ŠZwi KGi| evwlÆK Drc®² gayi cwigvY hG^Ó¡ ‰es Zv wPwbi AbÅZg weK͸|

chÆvµ¦ msLÅK PGR-mn 33 cÉRvwZi mvaviY dj iGqGQ| ŠewPòÅgq ‰me dGji gGaÅ AvGQ Avg, evZvweGjey, ˆcqviv I KuvVvj| BGZvgGaÅ wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vb I evMvGb ‰àwji 463wU cÉKviGf` kbvî× Kiv ˆMGQ| ˆMŒY djmgƒGni gGaÅ AvGQ 54wU cÉRvwZ I 298wU RvZ, Avi ˆkGlvî×G`i 207wU Õ©vbxqfvGe D«¿„Z| evsjvG`Gk ebR dGji 52 cÉRvwZ iGqGQ| wZb aiGbi PGR AvGQ ˆhàwji gƒj I K±` ˆ^GK mewR (11 cÉRvwZ), cvZv (8 cÉRvwZ) I dj (20 cÉRvwZ) cvIqv hvq| ‰B 39 cÉRvwZi 1888wUi AwaK PGR iGqGQ Avi wbeÆvPK I ˆfvî×vG`i cQ±` mvGcGÞ K‡wl-evÕ§msÕ©vwbK ‰jvKvi wewf®² cwiwÕ©wZ Abyhvqx Dcv`vb wbeÆvPGbi dGjB ‰Z AwaK msLÅK cÉKviGfG`i D«¿e NUGQ| D`vniYÕ¼i…c cÉwZwU ˆeàb, UGgGUv, gƒjv, Kzgov, ZigyR, wgwÓ¡Kzgov, ˆ`kx wkg, WuvUvkvK ‰es AviI AGbKàwji AbƒÅb 5/6 iKGgi evwYwRÅK cÉKviGf` ˆ`Lv hvq|

KgcGÞ 17wU cÉRvwZ wewf®² aiGbi gmjv Drcv`b KGi ‰es 21wU cÉRvwZ ˆ^GK LvG`Åi bvbv iKGgi is Drc®² nq| gmjv I Lv`Å-is Drcv`K gvò 9 cÉRvwZi 303wU PGR AvGQ, hvG`i AGbKàwjB fwelÅr eÅenvGii RbÅ msiÞYGhvMÅ| ‰G`Gk iGqGQ wewPò aiGbi dzj I jZvcvZvcƒYÆ Dw«¿` cÉRvwZi wecyj mgvnvi| evnvwi MvQcvjv, AwKÆW, KvPNGii MvQ, RjR Dw«¿`, ˆMvjvc, msiwÞZ Dw«¿`, weGkl cwiGeGki MvQcvjv (77 ˆMvò I 253 MY) ‰es KÅvKUvm, cv^yGi cwiGeGki Jlwa I ˆ`qvj jZvi AmsLÅ cÉRvwZ AvGQ| eÕ§Z eü wewPò PGR-mn ‰B `Gj AvGQ 781 cÉRvwZ I cÉKviGf`| ‰me cÉRvwZi AGbKàwjB ˆ`kx| wKQymsLÅK ˆMvjvc I KÅvKUvGmi AwaKvsk ‰es wewf®² aiGbi eü AwKÆW, evnvwi Dw«¿` I KvPNGii MvQcvjvi eü cÉRvwZB weG`kx|

Pv ‰G`Gki ‰KwU wewkÓ¡ A^ÆKix dmj ‰es PvGqi ævZ PGR ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, ˆKÑvGbi Õ©vbxq msMÉn 246 Avi ewnivMZ Dcv`vb gvò 28| evsjvG`k Pv MGelYv BbwÕ¡wUDU gvò 28wU Õ©vbxq ‰es 17wU ewnivMZ ˆKÑvb evwYwRÅK cÉGqvRGb iÞYvGeÞY KiGQ| Kwdi cÉRvwZ gvò 3wU Avi Kwd ‰G`Gki evwYwRÅK dmj bq|

AZů¦ mxwgZ ebvçj ‰es gvbyl I Rwgi AbycvZ AwZ A͸ weavq ebe†GÞi cÉRvwZàwji PGR mvgvwRK I K‡wl-ebvqb cÉwò×qvq weÕ¦vi jvf KGiGQ| ‰RbÅ ebR e†GÞi cÉRvwZ ŠewPòÅ ‰Lb mviv ˆ`Gk ˆ`Lv hvq| B`vwbs evwoi AvGkcvGk, LvmRwgGZ I kmÅGÞGò e†ÞGivcGYi Ici ài‚Z½ ˆ`Iqv nGœQ| Dw«¿` cÉRvwZ mÁ·GKÆ bvbv wjwLZ Z^Åvw`I ‰Lb mnRjfÅ|

cÉvq 24 cÉRvwZi `vi‚e†GÞi AwaKvsk KvV Avmeve ŠZwiGZ eÅen…Z nq| K‡wl h¯¨cvwZ, ˆbŒKv, UÇjvi I RvnvR, KvMGRi gí I KvMR BZÅvw` cÉÕ§GZ eÅen…Z e†Þ cÉRvwZi msLÅv h^vò×Gg 24, 52, 30| ˆmZz, ˆiGji wÕÏcvi, Mi‚i Mvwo I AbÅvbÅ Mvwo, cwienY wk͸, we`yÅGZi LuywU, cvBwjs I ˆRwU wbgÆvGY wewf®² cÉRvwZi MvQ eÅen…Z nq| ‰me ˆ^GK cÉZxqgvb nq ˆh, ‰ AçGji gvbyl bvbv aiGbi KvGR eÅenvGii DGóGkÅ e†GÞi Pvl I cwiPhÆv KGi ‰GmGQ| ˆKvb ˆKvb e†Þ ‰KvwaK KvGRI eÅen…Z nq|  [jyrdzi ingvb]

AviI ˆ`Lyb Zzjv; dj; cvU; avb; Pv; Mg|

cÉavb dmj Drcv`b (Production of major crops)  Dú I bvwZkxGZvú gíjxq bvbv aiGbi dmj PvGli RbÅ evsjvG`Gki AvenvIqv hG^Ó¡ AbyK„j| eZÆgvGb ‰G`Gk cÉvq 100 RvGZi dmj Drc®² nGjI avbB cÉavb kmÅ, dGj eQGii wZbwU dmj gimyGgB ˆgvU Rwgi 79% RyGo (13 jÞ 60 nvRvi ˆnÙi) avGbi Pvl nq| ˆgvU avbGÞGZi 50 kZvsGki ˆewk RwgGZ dGj DœPdjbkxj RvZ| AbÅvbÅ dmGji gGaÅ AvGQ Mg, cvU, ŠZjexR, Wvj, ZvgvK, Zzjv, BÞz, dj I kvKmewR| evsjvG`Gk e†wÓ¡GmweZ I cvwbGmwPZ Dfq aiGbi RwgGZB dmj djvGbv nq| AekÅ ‰LvGb cÉ^Ggvî× PvGliB cÉvavbÅ, cÉvq 70% RwgB e†wÓ¡wbfÆi| ‰B aiGbi PvGli mGã RwoGq AvGQ wPivPwiZ Pvlc«¬wZ, Õ©vbxq RvGZi dmj ‰es cÉmÁ¿vi I myÓ¤z eÅeÕ©vcbvi Afve| Drcv`kxjZv mvaviYZ Kg ‰es eQi eQi Drcv`Gbi IVv-bvgv AZÅwaK| Rjvfve I AwaK e†wÓ¡ `ywUi RbÅB K‡wl Drcv`Gb AwÕ©iZv weivR KGi|

cvwbGmwPZ K‡wl mPivPi HYV-i gGZv DœPZi cÉhywî×, AwaK mvGii gvòv I D®²Zi eÅeÕ©vcbv-wbfÆi| ‰ KviGY ‰B aiGbi PvGli Drcv`bkxjZvI AwaK ‰es wbwøZ RjGmGPi RbÅ Zv A͸weÕ¦i mywÕ©ZI|

mviwY 1 evsjvG`Gki cÉavb dmj Drcv`Gbi Rwgi AvqZb I Drcv`Gbi cwigvY (MocoZv 3 eQGii: 1997-1998)

Drm: K‡wl cwimsLÅvb elÆMÉn×, 1998

1997 mvGj evsjvG`k cwimsLÅvb eyÅGiv KZ‡ÆK cÉKvwkZ dmj cwimsLÅvb AbymvGi dmwj Rwgi ˆgvU AvqZb ‰es kvKmewR, dj I AbÅvbÅ mvaviY dmjmn Drc®² dmGji ˆgvU cwigvY I gƒjÅ wQj h^vò×Gg 134 jÞ ˆnÙi, 340 jÞ ˆg Ub I 25,000 ˆKvwU UvKv|  [bƒi‚j Bmjvg fuƒBqv]

AviI ˆ`Lyb avb; Mg; Avjy; cvU; AvL; Wvj; gmjv; ZvgvK; `vbvkmÅ|

Pvlc«¬wZi aib (Cropping pattern)  eQGii wewf®² Pvl gimyGg dmGji Õ©vbMZ I KvjMZ eÅeÕ©vcbv cÉavbZ ˆfŒZ, ŠRweK I Av^Æ-mvgvwRK DcvGîi Ici wbfÆikxj| evsjvG`Gk evwlÆK iwe, Lwid-1 ev cÉvK-Lwid I Lwid-2 ‰B wZbwU dmj gimyg Pvjy AvGQ| avb cÉavb dmj weavq Pvlc«¬wZGZ avGbiB cÉvavbÅ AeÅvnZ iGqGQ| f„wgi aib, gvwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å I cvwbi cÉvcÅZvi wbwiGL eQGi ‰K, `yB ev wZb evi avbPvl nGZ cvGi| mvaviYZ DuPz RwgGZ `yB ev wZb evi avbPvl nGq ^vGK| gvSvwi wbPz RwgGZ AvDk I ˆevbv AvgGbi wgkÉPvl Avi AbÅw`GK Lwid gimyGg Mfxi ebÅvµÏvweZ RwgGZ ‰Kevi ˆevbv Avgb (Mfxi cvwbi avb) ev iwe gimyGg ˆevGiv Pvl nGq ^vGK| avb Qvov AbÅvbÅ dmj mPivPi avGbi mGã ò×gvbymvGi ev gaÅeZÆx wnGmGe djvGbv nq| ‰B RvZxq AwaKvsk dmjB ÷KGbv RwgGZ R¯Ãvq, hw`I cvU (ˆ`kx RvGZi), KvDb I AvL cwicØ nGj wKQyUv cvwb mnÅ KiGZ cvGi| Lwid-1 gimyGg cvU R¯Ãvq ‰es Zv Rwgi RbÅ ˆevbv AvDGki mGã cÉwZGhvwMZv KGi ‰es Pvlc«¬wZGZ ˆevbv AvDGki weK͸ dmj wnGmGe weGewPZ nq| Rwgi aib, ebÅvi cvwb bvgv I cieZÆx kmÅ ˆZvjvi mgGqi wfwîGZ Pvlc«¬wZGZ ÷KGbv (ewi) gimyGgi dmj nGZ cvGi AvMvg, gaÅ I bvwe|

e†wÓ¡wbfÆi ÷Ó• ‰jvKvq Livmwnúz ռ͸Kvjxb kmÅcÉRvwZàwji Pvl hG^Ó¡ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| mbvZb Pvlc«¬wZGZ AwaK dmj Drcv`b KwVb nGjI Zv mvaviYZ AwaKZi mywÕ©wZ eRvq ivGL| ˆgŒmywg dmGj wgkÉPvl I gaÅeZÆx dmj PvGli eÅvcK cÉGqvMI AvGiKwU weGePÅ welq| ‰B c«¬wZ K‡lKGK ‰KB Rwg ˆ^GK wewf®² RvGZi dmj ˆZvjv, ˆgvU Drcv`b e†w«¬ ‰es wkgRvZxq dmj PvGli gvaÅGg Rwgi DeÆiZv AUzU ivLv I e†w«¬i myGhvM ˆhvMvq| ˆevbv AvDk, cvU, fzëv, he I ˆQvjv e†wÓ¡wbfÆi ÷Ó• Rwgi meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ dmj| `yBGqi AwaK dmj Pvlc«¬wZi A¯¦fÆyî× nGj wgkÉPvl, Av¯¦tPvl ev chÆvwqK Pvl Abym†Z nq|

kmÅeybb c«¬wZGZ cvwbGmP myweav iGqGQ ‰gb RwgGZ avGbi cGi avb ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Pvlc«¬wZ| ˆKvb ˆKvb ebÅvgyî× ‰jvKvq wZbevi avbPvl Pvjy ^vKGjI Rwgi AeÕ©v weGePbvq Zv evèbxq bq| Pvlc«¬wZGZ ÷Ó• gimyGgi cÉ^g kmÅ wnGmGe kxZKvGj Mg, Wvj ev ŠZjexGRi gGZv ‰KwU dmj djvGbv Dîg wbeÆvPb|

Rwgi aib, gvwUi eybU, µÏvebKvj, e†wÓ¡cvZ (cwigvY I e¥Ÿb) I K‡lGKi mnvq-mÁ·` «¼viv eüj cÉfvweZ kGmÅi Drcv`b cwiGeGki wbwiGLB mvaviYZ evsjvG`Gk AGbKàwj Pvlc«¬wZ Pvjy AvGQ| wewf®² aiGbi kmÅ Drcv`b cwiGeGk cÉavb cÉavb Pvlc«¬wZi KGqKwU wbGP DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv:

kmÅchÆvq cwiKw͸ZfvGe bv nGjI ˆÞGZi gvwUi Dîg eÅenvGii RbÅ K‡lGKiv mvaviYZ ‰B c«¬wZ AbymiY KGi ‰es `xNÆ-gƒj dmj (cvU) PvGli ci LvGUv-gƒj dmj (avb) djvGbv nq|  [bƒi‚j Bmjvg f„uBqv]

K‡wlkÉwgK (Agricultural labour) kmÅ Drcv`b, c÷cvjb, grmÅPvl ev ebvqGbi gGZv wewf®² K‡wlKvR cwiPvjbvq KvwqK kÉg`vZv MÉvgxY kÉwgKGkÉYxi gƒjaviv| fviZeGlÆ weËwUk kvmGbi cƒGeÆ K‡wlGÞGò msMwVZ ˆKvb K‡wlkÉGgi evRvi ‰es gRywi kÉGgi ˆKvb weavbI wQj bv| ˆRvZ`viiv ZvG`i Rwg mvaviYZ eMÆv`viG`i gGaÅ e¥Ÿb KiZ, KLbI ò×xZ`vm, Õ©vqx gRyi, (eQiPzwî×GZ), dmGj cÉ`î gRywiGZ fvovGU kÉwgK ‰es ‰gbwK Avnvi-evmÕ©vGbi wewbgGq gRyi LvwUGq RwgRgvi ‰Kvsk wbGRiv Pvl KiZ| eMÆvPvwl I Þz`ËPvwliv wbR cwievGii m`mÅG`i KvGR jvMvZ, AwaK¯§ KGVvifvGe Abym†Z cviÕ·wiK wewbgq cÉ^vq kÉgwewbgq (Õ©vbxq bvg e`jv, MuvwZ BZÅvw`) AbymiY KiZ| 1843 mvGj AvBGbi gvaÅGg ò×xZ`vm cÉ^v iwnZ nq| e`jv cÉ^v 1900 mvGji ˆMvovi w`GK AwaK cÉPwjZ wQj, wK¯§ f„wgnxbZv e†w«¬ I gy`Ëv A^ÆbxwZ cÉeZÆGbi dGj AG^Æi wewbgGq fvov LvUv KvhÆZ e`jv cÉ^vi Õ©vb `Lj KGi ˆbq| gRyGii cvIbv ZLbI AvswkK nGjI dmGji gvaÅGg cwiGkva Kiv nGZv hv AvRI MÉvgvçGj Pvjy AvGQ|

evsjvG`k cwimsLÅvb eyÅGivi Z^ÅvbymvGi 1995-96 mvGj evsjvG`Gki 5 ˆKvwU 60 jÞ mvaviY kÉwgGKi gGaÅ 3 ˆKvwU 45 jÞ (63.2%) K‡wlGZ wbGqvwRZ wQj| ˆgvU K‡wl kÉwgGKi 18% wQj ˆeZbfzK w`bgRyi ‰es AewkÓ¡vsGk wQj ˆLv` K‡lK I ZvG`i cwievGii ˆeZbnxb ˆjvKRb| ˆ`Gk K‡wl kÉwgGKi msLÅv 1985-86 mvGji (1 ˆKvwU 75 jÞ) Zzjbvq 1990-91 (3 ˆKvwU 33 jÞ) I 1995-96 mvGj (3 ˆKvwU 45 jÞ) hG^Ó¡ e†w«¬ cvq| ‰B e†w«¬i gƒGj iGqGQ K‡wl KvhÆò×Ggi AvIZvq ‰Lb c÷cvjb, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb ‰es dmj gvovB, wm«¬KiY, ÷KvGbv I ˆLvmv QvovGbv, Lv`Å cÉwò×qvRvZKiY I msiÞGYi gGZv KgÆKvíGK A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv nGqGQ| mvaviYZ MÉvgxY gwnjviv ‰ aiGbi K‡wlKvR KGi ^vGK| K‡wl kÉwgGKi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AskB wk÷| 1995-96 mvGj 16 jÞ kÉgRxex wk÷kÉwgK (KgÆiZ wk÷kÉwgGKi 63%) evsjvG`Gki K‡wlGZ wbhyî× wQj| ˆ`Gki RbmsLÅv e†w«¬i mGã mGã ˆgvU K‡wl kÉwgGKi msLÅvI evoGQ, wK¯§ A-K‡wlLvGZi Zzjbvq K‡wlLvGZ KgÆmsÕ©vGbi nvi KgGQ| 1989 mvGj K‡wlGZ ˆgvU Rbkwî×i 73.8% wbGqvwRZ wQj hv 1995-96 mvGj 63.2 kZvsGk ˆbGg AvGm, AbÅw`GK A-K‡wlLvGZ Zv 26.2% ˆ^GK 36.8% e†w«¬ cvq| AvGM A-K‡wlLvGZ KgÆmsÕ©vGbi myGhvM I ˆ`Gk Õ¼vÞiZvi nvi Kg ^vKvq K‡wlLvZ wecyj msLÅK wbiÞi I A`Þ Rbkwî×GZ fvivò×v¯¦ wQj| wkÞvi weÕ¦vi I bMivqGYi dGj cwiwÕ©wZ axGi axGi e`jvGœQ|

weËwUk kvmGb cÉewZÆZ f„wgÕ¼Z½ eÅeÕ©v f„wgnxb ˆjvGKi msLÅv `Ë‚Z e†w«¬ KGi ‰es ˆklchƯ¦ ‰G`i AwaKvskB ˆÞZLvgvGii w`bgRyGi cwiYZ nq| weËwUk kvmKMY Nb Nb `ywfÆGÞi ˆcÉwÞGZ K‡wl D®²qGb wKQy DGÍÏLGhvMÅ c`GÞc MÉnY KGi, wK¯§ mKj cÉGPÓ¡viB jÞÅ wQj f„wg gvwjK K‡lK, f„wgnxb w`bgRyi bq| cÉvq 26% MÉvgxY cwievGii RxweKv wbeÆvGni ‰Kgvò ev cÉavb ˆckv wQj KvwqK kÉg, AviI 13% ‰wUGK AvGqi mnvqK Drm wnGmGe MÉnY KiZ| ‰fvGe 1 ˆKvwU 30 jÞ MÉvgevmx mÁ·ƒYÆ ev AvswkKfvGe gRywi kÉGgi Ici wbfÆikxj wQj| 1900 mvGj evsjvi cÉvq 6 jÞ MÉvgxY ˆjvGKi (ˆgvU MÉvgevmxi 7%) cÉavb ˆckv wQj KvwqK kÉg| wek kZGKi mîGii `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK gRywi kÉwgGKi ‰ msLÅv 12 àY e†w«¬ ˆcGq 72 jGÞ `uvovq (27%)| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi cwiPvwjZ K‡wl RwiGc (1965-66) ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, BGZvgGaÅ 25% K‡lKB ˆÞZgRyGi cwiYZ ‰es ZvG`i wZb-cçgvskB f„wgnxb| ‰GZ ˆÞZgRyGii msLÅv e†w«¬i ‰KwU mvaviY cÉeYZv ˆ`Lv hvq| kÉwgGKi gRywi I hvZvqvGZi ‰KwU AvçwjK cv^ÆKÅI wQj|

MÉvgevsjvq wZb aiGbi kÉwgK-‰i mnveÕ©vb ˆ`Lv hvq mvgwqK w`bgRyi, eQiPzwî× kÉwgK I ˆgŒmywg kÉwgK| mvgwqK w`bgRyi nGœQ mswÞµ¦Zg ‰K Pzwî× hv AaÆw`em (ev ‰K ˆejv) ˆ^GK KGqK w`Gbi (mvaviYZ ‰K ‘nvU’ mgq, A^Ævr `yB nvGUi gaÅeZÆx mgqKvj) RbÅ nGZ cvGi| ‰B wbGqvGM kÉwgKiv meÆvwaK Õ¼vaxbZv ˆcGq ^vGK, Avevi meÆvwaK wbivcîvnxbZvqI ˆfvGM| w`bgRyiiv eÅÕ¦ ˆgŒmyGg gRywi e†w«¬i myweav ˆcGjI ‰KBfvGe g±`vi mgq Avevi AbvnvGii wkKviI nq| eQiPzwî×i kÉwgKiv wbGqvMKvixi evwoGZ ^vGK ‰es bM` AG^Æi mGã Lv`Å-eÕ¨I cvq| wKGkviiv Lv`Å I eGÕ¨i wewbgGqB KvR ÷i‚ KGi| ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò eQiPzwî×i kÉwgKiv ‰K aiGbi ‘FY-`vmGZ½’ euvav ^vGK ‰es Zviv FYGkvGai RbÅB wbGqvMKvixi KvR KGi| kxZKvGj mvaviYZ dmj ˆZvjvi RbÅ ˆgŒmywg kÉwgKG`i 2 ˆ^GK 4 gvGmi RbÅ wbGqvM Kiv nq| Zviv ‰K Açj ˆ^GK AbÅ AçGj hvZvqvZ KGi ‰es gRywi wnGmGe Lvevi I avb ev bM` A^Æ MÉnY KGi ^vGK| gRywii avb mvaviYZ ˆZvjv dmGji Ask (1/12 ˆ^GK 1/5)| gRywii cwigvY I gRywi cwiGkvGai aiGbi gGaÅ AvçwjK cv^ÆKÅ ^vKGjI AvGM mviv evsjvq gRywi kÉwgKG`i wbGqvGMi kZÆ wQj cÉvq Awf®²| AwaKvsk Õ©vGb wbGqvMKvix kÉwgGKi `ycyGii Avnvi (fvZ I AvbylwãK) I gRywii e†nîi Ask bM` AG^Æ cÉ`vb KiZ| mKvGji nvjKv Lvevi wnGmGe LB-gywo ev cv¯¦v, cvb-mycvwi I Wve ˆ`Iqv nGZv| gwnjvG`i gRywi wQj AGcÞvK‡Z Kg, mvaviYZ `ËGeÅi AvKvGi, cwigvY wQj gvovBK‡Z ev fvbv kGmÅi ‰K `kgvsk| muvIZvj, evDwi I AbÅvbÅ Avw`evmx gwnjviv AZů¦ cwikÉgx kÉwgK|

1880 ˆ^GK 1980 mvGji gGaÅ mviv evsjvq K‡wlkÉwgGKi gRywi nËvm cvq| PvGji cwigvGYi mGã cÉwgZK‡Z gRywi cwøg evsjvq 2 ˆmi (1 ˆmi=0.9 ˆKwR) ˆ^GK cƒeÆevsjvq 9 ˆmGii gGaÅ IVv-bvgv KiZ| mvÁ·ÉwZK eQiàwjGZ gRywii cwigvY hG^Ó¡ e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| ‰Uv cÉavbZ D®²Z kÉgwbweo K‡wlcÉhywî× cÉeZÆGbi dGj KgÆmsÕ©vb e†w«¬ ‰es AwaKZi AvGqi m®¬vGb K‡wlkÉwgKG`i eÅvcK nvGi knivçGj Avmvi RbÅB NGUGQ| KvGRi wewbgGq Lv`Å, `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤xi D®²qb (Vulnerable Group Development/VGD) KgÆmƒwP, f„wg msÕ•vi, Lvm RwgGZ àœQMÉvg MVb, miKvi I wewf®² ˆemiKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mnR kGZÆ FY weZiY I DcvRÆbgyLx KvhÆò×g weÕ¦vi BZÅvw` eZÆgvGb K‡wlkÉwgKG`i AeÕ©v D®²qGb mnvqZv KiGQ| 

[‰g mvBdzÍÏvn]

K‡wlFY (Agricultural credit)  K‡wlKvGRi eÅq wbeÆvGni RbÅ wewf®² cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK I AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK Drm ˆ^GK K‡lK KZƆK FY wnGmGe M†nxZ Avw^ÆK mnvqZv| cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvM (ebÅv, Liv, NƒwYÆSo, RGjvœQ¾vm ev b`xfvOb) ‰es ˆivMevjvB I ÞwZKi KxUcZGãi Avò×gGY dmjnvwbi ÞwZ mvgjvGZ K‡lKG`i Avw^ÆK mnvqZv cÉGqvRb nq| eÅvsK, wewf®² ˆemiKvwi msÕ©v, mbvZb FY`vZv (gnvRb, ˆecvwi, abx K‡lK) ev e®¬z I Avñxq-Õ¼Rb ‰ mnvqZv w`Gq ^vGK| Rwgi LvRbv ev AwZwiî× Ki cwiGkvGa bM` AG^Æi AfvGe evsjvi K‡lKG`i FYMÉÕ¦Zv Avengvb KvGji ‰KwU mgmÅv| weevn I giGYvîi AbyÓ¤vbvw` cvjb ev weev` gxgvsmvi AwZwiî× eÅq wbeÆvn ˆ^GKI K‡lKMY FYMÉÕ¦ nGq coZ|

Šew`K fviGZ (wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 2000 ˆ^GK 1150 wLËÓ¡võ) gnvRbG`i wbKU ˆ^GK K‡lKG`i FY MÉnGYi cÉPjb wQj| ˆKŒwUGjÅi A^ÆkvGÕ¨ cÉvPxb hyGMi gnvRwb eÅeÕ©vi weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY cvIqv hvq| gYyi ˆjLvGZI gnvRwb eÅemvi DGÍÏL AvGQ| Ave»vmxq hyGM evM`v` ˆ^GK AvMZ gymwjg eÅemvqxiv DcgnvG`Gk cÉ^g cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK eÅvswKs aviYvi cÉmvi NUvq| gyMj AvgGj evsjvq eÅemv-evwYRÅ e†w«¬ cvq ‰es AG^Æi eÅvcK ˆjbG`b eÅvsK eÅeÕ©vi D®²qGb eÅvcK f„wgKv ivGL| gyMjiv gnvRbG`i mnGhvwMZvq 1700 mvGj DcgnvG`Gki cÉ^g eÅvswKs cÉwZÓ¤vb ‘wn±`yÕ©vb eÅvsK’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| eÅemv-evwYRÅgyLx ‰ eÅvswKs eÅeÕ©v ˆ^GK mÁ·ƒYÆ wewœQ®² K‡lKmgvR ˆckv`vi FY`vZv, MÉvgxY eÅemvqx (gnvRb) I ˆ`vKvb`viG`i gGZv AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK DrGmi Ici wbfÆi KiZ, hviv Pov nvGi my` Av`vq KGi mgvGRi ‰KwU mÁ·`kvjx ˆkÉYx wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KGi|

myjZvwb I gyMj AvgGj kvmKiv wbÁ²nvGi LvRbv géywii mgq K‡lKG`i K‡wlFY myweavI w`GZb| ‘ZvKvwe’ wnGmGe eÅvcK cwiwPZ ‰ FGYi gvaÅGg K‡lKiv exR, ej`, K‡wlh¯¨cvwZ I nvwZqvi ò×q KiZ ‰es Abvevw` Rwg AvevG`i gvaÅGg bZzb bZzb ‰jvKv Pvlvaxb ‰Gb Drcv`b evovZ| weËwUk AvgGj 1793 mvGj jWÆ KbÆIqvwjm KZƆK cÉewZÆZ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i DGókÅI wQj K‡wlGZ FY mgmÅvi mgvavb| cÉZÅvkv wQj ˆh, cÉ^gevGii gGZv Rwg`vwii Õ¼Z½vwaKvicÉvµ¦ Rwg`viiv K‡wl D®²qGb gƒjab wewbGqvM KiGe| AcÉvwZÓ¤vwbK FY`vZvG`i Ici wbfÆiZv nËvm KiGZ weËwUk kvmKMY DcgnvG`Gk cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK eÅvswKs eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjvi DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGiwQj|

beRvZ FY`vb msÕ©vàwj kni ‰jvKvi eÅemv-evwYRÅ cwiPvjbvq ‰KGPwUqvfvGe KvR KiZ ‰es A^ÆvqGbi msMwVZ Drmmgƒn MÉvgvçGj ˆcuŒQZ bv, hw`I MÉvgàwjGZ ˆmmgq gy`Ëv-A^ÆbxwZi eÅvcK cÉPjb ÷i‚ nGqwQj| weËwUk kvmK KZƆK 1904 mvGj Pvjy mgevq FY AvG±`vjb K‡wlFY MÉvnKG`i ‰KwU Þz`Ë AskGK mÁ·†î× KiGZ ˆcGiwQj| eÅemvqx-gnvRbiv AagYÆ K‡lKG`i wbKU ˆ^GK wbqwgZ my` Av`vGqi cvkvcvwk ZvG`i Drc®² cYÅI ‰KGPwUqv ò×q KGi w«¼àY gybvdv Av`vq KiZ| ‰ aiGbi evaÅevaKZv Drcv`KG`i cÉwZGhvwMZvgƒjK evRvi ˆ^GK mwiGq mwVK gƒjÅcÉvwµ¦ ˆ^GK ZvG`i ewçZ KiZ| evsjvi ˆKvb ˆKvb Õ©vGb, weGklZ XvKvq Rwg`viivI jw™²eÅemvq RwoZ wQj hv K‡wleÅeÕ©vi RbÅ eo ügwK nGq DGVwQj| Rwg`vi Z^v FY`vZviv FGYi wewf®² kZÆ PvwcGq ‰es ‰KB mGã LvRbv I FY cwiGkva wbwøZ KGi FYMÉnxZv K‡lKG`i Ici w«¼àY Pvc cÉGqvM KiGZ cviZ| abx K‡lKiv mvaviYZ Lvevi I exR Dfq cÉGqvRGb avb avi w`Z hv dmj ˆZvjvi ci cwiGkva KiGZ nGZv| cYÅ AvKvGii ‰ FY aviK‡Z kGmÅi cÉK‡Z `vGgi wfwîGZ bM` AG^ÆI ˆkva Kiv PjZ| Kveywj I gvGovqvwoi gGZv ˆek wKQy wfbG`kx gnvRb wQj hviv AZů¦ mvdGjÅi mGã ‰ ˆckv MÉnY KGiwQj| bZzb bZzb FY`vb msÕ©vi D«¿Gei mGã mGã wek kZGKi wòGki `kGK FY`vGbi ‰me ewnivMZ Drm axGi axGi ˆjvc cvq| evsjvi AGbK Õ©vGb ˆewbqvi gGZv msNe«¬ FY`vZviv eYÆwfwîK ‰KwU mÁ·É`vq MGo ZzGjwQj| ˆewbqv mÁ·É`vGqi gGaÅ mvnv I myeYÆ ewYKiv wQj meÆvwaK ÞgZvkvjx ˆkÉYx hviv FY`vGbi myGhvGM ‰gbwK cÉRvG`i RwgRgvI `Lj KGi wbZ| 1928 mvGji ˆMvovi w`GKi ‘gnvg±`v’i mgq A^Æjw™²`viG`i wbcxob PiGg ˆcuŒQvq| ‰ mgq avb I cvGUi gGZv K‡wl`ËGeÅi gƒjÅ `Ë‚Z nËvGmi dGj K‡lKG`i Avq I FGYi cÉvcÅZv nËvm cvq| abx jw™²`viiv myGhvMwU MÉnY KGi ‰es FYMÉÕ¦ K‡lKG`i RwgRgv wQwbGq ˆbq| ‰fvGe ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwigvY Rwg K‡lKG`i KvQ ˆ^GK A-K‡lK ˆkÉYxi nvGZ PGj hvq, hv cwiYvGg mvgwMÉK K‡wl Drcv`Gb eo iKGgi AvNvZ nvGb| ˆeãj cÉvG`wkK eÅvswKs Abym®¬vb KwgwUi (The Bengal Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee) cÉwZGe`b ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, 1929-30 mvGj FYMÉÕ¦ K‡lKG`i KvGQ Abv`vqx ˆgvU FGYi cwigvY wQj cÉvq 100 ˆKvwU UvKv| A^Æ‹bwZK Abym®¬vbx ˆeãj ˆevWÆ (The Bengal Board of Economic Enquiry) Rvbvq ˆh, 1934 mvGj evsjvi cÉvq 77% cwieviB FYMÉÕ¦ wQj| AGbK Õ©vGb FYMÉÕ¦ K‡lKiv AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGi| KwgDwbÕ¡ ˆbZviv ‰me AvG±`vjGb cÉvqkB ˆbZ‡Z½ w`GZb| my` I myG`i Kvievi BmjvGg KGVvifvGe wbwl«¬ ^vKvq ‰me AvG±`vjb KLbI KLbI mvÁ·É`vwqK `vãviI i…c wbZ| AGbK Õ©vGb gymjgvbG`i mGã gnvRbG`i (hviv wQj cÉavbZ wn±`y) msNlÆ evGa, hw`I wKQy gymjgvb ‘`v`wb’ eÅeÕ©vq A^Æjw™² eÅemv KiZ|

‘gnvg±`v’i ci cwiPvwjZ wewf®² Rwic K‡lKG`i FYMÉÕ¦Zvi ˆeovRvj ˆ^GK gywî×i RbÅ wKQy c`GÞc mycvwik KGi| ‰w`GK, 1935 mvGji fviZ kvmb AvBGb K‡lKiv ˆfvUvwaKvi cvq Avi Zv evsjvq weivRgvb ivR‹bwZK cwiGeGk ‰KwU bZzb gvòv ˆhvM KGi| ivR‹bwZK `jàwj RbMGYi ˆfvU cvIqvi RbÅ ZvG`i cÉPvGi K‡lKG`i eaÆgvb FYMÉÕ¦Zvi Ici ài‚Z½ w`GZ ^vGK| ivR‹bwZK PvGci gyGL AvBb cwil` KZƆK 1935 mvGj cÉYxZ ˆeãj K‡wl FYMÉnxZv AvBb (The Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act) cÉwZwU BDwbqGb Õ©vbxq ˆbZ‡e†G±`i mg¯¼Gq ‘FYmvwjkx ˆevWÆ’ MVb mycvwik KGi| wK¯§ AwaKvsk FY LvBLvjvmx e®¬KxK‡Z ^vKvq ‰me ˆevWÆ myÓ¤zfvGe KvR KiGZ cvGi wb| ‘FYmvwjkx ˆevGWÆ’i KvhÆKiZvi RbÅ miKvi 1938 mvGj ˆeãj cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBb (The Bengal Tenancy Act) msGkvab KGi ‰es mKj e®¬Kx Pzwî× A‹ea ˆNvwlZ nq| msGkvwaZ AvBb Abyhvqx gƒj FGYi ˆewki fvM A^Æ I my` cwiGkva Kiv nGj gvwjK 15 eQi ci Rwg ˆdiZ ˆcZ| jw™²Kvixi avhÆK‡Z myG`i nvi wbq¯¨GY 1940 mvGj 1933 mvGji ˆeãj A^ÆFY AvBb (The Bengal Moneylending Act) msGkvab Kiv nq| ‘FYmvwjkx ˆevGWÆ’i KvhÆò×g mvgwqKfvGe k¼vmi‚«¬Ki AeÕ©vi LvwbKUv cwieZÆb NUvGjI FY`vZviv Dmyj wbGq mw±`™¬ nGq cGo ‰es FY`vb eÅemv PvjvGZ AmÁÃZ nq, dGj FGYi AfvGe ˆkl chƯ¦ K‡wl Drcv`b eÅvnZ nGZ ^vGK| K‡lKG`i FY msÕ©vGbi ˆKvb weK͸ bv KGiB AvBbMZ weavb AvGivc Kiv nGqwQj| FY`vZviv e®¬K MÉnGY AvMÉnx bv ^vKvq K‡lKiv bM` A^Æ ˆRvMvo KiGZ Rwg weò×q KiGZ evaÅ nGZv| evievi Rwg nÕ¦v¯¦Gii dGj Rwgi AZÅwaK Lívqb ‰gbwK ˆkl chƯ¦ f„wgnxbZvi mgmÅvI ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| cwiGkGl 1945 mvGj ‘FYmvwjkx ˆevGWÆ’i KvhÆò×g àwUGq ˆdjv nq|

1947 I 1971 mvGji gaÅeZÆx mgqKvGj cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb 36wU Zdwmjx eÅvsKmn cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK eÅvswKs-‰i ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo IGV Avi ‰me eÅvsK AGbKàwj K‡wlFY myweav w`Z| 1961 mvGj K‡wlFY mswkÏÓ¡ weGkl eÅvsK ‘cvwKÕ¦vb K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK’ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰ mgq KzwgÍÏv mgevq gGWjmn (1959) KGqKwU Õ©vbxq kwiKvbvgƒjK MÉvgxY FY`vb ˆKŒkGji D«¿e NGU ‰es ‰àwj mnR kGZÆ K‡wlFY weZiGY AMÉYx f„wgKv ivGL|

Õ¼vaxbZvi ci miKvi RvZxq A^ÆbxwZ ˆRvi`vGii DG`ÅvM ˆbq ‰es K‡lKG`i ò×geaÆgvb Pvwn`v cƒiGY K‡wlFY wnGmGe AwaKZi cwigvY mÁ·G`i ˆhvMvb w`GZ ÷i‚ KGi| ivÓ¡Ëvqî eÅvsK I msÕ©vmgƒGni AwaK msLÅK kvLv MÉvgvçGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰àwji gGaÅ iGqGQ evsjvG`k K‡wl eÅvsK, ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK I evsjvG`k mgevq eÅvsGKi gGZv weGklvwqZ eÅvsKàwj, PviwU evwYwRÅK eÅvsK ˆmvbvjx eÅvsK, RbZv eÅvsK, AMÉYx eÅvsK I i…cvjx eÅvsK ‰es evsjvG`k cÍÏx D®²qb ˆevWÆ| ‰me eÅvsK I cÍÏx D®²qb ˆevWÆ mviv ˆ`Gk 1998-99 I 1999-2000 A^ÆeQGi h^vò×Gg 3006 ˆKvwU UvKv I 2851 ˆKvwU UvKv FY weZiY KGi|

miKvi KZ‡ÆK eivóK‡Z K‡wlFGYi 60 kZvsGki ˆewk weZiGYi `vwqGZ½ ^vKv evsjvG`k K‡wl eÅvsK I ivRkvnx K‡wl D®²qb eÅvsK ˆ`Gki cÉwZwU BDwbqGb kvLv cÉwZÓ¤v KiGQ| ˆgŒmywg kmÅ Drcv`b, nvGji ej` ev K‡wlh¯¨cvwZ ò×q, nuvm-gyiwM I `y™¬Lvgvi cÉwZÓ¤vi gGZv wewf®² KvhÆò×Gg mnvqZv cÉ`vGbi jGÞÅ K‡lKG`i ռ͸, gaÅ I `xNÆGgqvw` FY ˆ`Iqv nGœQ| f„wgnxb I cÉvw¯¦KPvwl ‰es MÉvgxY gwnjvG`i RbÅ KGqKwU weGkl KgÆmƒwPI MÉnY Kiv nGqGQ| ‰ aiGbi 17wU weGkl KgÆmƒwPi A^ÆvqGb 1999-2000 mvGj RvgvbZwenxb Þz`ËFY wnGmGe 123 ˆKvwU UvKv weZiY Kiv nGqGQ| `vwi`ËÅ weGgvPGb M†nxZ mKj KgÆmƒwPGZ miKvGii ˆgvU K‡wlFGYi 25% Avi kmÅ Drcv`Gb 60% weZiY Kiv nq| ‰me KgÆmƒwPi AaxGb FGYi myG`i nvi 10% ˆ^GK 15% nGq ^vGK|

miKvi wbaÆvwiZ K‡wlFGYi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ask cÉwZ eQiB Aew¥ŸZ ˆ^GK ˆMGjI (1998-99 I 1999-2000 mvGj h^vò×Gg 264 ˆKvwU UvKv I 497 ˆKvwU UvKv) AGbK `wi`Ë K‡lK RwUj wbqg-Kvbyb I RvgvbZ mgmÅvi RbÅ FY MÉnGYi myGhvM cvGœQ bv| AwaK¯§, cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvGMi KviGY dmjnvwb ‰es FGYi `vwqZ½nxb eÅenvi AGbKGÞGò FYMÉÕ¦ K‡lKGK FYGLjvwcGZ cwiYZ KGiGQ| Abv`vqx K‡wlFY (2000 mvGji 30 Ryb chƯ¦ cÉvq 6525 ˆKvwU UvKv) ‰KwU eo mgmÅv wnGmGe ˆ`Lv w`GqGQ|

1983 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z MÉvgxY eÅvsK `wi`ËG`i gGaÅ RvgvbZnxb FGYi ˆhvMvb w`GZ ‰KwU AcÉPwjZ Þz`ËFY KgÆmƒwP ÷i‚ KGi| FYMÉnxZvGK wbGRG`i DG`ÅvGM MwVZ 5 RGbi ‰KwU `j wnGmGe eÅvsGK DcwÕ©Z nGZ nq| ‰KRb m`mÅ FY cwiGkvGa eÅ^Æ nGj, mKj m`GmÅi FYcÉvwµ¦ evwZj ev nËvm cvIqvi Avkâv ^vGK| `Gji m`mÅMY wbR wbR FY cwiGkva wbwøZ KiGZ ciÕ·iGK mnGhvwMZv I DcG`k w`Gq ^vGK| MÉvgxY eÅvsK AbÅvbÅ eÅvsGKi Zzjbvq AwaK nvGi my` Av`vq KiGjI cÉPwjZ FYGLjvwc mgmÅvGK AwZò×g KGi K‡wl I AbÅvbÅ DcvRÆbgyLx KvhÆò×g mg¯¼Gqi gvaÅGg cÍÏx D®²qGbi ‰KwU mdj gGWj wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KGiGQ| MÉvgxY eÅvsGKi Þz`ËFY KgÆmƒwPi AaxGb MÉvnKiv (AwaKvskB gwnjv) nuvm-gyiwM ev Mvfx cvjb, grmPvl, kvKmewR I dGji evMvb ev KzwUi wkG͸i gGZv ˆQvULvGUv KvGRi gvaÅGg Õ¼wbfÆi nGœQ| AbÅvbÅ AGbK ˆemiKvwi msÕ©v ‰KB aiGbi Þz`ËFY KgÆmƒwP MÉnY KGiGQ| MÉvgxY eÅvsK ‰es AviI wZbwU cÉavb ‰bwRI eËÅvK, Avkv I cÉwkKv 1999-2000 mvGj 3915 ˆKvwU UvKv weZiY KGiQ ‰es ‰KB eQi 3943 ˆKvwU UvKvi eGKqv FY Av`vq KGiGQ| 2000 mvGji Ryb gvGm ‰me cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Abv`vqx FGYi cwigvY wQj cÉvq 250 ˆKvwU UvKv|

Õ©vbxq I weG`kx ˆemiKvwi eÅvsKmgƒnI eZÆgvGb K‡wlFY AbyGgv`b KiGQ| Õ©vbxq ˆemKvwi eÅvsKmgƒn 1994-95 mvGj weZiY KGi 51.87 ˆKvwU UvKv hv 1999-2000 mvGj e†w«¬ ˆcGq `uvovq 250 ˆKvwU UvKv| weG`kx eÅvsKàwji weZiYK‡Z K‡wlFGYi cwigvY wQj 1998-99 mvGj 44.12 ˆKvwU UvKv ‰es 1999-2000 mvGj 371 ˆKvwU UvKv| AwaK¯§, ˆckvMZ mgevq mwgwZàwj wbGRG`i mçq ˆ^GK m`mÅG`i FY géyi KGi ^vGK| ‰me mgevq nGœQ mgevq f„wge®¬Kx eÅvsK, BDwbqb eügyLx mgevq mwgwZ, ˆRGj mgevq mwgwZ, AvL Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ, K‡wl mgevq mwgwZ (wWcvUÆGg´Ÿ), K‡wl mgevq mwgwZ (weAviwWwe), `y™¬ mgevq mwgwZ, f„wgnxb K‡lK mgevq mwgwZ, Lvgvi mgevq mwgwZ, ŠZj Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ, cvbPvwl mgevq mwgwZ I Pxbvev`vg mgevq mwgwZ| ‰me mwgwZ 1996-97 mvGj 52.2 jÞ m`GmÅi gGaÅ 980 ˆKvwU UvKv FY weZiY KGi|

1999 mvGj cÉYxZ K‡wlbxwZ RvZxq, ˆRjv, DcGRjv I BDwbqb chÆvGqi KwgwUmgƒnGK mwò×q KGiGQ ‰es FYweZiY eÅeÕ©v mnRxKiGYi gvaÅGg h^vmgGq cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK K‡wlFY cÉvwµ¦i Ici ài‚Z½ w`GqGQ| eÅvsK I A^Æjw™²Kvix cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒnGK mnRxKiY ˆKŒkj I FY Av`vGqi gGaÅ ‰KwU fvimvgÅ eRvq ‰es weZiYK‡Z FGYi Av`vq wbwøZ KiGZ ejv nGqGQ|  [‰g mvBdzÍÏvn]

K‡wlmvgMÉx wecYb (Agricultural marketing)  K‡wl`ËeÅ, DcKiY I K‡wl-mswkÏÓ¡ AbÅvbÅ mvgMÉx Drcv`K, ˆfvî×v I gaÅMmn AfxÓ¡ RbGMvÓ¤xi wbKU ˆcuŒQvGbvi c«¬wZ| wecyj msLÅK ˆjvK avb, cvU, kvKmewR, dj, Mevw` c÷, `ya, nuvm-gyiwM, wWg I gvQ BZÅvw` evRviRvZKiGY wbGqvwRZ iGqGQ| K‡wl`ËeÅ wecYGbi BwZnvm K‡wli BwZnvGmi gGZvB cÉvPxb| K‡wlwfwîK mgvGR cYÅ wewbgq cÉ^vi cÉvavbÅ wQj ‰es weËwUk kvmbvgGj gy`Ëv A^ÆbxwZi AbycÉGek K‡wl`ËeÅ wecYb mnRZi ‰es wewbgq mgmÅv eüjvsGk `ƒi KGi| wewf®² kGmÅi evRvigƒGjÅi nËvme†w«¬GZ K‡lKiv AZů¦ msGe`x weavq ˆKvb ‰jvKvi kmÅPvGli aib kmÅàwji ò×q-weò×Gqi Ici AGbKUv wbfÆikxj| AGcÞvK‡Z Kg jvfRbK dmj PvGl K‡lGKi AvMÉnI Kg ^vGK| ZzjbvgƒjK jvfÞwZi weGePbv mvGcGÞ ÕÃiYvZxZKvj ˆ^GK K‡lGKiv kmÅ wbeÆvPGb AMÉvwaKvi cwieZÆb KGi AvmGQ| weMZ mGZGiv I AvVvGiv kZGK Zzjv wQj evsjvi AZů¦ mÁ¿vebvgq dmj, ˆKbbv ZrKvjxb evsjv wQj weGk¼i ‰KwU e†nr eÕ¨ iµ¦vwbKvix ˆ`k| wK¯§ Dwbk kZGKi cÉ^g w`K ˆ^GK eÕ¨ iµ¦vwb nËvm cvIqvi mGã mGã ZzjvI evRvi nvivGZ ^vGK ‰es H kZGKi gvSvgvwS Zzjv Drcv`b AZÅwaK nËvm cvq| bxj wQj AvGiKwU AZů¦ mÁ¿vebvgq cYÅ, wK¯§ ˆmwUI `xNÆw`b evRvi aGi ivLGZ cvGi wb| AvVvGiv kZGKi cçvGki `kK ˆ^GK bxjPvl nËvm ˆcGZ ^vGK ‰es ‰KB mgq ‰KwU Õ©vbxq dmj cvU evRvi `Lj KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi hv Dwbk kZGKi ˆkGli w`GK ‰KwU cÉavb A^ÆKix dmj nGq IGV| cvU evRviRvZKiY I mswkÏÓ¡ wk͸GÞGò wecyj KgÆkwî× wbGqvwRZ ^vKvq ‰wU ‰LbI evsjvG`Gki ‰KwU cÉavb dmj, hw`I AvGMi gGZv ‰Lb Avi ZZUv jvfRbK bq| weËwUk kvmKMY PxGbi mGã wZî× mÁcGKÆi ˆcÉwÞGZ Dwbk kZGKi cÉ^gvGaÆ `ywU Avg`vwb wbfÆi dmj Pv I Avwdg PvGl cÉGYv`bv ˆhvMvq ‰es Zvi dGj `ywU mÁ¿vebvgq bZzb dmj Pvl ÷i‚ nq| Pv Pvl AvRI AeÅvnZ iGqGQ, wK¯§ wmcvwn weG`ËvGni (1857 mvj) cici ŠZjexR, Lv`ÅkmÅ I Avjyi gGZv jvfRbK AbÅvbÅ dmj AvwdGgi Õ©vb `Lj KGi ˆbq| BÞzI `xNÆw`b ‰KwU mÁ¿vebvgq dmj wQj, wK¯§ Dwbk kZGKi ˆklvGaÆ BDGivGc exURvZ wPwbwkG͸i `ËyZ weKvGki dGj AvL Pvl nËvm cvq|

evsjvG`Gki AwaKvsk K‡lK cwievGii Rwgi cwigvY AZů¦ mxwgZ ^vKvq Zviv wbGRG`i cÉGqvRb ˆgUvGbvi RbÅB dmj Drcv`b KGi| ˆ`Gki cÉvq 53% cwievGiiB Rwgi cwigvY 0.05-2.49 ‰Ki ‰es Zviv ÷ay Avcb A®²msÕ©vGbi RbÅB Pvlvev` KGi| evRvGi K‡wl`ËGeÅi mieivGn e†nîi Askx`vi gvSvwi (2.5-7.49 ‰Ki) I eo (7.50 ‰Ki I Z`ƒa»Æ) K‡lK, hvG`i msLÅv h^vò×Gg 11.7% I 1.7%| ˆ`Gk avb, cvU, Zzjv, BÞz I PvGqi gGZv cÉavb cYÅ wecYb cwiPvjbvi cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK KvVvGgvI chÆvµ¦ bq| Lv`Å Awa`µ¦i, evsjvG`k cvUKj KGcÆvGikb, wPwbKj I Zzjv D®²qb ˆevWÆ wbR wbR ò×q ˆK±`Ê cwiPvjbv KGi| wK¯§ AwaKvsk K‡wl`ËeÅ wewf®² aiGbi gaÅMG`i gvaÅGg ˆfvî×vi KvGQ ˆcuŒGQ| miKvwi msÕ©v wnGmGe K‡wl evRviRvZKiY Awa`µ¦i eÕ§Z Drcv`K I ˆfvî×v DfGqi RbÅ K‡wlcGYÅi bÅvhÅgƒjÅ wbwøZ Kivi `vwqGZ½ iGqGQ| ˆgvU 375 Rbej wbGq MwVZ Awa`µ¦iwU ‰ eÅvcvGi miKviGKI civgkÆ w`Gq ^vGK|

evsjvG`k ˆ^GK iµ¦vwbK‡Z K‡wl`ËGeÅi gGaÅ iGqGQ Pv, KuvPvcvU, Mj`v I evM`v wPswo, wewf®² aiGbi kvKmewR I gmjv| ‰me cGYÅi iµ¦vwb ˆ^GK ˆ`k 1998-99 mvGj 13.3 ˆKvwU Wjvi Avq KGiGQ| K‡wlwfwîK wk͸cYÅ, ˆhgb cvURvZ mvgMÉx, KuvPv Pvgov, Pvgov I PvgovRvZ cYÅ, cÉwò×qvRvZ Lv`Å`ËeÅI ˆ`Gki iµ¦vwb evwYGRÅi ‰KwU eo Ask `Lj KGi AvGQ|

evsjvG`k miKvi 1999 mvGj ˆNvwlZ K‡wlbxwZGZ K‡wl`ËeÅ evRviRvZKiY D®²qGb wewf®² c`GÞc MÉnY KGiGQ| LvgviRvZ `ËeÅvw` h^vmgGq wewò×i RbÅ myÓ¤z evRvi eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjvi Ici ài‚Z½ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ| K‡wlcGYÅi Ici `vjvj-dwoqvG`i wbq¯¨Y nËvm ‰es Drcv`K I ˆfvî×v DfGqi RbÅ dmGji bÅvhÅgƒjÅ wbwøZKiGYI ‰ bxwZGZ cÉGqvRbxq c`GÞGci mycvwik iGqGQ| ˆ`Gk cÉ^gevGii gGZv cÉYxZ ‰ K‡wlbxwZGZ K‡wlwfwîK wk͸ cÉwZÓ¤vi civgkÆ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ hv weËwUk JcwbGewkK AvgGj DGcwÞZ wQj| weËwUk kvmKG`i KvGQ evsjv wQj KuvPvgvGji ˆhvMvb`vi ‰es ‰KBmGã ZvG`i wk͸cGYÅi ‰KwU evRvi| ZvB weËwUk wk͸gvwjKG`i KvGQ K‡wl`ËGeÅi DcGhvwMZvi wbwiGLB ‰àwji evwYwRÅK gƒjÅ DVv-bvgv KiZ| cvwKÕ¦vwb kvmKiv K‡wlwfwîK wk͸vqGb DG`ÅvMx nGjI ˆmme wk͸ wQj Avg`vwb cÉwZÕ©vcK, ZvGZ K‡lGKi e`Gj jvfevb nGZv küGi ˆkÉYx| ˆmmgGq evRvigƒGjÅi ˆPGq Kg`vGg evaÅZvgƒjKfvGe avb/Pvj msMÉn PjZ ‰es cvU iµ¦vwbi Ici AZÅwaK Ki AvGivc Kiv nGqwQj| Dwbk kZGKi lvGUi `kGK cÉwZwÓ¤Z Z`bx¯¦b cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb K‡wl D®²qb KGcÆvGikb (eZÆgvGb we‰wWwm) wewf®² K‡wl DcKiY weZiGY AMÉYx f„wgKv cvjb KGi| miKvwi wbq¯¨GY msM†nxZ exR, mvi, KxUbvkK I K‡wl h¯¨cvwZ ˆRjv I ^vbv chÆvGqi jvBGm´Öavix wWjviG`i gGaÅ weZiY Kiv nGZv| ˆmàwj wWjviiv miKvi wbaÆvwiZ gƒGjÅ K‡lKG`i mieivn KiZ| ‰GÞGò ZvG`i Avq wQj ˆKej cƒeÆ wbaÆvwiZ Kwgkb| Õ¼vaxbZvi ci K‡wl`ËeÅ I K‡wl DcKiY wecYGb ‰me bxwZ eüjvsGk cwiewZÆZ nq| miKvi weMZ wZb `kGK wbq¯¨Y àwUGq gyî×evRvi A^ÆbxwZ MÉnY KGiGQ ‰es K‡wl DcKiY I Lv`ÅkGmÅi msMÉn I weZiGY ˆemiKvwi DG`ÅvMGK Drmvn ˆhvMvGœQ| Av¯¦RÆvwZK evRvGi cÉwZGhvwMZvi jGÞÅ eZÆgvGb iµ¦vwbgyLx wk͸ mnvqZv cvGœQ| Õ©vbxq DG`Åvî×vG`i mnvqZv cÉ`vGbi jGÞÅ miKvi `ya I `y™¬RvZ mvgMÉx Avg`vwbi cwieGZÆ nuvm-gyiwM Lvgvi I `y™¬wk͸ mÁcwKÆZ wewf®² DcKiY I h¯¨cvwZ Avg`vwbGK Drmvn w`GœQ|  [‰g mvBdzÍÏvn&]

K‡wlbxwZ (Agricultural policy)  f„wg I cvwbi gGZv cÉvK‡wZK mÁ·G`i cwiKw͸Z I c«¬wZMZ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg K‡wli ˆUKmB D®²qGbi jGÞÅ AbymiYxq wbaÆvwiZ bxwZ| ò×geaÆgvb RbmsLÅv I cwiGek mÁ·GKÆ DG«¼M e†w«¬i mGã mGã ‰KwU ˆhŒwî×K bxwZ cÉYqb I evÕ¦evqGbi welqwU AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGq cGoGQ| cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GK evsjvq K‡wl wQj miKvGii AvGqi cÉavb Drm| wK¯§ cÉvPxb, gaÅ I weËwUk hyGMi kvmKMY K‡wli D®²qGb Lye mxwgZ gbGhvM w`GqwQGjb| AZů¦ DeÆi g†wîKv I DcGhvMx Rjevqy mGî½I cÉhywî×MZ Õ©weiZv, ˆmGKGj DcKiY eÅenvi ‰es f„wg gvwjKvbv I f„wgÕ¼Z½ eÅeÕ©v K‡lKG`i RbÅ DrmvneÅvéK bv nIqvq K‡wl Drcv`Gb AMÉMwZ wQj mvgvbÅB| K‡wl wQj PvwlG`i ˆckv, LvRbv cÉ`vb Qvov hvG`i mGã ivÓ¡Ë eÅeÕ©vi Avi ˆZgb ˆKvb mÁ·KÆ wQj bv| ‰ LvRbvi cwigvY Avevi g†wîKvi Drcv`b ÞgZv I kGmÅi cÉK‡wZ Abyhvqx AçjGfG` wewf®² wQj| LvRbv Av`vGqi bvGg K‡lKG`i ˆkvlY I wbcxob Kiv nGZv| K‡wl KvR evsjvq K`vwPr evwYwRÅK wfwî ˆcGqwQj ‰es K‡lKG`i Drcvw`Z K‡wlcGYÅi gƒGjÅi AGaÆGKi ˆewk Zvi Drcv`Gb eÅq nGZv| Ki AvGivGci dGj D«¼†î cÉvq kƒGbÅ ˆbGg AvmZ weGkl KGi ˆhLvGb K‡lKG`i Drcv`bkxjZv Kg wQj| gaÅ hyGM K‡wli Ici ivÓ¡Ëxq KGii `vwe wQj ˆgvU Drc®² cGYÅi ‰K-cçgvsk| AvKeGii kvmbvgGj ‰ nvGii wbw`ÆÓ¡ gvb wQj Drc®² K‡wlcGYÅi ‰K-Z‡Zxqvsk hv gywkÆ`Kzjx LvGbi kvmbvgj chƯ¦ AeÅvnZ ^vGK| kvmKMY AekÅ K‡wli D®²qGb KGqKwU c`GÞc ˆbq| DîieGãi wewf®² Õ©vGb K‡wl KvGR cvwb ˆmGPi jGÞÅ gwncvj, ivgmvMi I cÉvYmvMi-‰i gGZv e†nr Rjvkqmgƒn Lbb ZviB D`vniY| cvj I ˆmb ivRZ½KvGj c÷mÁ·` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AMÉMwZ jvf KGiwQj| myjZvwb I gyMj kvmKMYI f„wg cybi‚«¬vGii gvaÅGg PvlvevG`i mÁ·ÉmviGY wKQy c`GÞc MÉnY KGiwQj| K‡wl DcKiY ò×q Kivi RbÅ K‡lKG`i FY ˆ`Iqv nGZv| wbÁ²nvGi f„wg Ki géyi Abvevw` Rwgi AvevG` DrmvwnZ KGi|

weËwUk kvmbvgGj wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ cÉeZÆGbi dGj evsjvq K‡wl ‰KwU cÉvwZÓ¤vwbKi…c jvf KGi| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AvIZvq wbqwgZfvGe ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY f„wg Ki cwiGkvGai kGZÆ Rwg`viMY f„wgi gvwjGK cwiYZ nq| ‰ AvBGb cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvMGK wfwî KGi Ki gIKzd ev evwZGji AvGe`b ˆ^GK Rwg`viG`i weiZ ivLv nq ‰es ‰GZ ejv nq, h^vmgGq Rwg`vGii Ki cwiGkvGai eÅ^ÆZvi ˆÞGò Zvi Rwg`vwi wbjvGg weò×q nGe| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i ‰KwU DGókÅ wQj Rwg`viG`i mnvqZv I Zî½veavGbi dGj K‡wl Drcv`b e†w«¬ cvGe| ‰B DGókÅ AekÅ K`vwPr AwRÆZ nGqGQ|

BsjÅvG´£i wk͸-KviLvbvi RbÅ KuvPvgvj mieivGni ‰KwU Drm wnGmGe evsjvGK weGePbv Kiv nGZv ‰es weËwUk AvgGj evsjv ˆ^GK wecyj cwigvY K‡wlcYÅ BsjÅvG´£ wbGq hvIqv nq| JcwbGewkK ÞgZvi cyGivcywi myGhvM wbGq Zviv BsjÅvG´£ ŠZwi wk͸RvZcYÅ evsjv I fviGZ wecYGbi RbÅ wbGq AvmZ| ‰ Pò× AeÅvnZ ivLvi RbÅ Zviv cvU I PvGqi gGZv A^ÆKix dmGji AvevG`i mÁ·ÉmviGY Drmvn cÉ`vb KGi ‰es ‰gbwK bxj Pvl KiGZ K‡lKG`i Ici ej cÉGqvM KGi hv evavi mÁÃyLxb nq ‰es cwiGkGl ‰KwU weµÏGe i…c ˆbq| weËwUk kvmKMY ZvG`i 190 eQGii kvmbvgGj fviGZi wk͸vqGbi RbÅ cÉK‡ZcGÞ ˆKvb c`GÞc MÉnY KGi wb hv Õ©vbxq K‡wli D®²qGb f„wgKv ivLGZ cviZ| eis, ZvG`i KgÆKví I ˆKŒkGji dGj wPwb ev gmwjGbi gGZv wkG͸i AebwZ, ‰gbwK ‰GKevGi wejywµ¦ NGU|

evievi `ywfÆÞ I f„wg ivRÕ¼ AvGqi ZxeË NvUwZ cwiGkGl weËwUk miKviGK evaÅ KGi ˆek KGqKwU Kwgkb I KwgwU MVb KiGZ, hviv evsjvi K‡wli D®²qGb wewf®² mycvwik cÉYqb KGi| ‰G`i gGaÅ iGqGQ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i wejywµ¦, FYMÉÕ¦ cwieviàwji FGYi cwigvY nËvm KGi ZvG`i cwiGkva Kivi mvgG^Æ bvwgGq Avbv, eMÆvPvwlG`i Drc®² K‡wlcGYÅi `yB-Z‡ZxqvsGki ˆfvM KiGZ ˆ`qv, K‡wlwkÞv, MGelYv, cÉwkÞY I mÁ·ÉmviGYi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq AeKvVvGgv MGo ˆZvjv, mgevq AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvjv cÉf‡wZ| ‰me civgGkÆi KGqKwUi evÕ¦evqGbi dGj ˆek wKQy ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb I msMVb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰àwj nGœQ mgevq FY AvG±`vjb (1904), K‡wl wefvM (1906), K‡wl MGelYvMvi (1908), FY mvwjkx ˆevWÆ (1936) I ˆeãj K‡wl BbwÕ¡wUDU (1938)|

cvwKÕ¦vb kvmbvgGj 1950 mvGji ivÓ¡Ëxq f„wg AwaMÉnY AvBb «¼viv wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ weGjvc Kiv nq ‰es K‡lKG`i ZvG`i PvlK‡Z Rwgi Ici gvwjKvbv AwaKvi ˆ`Iqv nq| fZzÆwKK‡Z gƒGjÅ K‡wl DcKiGYi (exR, mvi, KxUbvkK, K‡wl h¯¨cvwZ cÉf‡wZ) e¥Ÿb I mnR myG`i nvGi K‡lKG`i g