KxUcZã
Insecta ˆkÉYxi m`mÅG`i mvaviY bvg|
‰ chƯ¦ Rvbv cÉvYxi cÉRvwZ msLÅvi kZKiv cÉvq 85 fvM KxUcZã| ‰Lb chƯ¦
‰G`i cÉvq 10 jÞ cÉRvwZi eYÆbv nGqGQ|
KxUcZGãi ˆ`n wZbwU AsGk wefî×-gv^v,
eÞG`k I D`i| KvBwUb «¼viv MwVZ kî× ewntKâvGj ˆ`n Ave†Z| ewntKâvj ˆ`nGK
myiÞv KGi; ‰wU wewf®² ˆckxi RbÅ msGhvM we±`y wnGmGeI KvR KGi| e†w«¬i
mgq wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgq A¯¦i A¯¦i ewntKâvGji ˆLvjm e`jvq|
KxUcZGãi
weGklZ½ nGœQ ‰G`i gvò wZb ˆRvov eÞG`kxq cv ‰es AwaKvsk KxUcZGãi `yB
ˆRvov eÞG`kxq Wvbv iGqGQ| KxUcZã eÅvcK Šemv`†kÅZvcƒYÆ wewf®² i…c aviY
KGi| AvKvGii w`K ˆ^GK ˆKvb ˆKvbwU ‰K wgwjwgUvGii Kg, Avevi eoG`i Š`NÆÅ
ev cvLvi weÕ¦‡wZ KGqK ˆmwg chƯ¦ nGZ cvGi| ‰G`i RxebKvj KGqK N¥Ÿv ˆ^GK
eü eQi chƯ¦ nGZ cvGi; ‰iv wewœQ®² ev mgvRe«¬fvGe ^vKGZ cvGi| KxUcZã
wewf®² aiGbi Dw«¿`, cÉvYx I ŠRe c`v^Æ ˆLGq Rxeb aviY KGi; Lv`Å DrGmi
mGã ZvG`i cviÕ·wiK mÁ·KÆ wgG^vRxweZv ˆ^GK ciRxweZv ev wkKvi chƯ¦ nGZ
cvGi| KxUcZGãi iGqGQ myMwVZ cwicvK, iî×msenb, k¼mb, Õ²vqy I cÉRbbZ¯¨|
cwicvKK‡Z Lv`Å ˆkvwlZ nq cÉavbZ Lv`Åbvwji gaÅ AsGk|
|
ˆgdÑvB |
DKzb |
ˆejZv |
|
|
Mãvdwos |
cÉRvcwZ |
IqvUvi Õ¡ÈvBWvi |
|
ˆMveGi ˆcvKv |
Nvmdwos |
DBGcvKv |
|
|
gvwQ |
RveGcvKv |
wmjfvi wdk |
KxUcZGã ˆhŒb cÉRbb ˆ`Lv hvq|
cyi‚l cÉRbbZG¯¨ iGqGQ `ywU ÷ò×vkq ˆhLvGb ÷ò×vYy Drc®² nq, ÷ò×bvwj hv
÷ò×vkq ˆ^GK ÷ò×vYy enb KGi ‰es ‰KwU Rbbvã hv Õ¨xcZGã ÷ò×vYy Õ©vbv¯¦Gi
mvnvhÅ KGi| Õ¨x cÉRbbZG¯¨ iGqGQ `ywU wWÁ¼vby Drcv`bKvix wWÁ¼vkq I ‰KGRvov
wWÁ¼bvwj hv ‰KwòZ nGq fM (vagina) MVb KGi| AGbK cÉRvwZi Õ¨xGcvKvi
‰KwU IwfcwRUi (wWg cvovi Aã) ^vGK|
KxUcZã AGbK mcyÓ·K Dw«¿G`i
civMvqY NwUGq ^vGK (eÕ§ZcGÞ, KxUcZã I mcyÓ·K Dw«¿G`i D«¿e nq cÉvq ‰KB
mgGq)| ‰iv ŠRe c`vG^Æi cPb I g†wîKvi MVb Zivw¯¼Z KGi; AGbK Lv`ÅPGò×i
cÉavb Ask MVb KGi| gvbyGli mGã ZvG`i Av¯¦twò×qvI wewf®² aiGbi| gvGV
I à`vGg Dfq ˆÞGò Zviv cÉvqB LvG`Åi RbÅ cÉwZGhvMx| wKQy KxUcZã Dw«¿`,
c÷mÁ·` ev gvbyGli ˆivGMi evnK; wKQy weiwî×Ki; AbÅiv Nievwo,
Avmevecò I ˆcvkvK-cwiœQ` Avò×gY I webÓ¡ KGi ^vGK| AbÅw`GK ˆcvKvgvKo
wmÍ•, gay , ˆgvg I is-‰i gGZv gƒjÅevb mvgMÉx Drc®² KGi; wKQy
gvbyGli Lv`Å wnGmGe eÅen…Z nq, wKQy eÅvcKfvGe ÞwZKi AbÅvbÅ cÉRvwZi msLÅv
wbq¯¨GY mnvqK (ciRxex I wkKvwi); ‰es wKQy ŠeævwbK I wPwKrmv MGelYvq
DcKvix eGj cÉgvwYZ|
DœPe†wÓ¡cvZ I Av`ËÆZv, ‰es
‰KwU Dúgíjxq ˆ`k wnGmGe evsjvG`k KxUcZGãi cÉvq mKj eGMÆi cÉwZwbwa iGqGQ|
Rjevqyi AeÕ©v, g†`y kxZ I Dä¾j mƒhÆvGjvK meB KxUcZGãi e†w«¬ I weKvGki
RbÅ AbyK„j| [ˆgvbvIqvi Avngv`]
ciRxex KxUcZã (Insect parasitoids) weGkl `Gji ciRxex cZã hvG`i jvfÆv RxweZ ˆcvlK fÞY KGi ‰es ˆkl chƯ¦
ˆcvlKGKB ˆgGi ˆdGj| ciRxex cZãmgƒn Diptera, Homoptera I
Hymenoptera eMÆmn
KZKàwj eGMÆi A¯¦fzÆî×| AwaKvsk ciRxex cZã Hymenoptera
eMÆfzî×
Brachonidae, Chalcididae, Ichneumonidae, Bethylidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Aphelinidae, Evanidae, Pompilidae I Trichogrammatidae ˆMvGòi A¯¦fÆzî×| Diptera eGMÆi gGaÅ Muscidae, Tachinidae, Phoridae, Psychodidae I Platystomatidae ˆMvGòi cÉwZwbwaiv ciRxex|
evsjvG`Gk D`ÅvGbi dzj I dGji
MvQ ‰es avb , cvU I AvL mn AbÅvbÅ K‡wlRvZ kGmÅ
Avi msiwÞZ kGmÅi à`vGg kZvwaK ciRxex cZã kbvî× Kiv nGqGQ| ‰me ciRxex
cZã cÉvK‡wZK cwiGeGk ÞwZKi KxUcZã `gGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL|
ciRxex cZã AvKvGi Þz`Ë, K`vwPr
wZb wgwjwgUvGii ˆewk jÁ¼v, bvbv iGOi ev KvGjv ‰es ZvGZ avZe Avfv QovGbv|
AwaKvsk ciRxex cZã cÉK‡wZGZ wbtmã ^vGK, ˆKD ˆKD `je«¬ Rxebhvcb KGi|
cÉvµ¦eqÕ• cZGãi `yB ˆRvov Wvbv, ˆmàwj mvaviYZ cvZjv ‰es wkivàwj LvGUv,
wcQGbi Wvbv `ywUi Zzjbvq mvgGbi Wvbvàwj eo| ˆKvb ˆKvb ciRxex cZã Wvbvnxb|
Hymenoptera eGMÆi AwaKvsk ciRxexi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆRwbKzGjU (geniculate) aiGbi ÷ã| ‰G`i gyGLvcvã PeÆY
I ˆPvlGYi DcGhvMx| ciRxex cZGãi wWÁ¼ûvjK ˆek D®²Z ‰es wWg cvovi mgq
bvbvfvGe eÅenvhÆ| eü ciRxex cZã cÉvµ¦eqGm ˆgŒPvGKi gay, ˆiwRb, dzGji
gay BZÅvw` cvb KGi, wK¯§ AbÅiv ˆcvlGKi ˆ`nim ÷Gl Lvq| Pteromalidae
ˆMvGòi
ciRxexiv wWg cvovi mgq wWÁ¼ûvjKGK Lv`Åbvjx wnGmGe eÅenvi KGi ^vGK| KZKàwj
ciRxex Õ¨x cZã cyi‚Gli mGã ˆhŒbwgjb QvovB wWg cvGo ‰es ˆmGÞGò ‰me Awbwlî×
wWg ˆ^GK ˆKej cyi‚l cZãB RG¯Ã| ˆewki fvM ciRxex cZGãi jvfÆv AbÅvbÅ cZGãi
wWg, jvfÆv, I wcDcvi Dci ciRxex wnGmGe Rxeb KvUvq| MGelYvMvGi eÅvcKfvGe
ˆek wKQy cÉRvwZi ciRxex cZGãi Pvl nGq ^vGK ‰es ˆmàwj ÞwZKi KxUcZGãi
RxeR wbq¯¨GY eÅen…Z nq|
[ˆgvt Iqvwn`yj Bmjvg]
wkKvwi KxUcZã (Insect predator) wKQy gyî×Rxex KxUcZã hviv mPivPi AvKvGi ˆQvU I `yeÆj AbÅvbÅ KxUcZã
wkKvi KGi cÉvqk wkKviGK ZwoNwo I AvÕ¦ wMGj ˆdGj| wkKvwiiv mvaviYZ wkKvi
LuyGR ˆei KGi I fiGcU AvnvGii RbÅ ‰KvwaK wkKvi aGi| wkKvwi cZGãi Dîg
D`vniY mantids, chrysopids I ˆjwWevWÆ weUGji AGbKàwj cÉRvwZ|
c†w^exGZ wkKvwi KxUcZãGK KvGR jvwMGq RxeR wbq¯¨GY (biological control) DGÍÏLGhvMÅ mvdjÅ AwRÆZ nGqGQ|
cÉvµ¦eqÕ• I AcÉvµ¦eqÕ• Dfq aiGbi eü cÉRvwZi wkKvwi KxUcZã AvGQ|
mviwY 1 evsjvG`Gki KwZcq wkKvwi KxUcZã I ZvG`i cÉavb wkKvi
| eMÆ |
ˆMvò |
cÉRvwZ |
cÉavb wkKvi |
| Odonata |
Coenagrionidae |
Agrioenemis femina |
cvZvdwos, MvQdwos |
| |
Coenagrionidae |
Coenagrion sp. |
” |
| |
Libellulidae |
Crocothemis servilia |
” |
| Hemiptera |
Miridae |
Cyrtorrhinus lividipennis |
” |
| |
Miridae |
Tytthussp. |
” |
| |
Reduviidae |
Isyndus heros |
” |
| |
Reduviidae |
Polytoxus sp. |
” |
| |
Pyrrhocoridae |
Antilochus coqueberti |
pyrrhocorids |
| |
Pentatomidae |
Andrallus spinidens |
kuyqvGcvKv |
| |
Pentatomidae |
Eocanthecona furcellata |
ˆjwWevWÆ weUj, skipper |
| Coleoptera |
Carabidae |
Casnoidea indica |
cvZvdwos, MvQdwos |
| |
Carabidae |
Ophionea ishii |
” |
| |
Cicindelidae |
Cicindela sexpunctata |
avGbi ˆcvKv |
| |
Cicindelidae |
Neocollyris varicornis |
” |
| |
Staphylinidae |
Paederus fuscipes |
cvZvdwos, MvQdwos |
| Coleoptera |
Coccinellidae |
Brumoides suturalis |
RveGcvKv, AuvkGcvKv,
psyllids, gvBU |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Cheilomenes sexmaculatus |
” |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Coccinella septempunctata |
psyllids, RveGcvKv |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Coccinella transversalis |
” |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Illeis indica |
RveGcvKv |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Micraspis crocea |
RveGcvKv, QvZivGcvKv |
| |
Coccinellidae |
M. discolor |
RveGcvKv, cvZvdwos |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Nephus sp. |
RveGcvKv, QvZivGcvKv |
| |
Coccinellidae |
N. severini |
QvZivGcvKv |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Pharoscymnus horni |
AuvkGcvKv |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Platynaspis lewisi |
psyllids |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Synharmonia octomaculata |
RveGcvKv, cvZvdwos, MvQdwos |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Pullus sp. |
coccoids |
| |
Coccinellidae |
Rodolia breviuscula |
AuvkGcvKv |
| Diptera |
Syrphidae |
Allobacha pulchrifrons |
psyllids |
| |
Syrphidae |
Sphaerophoria sp. |
RveGcvKv |
| |
Syrphidae |
Syrphus confrater |
” |
| |
Syrphidae |
Xanthogramma javana |
” |
| Hymenoptera |
Pompilidae |
Anoplius alteratus |
gvRivGcvKv |
| |
Sphecidae
|
Sphex lobatus |
NyMov ˆcvKv |
| |
Formicidae |
Monomorium latinoda |
AuvkGcvKv, gvRivGcvKv |
| |
Formicidae |
Tetramorium simillium |
” |
[ˆgvt wR®²vZzj Avjg]
civMGhvMKvix KxUcZã (Insect pollinator) Dw«¿G`i civMvqGYi mGã mÁ·†î× KxUcZã| ‰me KxUcZã ZvG`i
Lv`Å ev dzGji wbhÆvm msMÉGni RbÅ dzGj dzGj NyGi ˆeovq ‰es ˆmmGã Dw«¿G`
civMGhvM NUvq| ˆgŒgvwQ Qvov AbÅvbÅ AviI AmsLÅ cÉRvwZi KxUcZã
wewf®² dmj I MvQcvjvi civMvqGY DGÍÏLGhvMÅ f„wgKv ivGL| evsjvG`Gk civMvqGY
AskMÉnYKvix cÉvq 70 cÉRvwZi ˆgŒgvwQRvZxq cZGãi DcwÕ©wZ kbvî× Kiv nGqGQ|
myÓ¤z civMvqGYi gvaÅGg mwilv RvZxq dmGji Drcv`b e†w«¬i jGÞÅ ‰Lb AGbK
LvgvGi ˆgŒgvwQ eÅenvi Kiv nGœQ|
ˆeÐvdÑvB (blowfly) `Gji wKQy gvwQ (eMÆ Diptera)
wcuqvRmn
KGqK aiGbi kxZKvjxb dmGji civMvqGY ˆgŒgvwQi ˆPGq ˆewk Zrci eGj Rvbv
ˆMGQ| ‰K cÉRvwZi ˆevjZv (wasp) WzgyGii civMvqGYi RbÅ AcwinvhÆ|
cvg AGqj MvGQi civMvqY NUvq cÉavbZ Elaeidobius-‰i wZb cÉRvwZi DBwfj| AvGgi
dzGj civM msGhvGMi RbÅ KwZcq weUj , Mvw®¬GcvKv, gvwQ ,
ˆevjZv BZÅvw` gyLÅ f„wgKv MÉnY KGi| wcucov , ögi , g^ ,
cÉRvcwZ ‰es w^Ëcm (thrips) `Þ civMGhvMKvix KxUcZã wnGmGe
cwiwPZ| KjvMvGQi civMvqGY ˆZjvGcvKv AskMÉnY KGi eGj Rvbv ˆMGQ| [ˆgvt Ave`yj nv®²vb]
cvZvfzK KxUcZã (Leaf insect) Orthoptera eGMÆi Phasmidae ˆMvGòi meyR iGOi PÅv¶Ÿv MoGbi
cZã| ‰me ˆcvKv ˆh cvZvq ^vGK ZvG`i kixGii is, Mob I Wvbvi wkiv AweKj
IB cvZvi gGZvB ˆ`Lvq| meàwj cÉRvwZiB kixi, Wvbv I cv hG^Ó¡ PÅv¶Ÿv| ‰G`i
Š`NÆÅ 4-8 ˆmwg| wbøj AeÕ©vq ˆcvlK MvGQi cvZvi mGã mÁ·ƒYÆ wgGk ^vGK|
cvZvfzK cZãG`i wmsnfvMB MÉxÓÃgíGji evwm±`v| evsjvG`Gk AvGQ KGqK cÉRvwZ
‰es A^Æ‹bwZK w`K ˆ^GK ài‚Z½nxb|
[‰m‰g ügvqyb Kwei]
AuvkGcvKv (Scale insect) KxUcZãG`i eMÆ Homoptera-‰i Coccoidea AwaGMvòfzî× ˆh ˆKvb m`mÅ, hvG`i mGã RveGcvKvi
wbweo mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ| ‰iv A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| eü`†Ó¡ `je«¬ wecyj msLÅK
AuvkGcvKv Dw«¿G`i ˆ`n ˆ^GK cÉPzi cwigvY im ˆkvlY Kivq Dw«¿G`i kvLv-cÉkvLv,
Kví, cvZv I dj `yeÆj nGq cGo ‰es ˆkl chƯ¦ MvQwUB gviv hvq|
mviwY 2 evsjvG`Gk ˆiKWÆK‡Z KZKàwj AvukGcvKv ‰es ‰G`i ˆcvlK Dw«¿G`i ZvwjKv
Scale species |
Principal host plants |
| Aclerda takahashi |
Saccharum
officinarum (AvL) |
| Aonidiella aurantii |
Citrus
aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey) |
| Aonidiella citrina |
Annona squamosa
(AvZv), Citrus aurantifolia (KvMwRGjey), Feronia limonia (KZGej) |
| Aonidiella orientalis |
Anacardium occidentale,
(KvRyev`vg),
Cocos nucifera (bvwiGKj) |
| Aspidiotus destructor |
Cocos nucifera
(bvwiGKj) |
| Bambucaspis solenophoroides |
Bambusa arundinacea
(euvk) |
| Cerococcus indicus |
Gossypium harbaceum, (Zzjv) Rosa spp.(ˆMvjvc) |
| Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus |
Mangifera indica
(Avg) |
| Ceroplastes rubens |
Artocarpus heterophyllus
(KuvVvj), Psidium guajava (ˆcqviv) |
| Cerostegia floridensis |
Anacardium occidentale
(KvRyev`vg) |
| Chinaspis dilatata |
Mangifera indica
(Avg) |
| Chinaspis elongata |
Bambusa arundinacea
(euvk) |
| Chloropulvinaria floccifera |
Artocarpus heterophyllus
(KuvVvj) |
| Chloropulvinaria polygonata |
Mangifera
indica (Avg) |
| Chloropulvinaria psidii |
Psidium guajava
(ˆcqviv) |
| Chrysomphalum aonidum |
Mangifera indica
(Avg), Litchi
chinensis
(wjPz),
Psidium guajava, (ˆcqviv), Cardanthera uliginosa (Kvjv), Cocos
nucifera (bvwiGKj), Syzygium grandes (Rvg), Murraya paniculata (Kvwgbx), Rosa centifolia (ˆMvjvc) |
| Coccus discrepans |
Cardanthera
uliginosa (Kvjv) |
| Coccus hesperidum |
Mangifera indica
(Avg), Psidium
guajava (ˆcqviv) |
| Coccus indicus |
Achras sapota
(mGd`v) |
| Coccus ramakrishnae |
Ficus hispida
(Wzgyi) |
| Coccus viridis |
Coffea arabica
(Kwd) |
| Coccus viridulus |
Citrus aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey) |
| Crypticerya Jacobsoni |
Annona sp. (AvZv),
Artocarpus
heterophyllus (KuvVvj), Mangifera indica (Avg) |
| Drosicha mangiferae |
Artocarpus heterophyllus
(KuvVvj), Citrus aurantifolia (KvMwRGjey), Ficus hispida
(Wzgyi),
Litchi chinensis (wjPz), Mangifera indica (Avg) etc |
| Eriochiton theae |
Camellia sinensis
(Pv) |
| Hemaspidoproctus cinereus |
Mangifera indica
(Avg) |
| Icerya aegyptiaca |
Artocarpus heterophyllus
(KuvVvj),
Psidium guajava (ˆcqviv) |
| Icerya formicarum |
Citrus aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey), Psidium guajava
(ˆcqviv) |
| Icerya minor |
Citrus aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey)
Mangifera indica (Avg) Psidium guajava (ˆcqviv) |
| Icerya pulcher |
Mangifera indica
(Avg) |
| Icerya purchasi |
Citrus aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey),
Ficus
hispida (KvMwRGjey) |
| Icerya seychellarum |
Artocarpus heterophyllus
(KuvVvj), Citrus aurantifolia (KvMwRGjey) Psidium guajava
(ˆcqviv) |
| Lopholeucaspis japonica |
Ficus semicordata
(Wzgy¼i) |
| Melanaspis glomerataq |
Saccharum officinarum
(AvL) |
| Metaceronema japonica |
Camellia sinensis
(Pv) |
| Parlatoria ziziphi |
Citrus aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey) |
| Parasaissetia nigra |
Gossypium harbaceum
(Zzjv) |
| Phenacaspis vitis |
Litchi chinensis
(wjPz) |
| Pinnaspis species. |
Mangifera
indica (Avg) |
| Pulvinaria ixorae |
Citrus aurantifolia
(KvMwRGjey) |
| Saissetia coffeae |
Achras sapota
(mGd`v), Citrus aurantifolia (KvMwRGjey), Coffea arabica (Kwd),
Psidium
guajava (ˆcqviv) |
AuvkGcvKvi AwaKvsk cÉRvwZB
ˆQvU, Š`GNÆÅ 10 wgwg-‰i Kg| Õ¨x AuvkGcvKv mvaviYZ wWg cvGo, wK¯§ wKQy
cÉRvwZi Õ¨x cZã RxweZ jvfÆv cÉme KGi| m`ÅcÉmƒZ jvfÆv ˆek mwò×q ‰es KLbI
KLbI evqyevwnZ nGq ‰K Dw«¿` ˆ^GK AbÅ Dw«¿G` ˆcuŒQvq ‰es evZvm ‰G`i AGbK
`ƒGi ‰es weÕ¦‡Z AçGj QwoGq ˆ`q| cÉ^g chÆvGq Dcvã I ÷ã ^vGK ‰es mPivPi
mwò×qfvGe ˆcvlK Dw«¿G` eÅenvhÆ AvnviÕ©j ˆLuvGR| Õ¨x cZã cÉvqk cÉ^g Z½KwbGgÆvPGbi
mgq Dcvã I ÷ã nvwiGq Dw«¿` ˆ`Gni mGã Õ©vqxfvGe ˆjcGU hvq ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK
imGkvlY KGi| ‰iv PjvGdiv KiGZ cvGi ev PjvGdivi ˆPÓ¡vI KGi bv ‰es ˆ`Gni
Dci ˆgvGgi ‰KwU iÞvGeÓ¡bx ev Auvk (scale) MGo ˆZvGj| cÉvµ¦eqÕ• cyi‚l AuvkGcvKvi mPivPi
‰KGRvov Wvbv ^vGK, DGo AevGa ‰es mvaviYZ Lv`ÅMÉnY KGi bv|
AuvkGcvKv `yB cÉKvi: 1. egÆve†Z
Auvk ev Diaspinidae ˆMvGòi AuvkGcvKv, hvG`i Kgbxq
ˆ`Gni Dci Õ·Ó¡, kî× I weGhvRÅ Auvk (scale) ^vGK ‰es 2. ˆKvgj Auvk/KœQc-Auvk
ev Lecaniinae ˆMvGòi AuvkGcvKv hvG`i ˆ`Gni
kî× ˆLvjK AweGœQ`Å| `yB cÉRvwZi AuvkGcvKv DcKvix| ‰KwU jvÞvKxU/Lac insect (Laccifer lacca), AvGQ evsjvG`Gk, Drcv`b KGi
ˆkjÅvK (shellac)| AbÅwU ˆgwÝGKvi KwKwbGqj KxU/Cochineal
insect (Dactypolius coccus)
hvG`i Õ¨x cZGãi Dä¾j I jvj iGOi ˆ`n ÷wKGq àGov KGi is ŠZwi nq|
c†w^exGZ cÉvq 2500 cÉRvwZi
AuvkGcvKv iGqGQ| evsjvG`Gk wewf®² D`Åvb I K‡wlR kmÅ ˆ^GK `yB WRGbi ˆewk
AuvkGcvKv kbvî× Kiv nGqGQ| [weavb
P±`Ê `vm]
AviI ˆ`Lyb wcucov ; weUj ;
ögi ; gvwQ |
